Evolution of the diatoms: Insights from fossil, biological and molecular data

Phycologia

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 361-402

  Sims, Patricia A ^a   Mann, David G ^b   Medlin, Linda K ^c  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bacillariophyta; Cretaceous; Diatom; Evolution; Fossil record; Frustule structure; Jurassic; Silica wall; Tertiary

Indexed keywords

BACILLARIOPHYTA; COSCINODISCOPHYCEAE; RAPHIDAE; STEPHANOPYXIS;

EID: 33746412317     PISSN: 00318884     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2216/05-22.1     Document Type: Review

References (279)

1. ABBOTT W.H. 1978. Cretaceous diatoms from the Pedee Formation of South Carolina. Geologic Notes, Division of Geology, State Development Board, Columbia 22: 105-108.
2. AKIBA F. 1985. Middle Miocene to Quaternary diatom biostratigraphy in the Nankai Trough and Japan Trench, and modified Lower Miocene through Quaternary diatom zones for middle-to-high latitudes of the North Pacific. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 87: 393-481.
3. AKIBA F. & YANAGISAWA Y. 1986. Taxonomy, morphology and phylogeny of the Neogene diatom zonal marker species in the middle-to-high latitudes of the North Pacific. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 87: 483-554.
4. AKIBA F., HIRAMATSU C. & YANAGISAWA Y. 1993. The Cenozoic diatom genus Cavitatus Williams: an emended description and two new biostratigraphically useful species, C. lanceolatus and C. rectus from Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo. Series C (Geology & Paleontology) 19: 11-39.
5. ALEXOPOULOS C.J., MIMS C.W. & BLACKWELL M. 1996. Introductory mycology, 4th ed, J Wiley, New York. 868 pp.
6. AMBWANI K., SAHNI A., KAR R.K. & DUTTA D. 2003. Oldest known nonmarine diatoms (Aulacoseira) from the uppermost Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds and Lameta formation of India. Revue de Micropalé ontolgie 46: 67-71.
7. ANDREWS G.W. 1970. Late Miocene nonmarine diatoms from the Kilgore area. Cherry County, Nebraska. U.S. Geological Survey, Contributions to Paleontology, Professional Paper 683-A: 1-24.
8. ANDREWS G.W. 1975. Taxonomy and stratigraphic occurrence of the marine diatom genus Rhaphoneis. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 53: 193-227.
9. ANDREWS G.W. 1977. Morphology and stratigraphic significance of Delphineis, a new marine diatom genus. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 54: 249-260.
10. ANDREWS G.W. 1986. Evolutionary trends in the marine diatom genus Delphineis G.W. Andrews. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by F.E. Round), pp. 197-206. Biopress, Bristol and Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein.
11. ANDREWS G.W. 1990. Morphology and stratigraphic significance of the marine araphid diatom Lancineis, gen. nov. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by H. Simola), pp. 127-137. Koeltz, Koenigstein.
12. ANDREWS G.W. & RIVERA P. 1987. Morphology and evolutionary significance of Adoneis pacifica gen. and sp. nov. (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariopyta), a marine araphid diatom from Chile. Diatom Research 2: 1-14.
13. ANDREWS G.W. & STOELZEL V.A. 1982. Morphology and evolutionary significance of Perissonoë, a new marine diatom genus. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Diatom Symposium, Philadelphia (Ed. by D.G. Mann), pp. 225-240. Koeltz, Koenigstein.
14. BARRON J.A. 1985. Diatom biostratigraphy of the CESAR 6 core, Alpha Ridge. Initial Geological Report on CESAR - the Canadian Expedition to study the Alpha Ridge. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 84-22: 137-143.
15. BARRON J. & BALDAUF J.G. 1989. Tertiary cooling steps and paleoproductivity as reflected by diatoms and biosiliceous sediments. In: Productivity of the oceans: present and past (Ed. by W.H. Berger et al.), pp. 341-354. Dahlem Workshop Reports. John Wiley, New York.
16. BARRON J. & BALDAUF J.G. 1995. Cenozoic marine diatom biostratigraphy and application to paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. In: Siliceous microfossils (Short Courses in Paleontology, no. 8) (Ed. by L.E. Babcock & W.I. Ausich), pp. 107-118. The Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
17. BARRON J. & MAHOOD A. 1993. Exceptionally well-preserved early Oligocene diatoms from glacial sediments of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Micropaleontology 39: 29-45.
18. BEHNKE A., FRIEDL T, CHEPURNOV V.A. & MANN D.G. 2004. Reproductive compatibility and rDNA sequence analyses in the Sellaphora pupula species complex (Bacillariophyta). Journal of Phycology 40: 193-208.
19. BENDA L. 1982. Die Diatomeen des späten Apt in Nordwestdeutschland. Geologisches Jahrbuch A 65: 405-411.
20. BERGSTRESSER T.J. & KREBS W.N. 1983. Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) diatoms from the Pierre Shale, Wyoming, Colorado and Kansas. Journal of Paleontology 57: 883-891.
21. BHATTACHARYA D., MEDLIN L., WAINWRIGHT P.O., ARIZTIA E.V., BIBEAU C., STICKEL S.K. & SOGIN M.L. 1992. Algae containing chlorophylls a+c are paraphyletic: molecular evolutionary analysis of the Chromophyta. Evolution 46: 1808-1817;
22. Errata. Evolution 47: 98.
23. BILLARD C. 1994. Life cycles. In: The Haptophyte Algae (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 167-186. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
24. BLAZÉ K. 1984. Morphology and taxonomy of Diplomenora gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta). British Phycological Journal 19: 217-225.
25. BRADBURY J.P. & KREBS W.N. 1995. Fossil continental diatoms: paleolimnology, evolution and biochronology. In: Siliceous microfossils (Short Courses in Paleontology, no. 8) (Ed. by L.E. Babcock & W.I. Ausich), pp. 119-138. The Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
26. CAVALIER-SMITH T. 1986. The kingdom Chromista: origin and systematics. Progress in Phycological Research 4: 319-358.
27. CHACÓN-BACA E., BERALDI-CAMPESI H., CEVALLOS-FERRIZ S.R.S., KNOLL A.H. & GOLUBIC S. 2002. 70 Ma nonmarine diatoms from northern Mexico. Geology 30: 279-281.
28. CHAMBERS P.M. 1996. Late Cretaceous and Palaeocene marine diatom floras. PhD thesis. University College London. 498 pp.
29. CHEPURNOV V.A. & MANN D.G. 2004. Auxosporulation of Licmophora communis (Bacillariophyta) and a review of mating systems and sexual reproduction in araphid pennate diatoms. Phycological Research 52: 1-12.
30. CHEPURNOV V.A. & ROSHCHIN A.M. 1995. Inbreeding influence on sexual reproduction of Achnanthes longipes Ag (Bacillariophyta). Diatom Research 10: 21-29.
31. CHEPURNOV V.A., MANN D.G., VYVERMAN W., SABBE K. & DANIELIDIS D.B. 2002. Sexual reproduction, mating system and protoplast dynamics of Seminavis (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 38: 1004-1019.
32. CHEPURNOV V.A., MANN D.G., SABBE K. & VYVERMAN W. 2004. Experimental studies on sexual reproduction in diatoms. International Review of Cytology 237: 91-154.
33. CHIAPPINO M.L. & VOLCANI B.E. 1977. Studies on the biochemistry and fine structure of silica shell formation in diatoms. VII. Sequential cell wall development in the pennate Navicula pelliculosa. Protoplasma 93: 205-221.
34. CHIOVITTI A, HIGGINS M.J., HARPER R.E., WETHERBEE R. & BACIC A. 2003. The complex polysaccharides of the raphid diatom Pinnularia viridis (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 543-560.
35. CHRISTENSEN T. 1989. The Chromophyta, past and present. In: The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives (Ed. by J.C. Green, B.S.C. Leadbeater & W.L. Diver), pp. 1-12. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
36. Cox E.J. 1987. Placoneis Mereschkowsky: the re-evaluation of a diatom genus originally characterized by its chloroplast type. Diatom Research 2: 145-157.
37. Cox E.J. 1996. Identification of freshwater diatoms from live material. Chapman & Hall, London. 158 pp.
38. CRAWFORD R.M. 1981. Some considerations of size reduction in diatom cell walls. In: Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Recent and Fossil Diatoms (Ed. by R. Ross), pp. 253-265. O. Koeltz, Koenigstein.
39. CRAWFORD R.M. & HINZ F. 1995. The spines of the centric diatom Corethron criophilum: light microscopy of vegetative cell division. European Journal of Phycology 30: 95-105.
40. CRAWFORD R.M & SIMS P.A. 2006. The diatoms Radialiplicata sol (Ehrenb.) Gleser and R. clavigera (Grun.) Gleser and their transfer to Ellerbeckia, thus a genus with freshwater and marine representatives. Nova Hedwigia: in press.
41. CRAWFORD R.M., GARDNER C. & MEDLIN L.K. 1994. The genus Artheya I. A description of four new taxa, and the transfer of Gonioceros septentrionalis and G. armatus. Diatom Research 9: 27-51.
42. CRONBERG G. 2005. The life cycle of Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae). Phycologia 44: 285-293.
43. DARLEY W.M. & VOLCANI B.E. 1969. Role of silicon in diatom metabolism. A silicon requirement of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis Reim and Lew. Experimental Cell Research 58: 334-342.
44. DEFLANDRE G. 1941. Sur la présence de Diatomées dans certains silex creux Turoniens et sur un nouveau mode de fossilisation de ces organismes. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 213: 878-880.
45. DELL'AGNESE D.J. & CLARK D.L. 1994. Siliceous microfossils from the warm Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic Arctic Ocean. Journal of Paleontology 68: 31-47.
46. DESIKACHARY T.V. & SREELATHA P.M. 1989. Oamaru diatoms. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 19: 1-330.
47. DICK M.W. 1990. Phylum Oomycota. In: Handbook of Protoctista (Ed. by L. Margulis, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian & D.J. Chapman), pp. 661-685. Jones and Bartlett, Boston.
48. DIMICHELE W.A., BEHRENSMEYER A.K., OLSEZEWSHI T.D., LABANDEIRA C.C., PANDOLFI J.M., WING S.L. & BOBE R. 2004. Long-term statis in ecological assemblages: evidence from the fossil record. Annual Review of Ecology. Evolution and Systematics 35: 285-322.
49. DOUGLAS R.G. & WOODRUFF F. 1981. Deep sea benthic foraminifera. In: The Sea (Ed. by C. Emiliane), pp. 1233-1827. John Wiley, New York.
50. DREBES G. 1977. Sexuality. In: The Biology of Diatoms (Ed. by D. Werner), pp. 250-283. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
51. DROOP S.J.M. 1994. Morphological variation in Diploneis smithii and D fusca (Bacillariophyceae). Archiv für Protistenkunde 144: 249-270.
52. DROOP S.J.M., MANN D.G. & LOKHORST G.M. 2000. Spatial and temporal stability of demes in Diploneis smithii/D fusca (Bacillariophyta) supports a narrow species concept. Phycologia 39: 527-546.
53. DUN W.S., RANDS W.H. & DAVID B.A. 1901. Note on the occurrence of diatoms, radiolaria and infusoria in the Rolling Downs Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Queensland. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 26: 299-309.
54. DZINORIDZE R.N., JOUSÉ A.P., KOROLEVA-GOLIKOVA G.S., KOZLOVA G.E., NAGAEYA G.S., PETRUSHEVOKAYA M.G. & STREL'NIKOVA N.I. 1976. Diatom and radiolarian Cenozoic stratigraphy, Norwegian Basin: DSDP Leg 38. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 38: 289-427.
55. EDGAR L.A. & PICKETT-HEAPS J.D. 1984. Diatom locomotion. Progress in Phycological Research 3: 47-88.
56. EDLUND M.B. & STOERMER E.F. 1997. Ecological, evolutionary and systematic significance of diatom life histories. Journal of Phycology 33: 897-918.
57. EDWARDS A.R. 1991. The Oamaru diatomite. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 64: 1-260.
58. EHARA M., INAGAKI Y., WATANABE K.I. & OHAMA T. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of diatom coxI genes und implications of a fluctuating GC content on mitochondrial genetic code evolution. Current Genetics 37: 29-33.
59. EVANS K.M., KUHN S.F. & HAYES P.K. 2005. High levels of genetic diversity and low levels of genetic differentiation in North Sea Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Bucillariophyceae) populations. Journal of Phycology 41: 506-514.
60. FENNER J.M. 1985. Late Cretaceous to Oligocene planktic diatoms. In: Plankton stratigraphy (Ed. by H.M. Bolli, J.B. Saunders & K. Perch-Nielsen), pp. 713-762. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
61. FENNER J.M. 1991. Taxonomy, stratigraphy and paleoceanographic implications of Paleoeene diatoms. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 114: 123-154.
62. FENNER J.M. 1994. Diatoms of the Fur Formation, their taxonomy and biostratigraphic interpretation - results from the Harre borehole. Denmark. Aarhus Geoscience 1: 99-163.
63. FINLAY B.J., MONAGHAN E.B. & MABERLY S.C. 2002. Hypothesis: the rate and scale of dispersal of freshwater diatom species is a function of their global abundance. Protist 153: 261-273.
64. FORTI A. & SCHULZ P. 1932. Erste Mitteilung über Diatomeen aus dem Hannoverschen Gault. Beihefte zum Botanisches Centralblatt 50: 241-246.
65. FOUCAULT A., SERVANT-VILDARY S., FANG N. & POWICHROWSKI L. 1986. Un des plus anciens gisements de diatomées découvert dans l'Albien-Cénomanien inférieur des Alpes ligures (Italie): remarque sur l'appariation de ces algues. Comptes Rendus de l'Acadèmie des Sciences de Paris, Ser. 2: 303(5): 397-402.
66. FOURTANIER E. 1991. Paleocene and Eocene diatom biostratigraphy and taxonomy of eastern Indian Ocean site 752. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results 121: 171-187.
67. FOX M. & SÖRHANNUS U. 2004. The usefulness of the Rpo mitochondrial gene in assessing diatom evolution. Journal of Eukarytoic Microbiology 50: 471-475.
68. FRAKES L.A. 1986. Mesozoic-Cenozoic climatic history and causes of the glaciation. In: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans (Ed. by K.J. Hsu). pp. 33-48. AGU/GSA, Boulder, Colorado.
69. FRITSCH F.E. 1935. Structure and reproduction of the algae, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
70. GALE A. 2003. The Cretaceous world. In: Biotic response to global change: the last 145 million years (Ed. by S.J. Culver & P.F. Rawson) pp. 4-19. The Natural History Museum, London, and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. GALLAGHER J.C. 1982. Physiological variation and electrophoretic banding-patterns of genetically different seasonal populations of Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 18: 148-162.
72. GEITLER L. 1932. Der Formwechsel der pennaten Diatomeen. Archiv für Protistenkunde 78: 1-226.
73. GEITLER L. 1973. Auxosporenbildung und Systematik bei pennaten Diatomeen und die Cytologie von Cocconeis-Sippen. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 122: 299-321.
74. GEITLER L. 1984. Ergänzungen zu älteren Listen der Typen Auxosporenbildung pennaten Diatomeen. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 101: 101-104.
75. GEORGI K.H. 1976. Mikrofaunistische lithologische Untersuchungen der Hilssandslein Region (Aptian/Albian) in Raum Sabzgitter-Goslar. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Institut der Technischen Universität, Hannover 13: 5-112.
76. GEROCH S. 1978. Lower Cretaceous diatoms in the Polish Carpathians. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego 48: 283-295.
77. GERSONDE R. & HARWOOD D.M. 1990. Lower Cretaceous diatoms from ODP Leg 113 site 693 (Weddell Sea) Part I: vegetative cells. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 113: 365-402.
78. GLESER S.I. 1966. Silicollagellatophyceae in Flora Plamarum USSR. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Institum Botanicum 7: 1-363.
79. GLESER S.I., MAKAROVA I.V., MOISSEEVA A.I. & NIKOLAEV V.A. 1988. Diatomovye vodorosli SSSR, iskopaemye i sovremennye. vol. 2, part I. Pyxidiculuceae, Thalassiosiropsidaceae, Triceratiaceae, Thalassiosiraceae. "NAUKA", Leningrad. 120 pp.
80. GOMBOS A.M. 1976. Paleogene and Neogene diatoms from the Falkland Plateau and Malvinas outer basin: Leg 36, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 36: 575-687.
81. GOMBOS A.M. 1980. The early history of the diatom family Asterolampraceae. Bacillaria 3: 227-272.
82. GOMBOS A.M. & CIESIELSKI P.F. 1983. Late Eocene to Early Miocene diatoms from the Southwest Atlantic. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 71: 583-634.
83. GRAHAM L.E. & WILCOX L.W. 2000. Algae. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 640 pp.
84. GROVE E. & STURT G. 1886. On a fossil marine diatomaceous deposit from Oamaru Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club ser. 2, 2: 321-330;
85. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club ser. 2, 3: 7-12, 63-78.
86. GUILLOU L., CHRÉTIENNOT-DINET M.-J., MEDLIN L.K., CLAUSTRE H., LOISEAUX-DE GOËR S. & VAULOT D. 1999. Bolidomonas: a new genus with two species belonging to a new algal class, the Bolidophyceae (Heterokonta). Journal of Phycology 35: 368-381.
87. HAGA M. 1997. Morphology of vegetative and resting spore valves of Stephanopyxis nipponica. Diatom Research 12: 217-228.
88. HAIG D.W. & BARNBAUM D. 1978. Early Cretaceous microfossils from the type Wallumbilla Formation, Surat Basin, Queensland. Alcheringa 2: 159-178.
89. HAJÓS M. 1968. Die Diatomeen der Miozänen Ablagerungen des Matravorlandes. Geologica Hungarica, Series. Palaeontologica 37: 1-40.
90. HAJÓS M. 1986. Stratigraphy of Hungary's Miocene diatomaceous earth deposits. Geologica Hungarica, Series. Palaeontologica 49: 1-339.
91. HAJÓS M. & STRADNER H. 1975. Late Cretaceous Archaeomonadaceae, Diatomaceae and Silicoflagellatae from the South Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 29, site 275. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 29: 913-1109.
92. HAMM C.E., MERKEL R., SPRINGER O., JURKOJC P., MAIER C., PRECHTEL K. & SMETACEK V. 2003. Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection. Nature 421: 841-843.
93. HANCOCK J.M. & KAUFFMAN E.G. 1979. The great transgressions of the Late Cretaceous. Journal of the Geological Society of London 136: 175-186.
94. HAQ B.U., HARDENBOL J. & VAIL P.R. 1987. Chronology and fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235: 1156-1166.
95. HARPER M.E. 1977. A Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) diatom flora from Australia. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 54: 411.
96. HARWOOD D.M. 1988. Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene diatom and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy of Seymour Island, eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society of America, Memoir 169: 55-129.
97. HARWOOD D.M. & GERSONDE R. 1990. Lower Cretaceous diatoms from ODP Leg 113 Site 693 (Weddell Sea). Part 2: resting spores, chrysophycean cysts, an endoskeletal dinoflagellate and notes on the origin of diatoms. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 113: 403-425.
98. HARWOOD D.M. & NIKOLAEV V.A. 1995. Cretaceous diatoms: morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy. In: Siliceous microfossils (Short Courses in Paleontology, no. 8) (Ed. by L.E. Babcock & W.I. Ausich), pp. 81-106. The Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
99. HARWOOD D.M., CHANG K.H. & NIKOLAEV V.A. 2004. Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous diatoms from Jasong Synthem, Southern Korea: Evidence for a terrestrial origin. Abstracts, 18th International Diatom Symposium, Miedzyzdroje, Poland (Ed. by A. Witkowski, T. Radziejewska, B. Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska, G. Daniszewska-Kowalczyk & M. Ba̧k), p. 81.
100. HASLE G.R. 1974. The 'mucilage pore' of pennate diatoms. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 45: 167-194.
101. HASLE G.R. 1977. Morphology and taxonomy of Actinocyclus normanii f. subsalsa (Bacillariophyceae). Phycologia 16: 321-328.
102. HENDEY, N.I. & SIMS, P.A. 1984. Some new or unusual Eocene biddulphioid diatoms, I. Bacillaria 7: 59-77.
103. HIGGINS M.J., SADER J.E., MULVANEY P. & WETHERBEE R. 2003. Probing the surface of living diatoms with atomic force microscopy: the nanostructure and nanomechanical properties of the mucilage layer. Journal of Phycology 39: 722-753.
104. HILL D.R.A. & WETHERBEE R. 1986. Proteomonas sulcata gen. et sp. nov. (Cryptophyceae), a cryptomonad with two morphologically distinct and alternating forms. Phycologia 25: 521-543.
105. HOEF-EMDEN K. & MELKONIAN M. 2003. Revision of the genus Cryptomonas: a combination of molecular phylogeny and morphology provides insights into a long-hidden dimorphism. Protist 154: 359-397.
106. HOLLIS C.J., RODGERS K.A. & PARKER R.J. 1995. Siliceous plankton bloom in the earliest Tertiary of Marlborough, New Zealand. Geology 23: 835-838.
107. HOLLIS C.J., STRONG C.P ROGERS K.A. & ROGERS K.M. 2003. Paleoenvironmental changes across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at Flaxbourne River and Woodside Creek, Eastern Marlborough, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 46: 177-197.
108. HOMANN M. 1991. Die Diatomeen der Fur-Formation (Alttertiär, Limfjord/Dänemark). Geologisches Jahrbuch, ser. A, 123: 1-285.
109. HUSTEDT F. 1931. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz. In: Dr L Rabenhorsts Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, vol. 7(2:1), pp. 1-176. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig.
110. HUSTEDT F. 1932. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz. In: Dr L Rabenhorsts Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, vol. 7(2:2), pp. 177-320. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig.
111. JONES H.M., SIMPSON G.E., STICKLE A.J. & MANN D.G. 2005. Life history and systematics of Petroneis (Bacillariophyta), with special reference to British waters. European Journal of Phycology 40: 43-71.
112. JOUSÉ A.R 1978. Diatom biostratigraphy on the generic level. Micropaleontology 24: 316-326.
113. JULIUS M.L. & TANIMURA Y. 2001. Cladistic analysis of plicated Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyceae). Phycologia 40: 111-122.
114. KACZMARSKA I., EHRMAN J.M. & BATES S.S. 2001. A review of auxospore structure, ontogeny and diatom phylogeny. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by A. Economou-Amilli), pp. 153-168. University of Athens, Greece.
115. KACZMARSKA I., BEATON M., BENOIT A.C. & MEDLIN L.K. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of selected members of the order Thalassiosirales (Bacillariophyta) and evolution of the fultoportula. Journal of Phycology 42: 121-138.
116. KATZ M.E., FINKEL Z.V., GRZEBYK D., KNOLL A.H. & FALKOWSKI P.G. 2005. Evolutionary trajectories and biogeochemical impacts of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 35: 523-556.
117. KAWACHI M., INOUYE I., HONDA D., O'KELLY C.J., BAILEY J.C., BIDIGARE R.R. & ANDERSEN R.A. 2002. The Pinguiophyceae classis nova, a new class of photosynthetic stramenopiles whose members produce large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Phycological Research 50: 31-47.
118. KEMPER E., BERTRAM H. & DEITERS H. 1975. Zur Biostratigraphie und Palökologie der Schichtenfolge Ober-Apt/Unter-Alb. im Beckenzentrum nördlich und östlich von Hannover. Bericht über das Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Hannover 119: 49-85.
119. KITCHELL J.A. & CLARK D.L. 1982. Late Cretaceous and Paleogene paleogeography and paleo-circulation. Evidence of North Polar up-welling. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 40: 135-165.
120. KITCHELL J.A., CLARK D.L. & COMBOS A.M. 1986. Biological selectivity of extinction: a link between background and mass extinction. Palaios 1: 504-511.
121. KOCIOLEK J.P. 2000. Valve ultrastructure of some Eunotiaceae (Bacillariophyceae), with comments on the evolution of the raphe system. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 52: 11-21.
122. KOOISTRA W.H.C.F & MEDLIN L.K. 1996. Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta). IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA coding regions and fossil record. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6: 391-407.
123. KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., DE STEFANO M., MANN D.G. & MEDLIN L.K. 2003a. The phylogeny of the diatoms. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology 33: 59-97.
124. KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., DE STEFANO M., MANN D.G., SALMA N. & MEDLIN L.K. 2003b. The phylogenetic position of Toxarium, a pennate-like lineage within centric diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 185-197.
125. KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., MANN D.G. & MEDLIN L.K. 2003c. The phylogeny of the diatoms: a review. In: Silica in biological systems (Ed. by W. Müller), pp. 59-97. Elsevier Press, London, UK.
126. KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., FORLANI G., STERRENBURG F.A.S. & DE STEFANO M. 2004. Molecular phylogeny and morphology of the marine diatom Talaroneis posidoniae gen. et sp nov (Bacillariophyta) advocate the return of the Plagiogrammaceae to the pennate diatoms. Phycologia 43: 58-67.
127. KÖRNER H. 1970. Morphologie und Taxonomie der Diatomgattung Asterionella. Nova Hedwigia 20: 557-724.
128. KOUTSOUKOS E.A.M. & HART M.B. 1990. Diatoms and radiolaria from the mid-Cretaceous successions of the Serpipe Basin, northeastern Brazil: palaeoceanographic assessment. Journal of Micropaleontology 9: 45-64.
129. KREBS W.N. 1994. The biochronology of freshwater planktonic diatom communities in western North America. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 17: 485-499.
130. KRÖGER N. & SUMPER M. 1998. Diatom cell wall proteins and the cell biology of silica biomineralisation. Protist 149: 213-219.
131. KÜHN S.F., KLEIN G., HALLIGER H., HARGRAVES P.E. & MEDLIN L.K. 2006. A new diatom, Mediopyxis helysia gen. nov. and sp. nov. (Mediophyceae) from the North Sea and the Gulf of Maine as determined from morphological and phylogenetic characteristics. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft: in press.
132. KWIECIMSKA B. 2000. How the diatoms were found in the Proterozoic marbles at Przeworno. In: The origin and early evolution of diatoms: fossil, molecular and biogeographical approaches (Ed. by A. Witkowski & J. Sieminska), pp. 281-289. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland.
133. LANGE-BERTALOT H., CAVACINI P., TAGLIAVENTI N. & ALFINITO S. 2003. Diatoms of Sardinia. Rare and 76 new species in rock pools and other ephemeral waters. In: Iconographia Diatomologica, vol. 12. Biogeography-Ecology-Taxonomy (Ed. by H. Lange-Bertalot), pp. 3-438. Gantner, Ruggell, Liechtenstein.
134. LEE J.J. & CORREIA M. 2005. Endosymbiotic diatoms from previously unsampled habitats. Symbiosis 38: 251-260.
135. LEIPE D.D., WAINWRIGHT P.O., GUNDERSON J.H., PORTER D., PATERSON D., VALOIS F., HIMMBRICH S. & SOGIN M.L. 1994. The stramenopiles from a molecular perspective: 16S-like rRNA sequences from Labyrinthuloides minuta and Cafeteria roenbergensis. Phycologia 33: 369-37.
136. LEONARD B.F. & MARVIN R.F. 1982. Temporal evolution of the Thunder Mountain Caldera and related features, central Idaho. In: Cenozoic Geology of Idaho (Ed. by W. Bonnichsen & R.M. Breckenridge), pp. 23-42. Geological Bulletin 26, Idaho Bureau of Mines, Idaho.
137. LEWIS W.M. 1984. The diatom sex clock and its evolutionary significance. American Naturalist 123: 73-80.
138. LEWIS R.J., JENSEN S.I., DENICOLA D.M., MILLER V.I., HOAGLAND K.D. & ERNST S.G. 1997. Genetic variation in the diatom Fragilaria capucina (Fragilariaceae) along a latitudinal gradient across North America. Plant Systematics and Evolution 204: 99-108.
139. LIEBISCH W. 1928. Amphitetras antediluvianum Ehrb, sowie einige Beiträge zum Bau und zur Entwicklung der Diatomeenzelle. Zeitschift für Botanik 20: 225-271.
140. LOHMAN K.E. & ANDREWS G.W. 1968. Late Eocene nonmarine diatoms from the Beaver Divide area, Fremont County, Wyoming. Contributions to Paleontology. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 593-E: 1-26.
141. LONG J.A., FUGE D.P. & SMITH J. 1946. Diatoms of the Moreno Shale. Journal of Paleontology 20: 89-118.
142. LUND J.W.G. 1966. The importance of turbulence in the periodicity of certain freshwater species of the genus Melosira. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 51: 176-187.
143. LUNDHOLM N., MOESTRUP Ø., HASLE G.R. & HOEF-EMDEN K. 2003. A study of the Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata complex (Bacillariophyceae): what is P. pseudodelicatissima? Journal of Phycology 39: 797-813.
144. LUPKINA Y.G. & DOLMATOVA L.M. 1975. The Paleogene lagoonal diatom flora of Kamchatka. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1: 120-128.
145. MACARTHUR R.H. 1958. Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology 39: 599-619.
146. MACLEOD K.G. & HUBER B.T. 1996. Reorganization of deep ocean circulation accompanying a Late Cretaceous extinction event. Nature 380: 422-425.
147. MACLEOD N., ORTIZ N., FEFFERMAN N., CLYDE N., SCHULTER C. & MACLEAN J. 2003. Phenotypic response of foraminifera to episodes of global environmental change. In: Biotic response to global change (Ed. by S.J. Culver & P.P. Rawso), pp. 51-78. Cambridge NHM: Cambridge University Press.
148. MANN D.G. 1981. A note on valve formation and homology in the diatom genus Cymbella. Annals of Botany 47: 267-269.
149. MANN D.G. 1982. Structure, life history and systematics of Rhoicosphenia (Bacillariophyla) II. Auxospore formation and perizonium structure of Rh. curvato. Journal of Phycology 18: 264-274.
150. MANN D.G. 1984. An ontogenetic approach to diatom systematics. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by D.G. Mann), pp. 113-144. O. Koeltz, Koenigstein.
151. MANN D.G. 1988. Why didn't Lund see sex in Axterionella? A discussion of the diatom life cycle in nature. In: Algae and the Aquatic Environment (Ed. by F.E. Round), pp. 383-412. Biopress, Bristol.
152. MANN D.G. 1989. The diatom genus Sellaphora: separation from Navicula. British Phycological Journal 24: 1-20.
153. MANN D.G. 1993. Patterns of sexual reproduction in diatoms. Hydrobiologia 269/270: 11-20.
154. MANN D.G. 1994. Auxospore formation, reproductive plasticity and cell structure in Navicula ulvacea and the resurrection of the genus Dickieia (Bacillariophyta). European Journal of Phycology 29: 141-157.
155. MANN D.G. 1996. Chloroplast morphology, movements and inheritance in diatoms. In: Cytology, genetics and molecular biology of algae (Ed. by B.R. Chaudhary & S.B. Agrawal). pp. 249-274. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam.
156. MANN D.G. 1999a. Crossing the Rubicon: the effectiveness of the marine/freshwater interface as a barrier to the migration of diatom germplasm. In: Proceedings of 14th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by S. Mayama, M. Idei & I. Koizumi), pp. 1-21, Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein.
157. MANN D.G. 1999b. The species concept in diatoms (Phycological Reviews 18). Phycologia 38: 437-495.
158. MANN D.G. 2000. Auxospore formation and neotcny in Surirella augusta (Bacillariophyta) and a modified terminology for cells of Surirellaceae. Nova Hedwigia 71: 165-183.
159. MANN D.G. & MARCHANT H.J. 1989. The origins of the diatom and its life cycle In: The Chromophyte algae: problems und perspectives (Ed. by J.C. Green, B.S.C. Leadbeater & W.L. Diver), pp. 307-323. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
160. MANN D.G. & STICKLE A.J. 1988. Nuclear movements and frustule symmetry in raphid pennate diatoms. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by F.E. Round), pp. 281-289. Biopress, Bristol and Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein.
161. MANN D.G., CHEPURNOV V.A. & DROOP S.J.M. 1999. Sexuality, incompatibility, size variation and preferential polyandry in natural populations and clones of Sellaphora pupula (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 35: 152-170.
162. MANN D.G., MCDONALD S.M., BAYER M.M., DROOP S.J.M., CHEPURNOV V.A., LOKE R.E., CIOBANU A. & DU BUF J.M.H. 2004. Morphometric analysis, ultrastructure and mating data provide evidence for five new species of Sellaphora (Bacillariophyceae). Phycologia 43: 459-482.
163. MANTON I. & STOSCH H.A. VON 1965. Observations on the fine structure of the male gamete of the marine centric diatom Lithodesmium undulatum. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 8: 119-134.
164. MAYAMA S. & IDEI I. 2004. Valve ontogeny in several naviculoid diatoms and their phylogeny. Abstracts, 18th International Diatom Symposium, Miedzyzdroje, Poland (Ed. by A. Witkowski, T. Radziejewska, B. Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska, G. Daniszewska-Kowalczyk & M. Bak), p. 38.
165. MAYAMA S. & KOBAYASI H. 1989. Sequential valve development in the monoraphid diatom Achnanthes minutissima var saprophila. Diatom Research 4: 111-117.
166. MAYAMA S. & KURIYAMA A. 2002. Diversity of mineral cell coverings and their formation processes: a review focused on the siliceous cell coverings. Journal of Plant Research 115: 289-295.
167. MCQUOID M.R. & HOBSON L.A. 1996. Diatom resting stages. Journal of Phycology 32: 889-902.
168. MEDLIN L.K. 1991. Evidence for parallel evolution of frustule shape in two lines of pennate diatoms from the epiphyton. Diatom Research 6: 109-124.
169. MEDLIN L.K. 2002. Why silica or better yet why not silica? Speculations as to why the diatoms utilize silica. Diatom Research 17: 453-459.
170. MEDLIN L.K. & KACZMARSKA I. 2004. Evolution of the diatoms: V. Morphological and cytological support for the major clades and a taxonomic revision. Phycologia 43: 245-270.
171. MEDLIN L.K., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F. & SCHMID A.M.-M. 2000. A review of the evolution of the diatoms - a total approach using molecules, morphology and geology. In: The origin and early evolution of the diatoms: fossil, molecular and biogeographical approaches (Ed. by A. Witkowski & J. Sieminska), pp.
172. MEDLIN L.K., WILLIAMS D.M. & SIMS P.A. 1993. The evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) I. Origin of the group and assessment of the monophyly of its major divisions. European Journal of Phycology 28: 261-275.
173. MEDLIN L.K., ELWOOD H.J., STICKEL S. & SOGIN M.L. 1991. Morphological and genetic variation within the diatom Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyta) - evidence for a new species, Skeletonema pseudocostatum. Journal of Phycology 27: 514-524.
174. MEDLIN L.K., GERSONDE R., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F. & WELLBROCK U. 1996a. Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) II. Nuclear-encoded small-subunit rRNA sequence comparisons confirm a paraphyletic origin for the centric diatoms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 67-75.
175. MEDLIN L.K., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., GERSONDE R. & WELLBROCK U. 1996b. Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta) III. Molecular evidence for the origin of the Thalassiosirales. Nova Hedwigia 11: 221-234.
176. MEDLIN L.K., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., GERSONDE R., SIMS P.A. & WELLBROCK U. 1997a. Is the origin of the diatoms related to the end-Permian mass extinction? Nova Hedwigia 65: 1-11.
177. MEDLIN L.K., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., POTTER D., SAUNDERS G.W. & ANDERSON R.A. 1997b. Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae' (hepatophytes, heterokont chrysophytes) and their plastids. Plant Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 11: 187-210.
178. MEDLIN L.K., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F., MANN D.G., MUYZER G., CHEPURNOV V. & SABBE K. 2004. Evolution of the diatoms: VII. Insight into the Pennates. Abstracts, 18th International Diatom Symposium, Miedzyzdroje, Poland, September 2004: 101.
179. MILLER K.G., WRIGHT J.D. & FAIRBANKS R.G. 1991. Unlocking the ice house: Oligocene-Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion. Journal of Geophysical Research 96: 6829-6848.
180. MONJANEL A.-L. 1987. Les diatomées Oligocenès à Holocenès de l'Atlantique nord et de la Mediterranée occidentale. Biostratigraphie et paléocéanographie. Thèse de doctorat, Universite de Bretagne occidentale, Brest.
181. MONTRESOR M., ORSINI L., PROCACCINI G., SARNO D. & KOOISTRA W. 2003. Morphology, life cycles and molecular systematics provide new insights in species identity: an example with the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima. In: Programme and Book of Abstracts, Third European Phycological Congress, Queen's University Belfast, 21-26 July 2003, p. 47.
182. MORALES E.A. 2001. Morphological studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from Connecticut waters, USA. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 151: 39-54.
183. MORALES E.A., SIVER P.A. & TRAINOR F.R. 2001. Identification of diatoms during ecological assessments: comparison between light and scanning electron microscopy. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 151: 29-37.
184. MOSHKOVITZ S., EHRLICH A. & SOUDRY D. 1983. Siliceous microfossils of the Upper Cretaceous Mishash Formation, Central Negev, Israel. Cretaceous Research 4: 173-194.
185. MÜLLER O. 1912. Diatomeenrest aus den Turonschichten der Kreide. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellchaft 29: 661-668.
186. NIKOLAEV V.A. & HARWOOD D.M. 1997. New process, genus and family of Lower Cretaceous diatoms from Australia. Diatom Research 12: 43-53.
187. NIKOLAEV V.A. & HARWOOD D.M. 2000. Diversity and system of classification in centric diatoms. In: The origin and early evolution of the diatoms: fossil, molecular and biogeographical approaches (Ed. by A. Witkowski & J. Siemimska), pp. 37-53. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow.
188. NIKOLAEV V.A. & HARWOOD D.M. In press. Lower Cretaceous diatoms of Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia. Alcheringa.
189. NIKOLAEV V.A., KOCIOLEK J.P., FOURTANIER E., BARRON J.A. & HARWOOD D.M. 2001. Late Cretaceous diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from the Marca shale member of the Moreno formation, California. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 152: 1-119.
190. NOVITSKI L. & KOCIOLEK J.P. 2005. Preliminary light and scanning electron microscope observations of marine fossil Eunotia species with comments on the evolution of the genus Eunotia. Diatom Research 20: 137-143.
191. PANTOCSEK J. 1889. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Bacillarien Ungarns. II Brackwasser Bacillarien, Julíus Platzko, Nagy- Tapolcsány, Hungary.
192. PAPPAS J.L. & STOERMER E.F. 2001. Asterionella Hassall (Heterokontophyta, Bacillariophyceae). Taxonomic history and quantitative methods as an aid to valve shape differentiation. Diatom 17: 47-58.
193. PATERSON D.M. 1986. The migratory behaviour of diatom assemblages in a laboratory tidal microecosystem examined by low temperature scanning electron microscopy. Diatom Research 1: 227-239.
194. PATRICK R. 1948. Factors affecting the distribution of diatoms. Botanical Review 14: 473-524.
195. PATRICK R. & REIMER C.W. 1966. The diatoms of the United States. Vol 1. Monographs, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 13: 1-688.
196. PICKERING K.T. 2003. The Cenozoic world. In: Biotic responses to global change (Ed. by S.J. Culver & P.F. Rawson), pp. 20-34. The Natural History Museum, London and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
197. PICKETT-HEAPS J.D. 1998a. Cell division and morphogenesis of the centric diatom Chaetoceros decipiens (Bacillariophyceae) I. Living cells. Journal of Phycology 34: 989-994.
198. PICKETT-HEAPS J.D. 1998b. Cell division and morphogenesis of the centric diatom Chaetoceros decipiens (Bacillariophyceae) II. Electron microscopy and a new paradigm for tip growth. Journal of Phycology 34: 995-1004.
199. PICKETT-HEAPS J.D., SCHMID A.-M.M. & EDGAR L.A. 1990. The cell biology of diatom valve formation. Progress in Phycological Research 1: 1-168.
200. PORTER D. 1990. Phylum Labyrinthulomycota. In: Handbook of Protoctista (Ed. by L. Margulis, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian & D.J. Chapman), pp. 389-398. Jones and Bartlett, Boston.
201. QUINTERNO P.J., BARRON J.A., BUKRY D.L. & BLOME C.D. 1994. Late Cretaceous microfossils in a single dredge haul from the Tonga Trench: evidence of Late Cretaceous environment at the Louisville Hotspot. In: Geology and submarine resources of the Tonga-Lau-Fiji Region (Ed. by A.J. Stevenson, R.H. Herzer & P.F Balance), pp. 285-291. SOPAC Technical Bulletin 8, Suva, Fiji.
202. RAVEN J.A. 1982. The energetics of freshwater algae: energy requirements for biosynthesis und volume regulation. New Phytologist 92: 1-20.
203. RAVEN J.A. 1983. The transport und function of silicon in plants. Biological Review 58: 179-207.
204. RAVEN J.A. & WAITE A.M. 2004. The evolution of silicification in diatoms: inescapable sinking and sinking as escape? New Phytologist 162: 45-61.
205. REHÁKOVÁ Z. 1980. Süsswasserdiatomeenflora des oberen Miozäns in der Tscheehlowakei. Sbornik Geologickyck ved Praha (Journal of Geological Sciences) paleontologie 23: 83-184.
206. REINHOLD T. 1937. Fossil diatoms of the Neogene of Java and their zonal distribution. Overgedrukt uit de Verhandelingen van het Geologisch- Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap voor Nederland en Kolonien. Geologische Serie 12: 43-132.
207. RIEGRAF W. 1995. Radiolaria, diatoms, cephalopods and stratigraphy of the pelagic Upper Cretaceous Campanian deposits of Westphalia N.W. Germany. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie, Stuttgart. Abhandlungen 197: 129-200.
208. ROSCHIN A.M. 1994. Zhizuennye tsikly diatomovykh vodoroslej. Naukova dumka, Kiev.
209. ROSS R. & SIMS P.A. 1985. Some genera of the Biddulphiaceae (diatoms) with interlocking linking spines. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History}, Botany series 13: 277-381.
210. ROSS R. & SIMS P.A. 1987. Further genera of the Biddulphiaceae (diatoms) with interlocking linking spines. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany series 16: 269-311.
211. ROTHPLETZ A. 1896. Über die Flysch-Fucoiden und einige andere fossile Algen, sowie über liasische diatomeen führende Hornschwämme. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 48: 854-915.
212. ROTHPLETZ A. 1900. Über einen neuen jurassichen Hornschwämme und die darin eingeschlossenen Diatomeen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 52: 154-160.
213. ROUND F.E. 1972. Patterns of seasonal succession of freshwater epipelic algae. British Phycological Journal 7: 213-220.
214. ROUND F.E. 1981. Some aspects of the origin of diatoms and their subsequent evolution. Biosystematics 14: 486-486.
215. ROUND F.E. & CRAWFORD R.M. 1981. The lines of evolution of the Bacillariophyta I. Origin. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 211: 237-260.
216. ROUND F.E. & CRAWFORD R.M. 1984. The lines of evolution of the Bacillariophyta II. The centric series. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 221: 169-188.
217. ROUND F.E. & MANN D.G. 1980. Psammodiscus nov. gen. based on Coscinodiscus nitidus. Annals of Botany 46: 367-373.
218. ROUND F.E. & SIMS P.A. 1981. The distibution of genera in marine and freshwater environments and some evolutionary considerations. In: Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Recent and Fossil Diatoms (Ed. by R. Ross), pp. 301-320. O. Koeltz, Koenigstein.
219. ROUND F.E., CRAWFORD R.M. & MANN D.G. 1990. The diatoms. Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 747 pp.
220. RÜST G. 1885. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Radiolarien aus Gesteinen des Jura. Palaeontographica 3l: 271-321.
221. RYNEARSON T.A. & ARMBRUST E.V. 2000. DNA fingerprinting reveals extensive genetic diversity in a field population of the centric diatom Ditylum brightwellii. Limnology and Oceanography 45: 1329-1340.
222. RYNEARSON T.A. & ARMBRUST E.V. 2004. Genetic differentiation among populations of the planktonic diatom Ditylum brightwellii (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 40: 34-43.
223. SARNO D., KOOISTRA W.H.C.F, MEDLIN L.K., PERCOPO I. & ZINGONE A. 2005. Diversity in the genus Skeletonema (Bacillariophyceae): II. An assessment of the taxonomy of S. costatum-like species, with the description of four new species. Journal of Phycology 41: 151-176
224. SATO S. & MEDLIN L.K. 2006. Movement in the araphid diatom Licmophora. Diatom Research: in press.
225. SCHERER R.P. 1997. Dickensoniaforma: a new diatom genus in the family Rhaphoneidaceae, with two new fossil species from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Diatom Research 12: 83-94.
226. SCHMID A.-M.M. 1984. Wall morphogenesis in Thalassiosira eccentrica: comparison of auxospore formation and the effects of MT-inhibitors. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Diatom Symposium, Philadelphia 1982 (Ed. by D.G. Mann), pp. 42-70. O. Koeltz, Koenigstein, Germany.
227. SCMMID A.-M.M. 1988. The special Golgi-ER-mitochondrium unit in the diatom genus Coscinodiscus. Plant Systematics and Evolution 158: 211-233.
228. SCHMID A.-M.M. 1994. Aspects of morphogenesis and function of diatom cell walls with implications for taxonomy. Protoplasma 181: 43-60.
229. SCHMID A.-M.M. 2001. Value of pyrenoids in the systematics of the diatoms: their morphology and ultrastructure. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by A. Economou-Amilli), pp. 1-31. Amvrosiou Press, Athens.
230. SCHRADER H.-J. 1969. Die pennaten Diatomeen aus dem Obereozän von Oamaru, Neuseeland. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 28:1-124.
231. SCHRADER H.-J. & FENNER J. 1976. Norwegian Sea Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy and taxonomy. Part I. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling, Project 38: 921-1099.
232. SCHRADER H.-J. & GERSONDE R. 1978. The Late Messian Mediterranean brackish to freshwater environment, diatom floral evidence. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 42: 761-775.
233. SIEMIŃSKA J. 1981. Structural details of diatom remnants found in the Przeworno marbles. In: Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Recent and Fossil Diatoms (Ed. by R. Ross), pp. 253-265. O. Koeltz, Koenigstein.
234. SIEMIŃSKA J. 2000. The discoveries of diatoms older than the Cretaceous. In: The origin and early evolution of diatoms: fossil, moleular and biogeographical approaches (Ed. by Witkowski, A. & J. Sieminska), pp. 55-74W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland.
235. SIEMIŃSKA J. & KWIECIŃSKA B. 2002. Horstia renatae gen. et sp. nov., a new diatom from the Przeworno Proterozoic marbles. Acta Palaeobotanica 42: 3-6.
236. SIMONSEN R. 1972. Ideas for a more natural system of the centric diatoms. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 39: 37-54.
237. SIMONSEN R. 1979. The diatom system: ideas on phylogeny. Bacillaria 2: 9-71.
238. SIMS P.A. 1994. Benetorus. Gladiopsis and related genera from the Cretaceous. Diatom Research 9: 165-187.
239. SIMS P.A. 2006. A revision of the genus Rattrayella De Toni including a discussion of related genera. Diatom Research 21: 125-158.
240. SINNINGHE-DAMSTÉ J.S., MUYZER G., ABBAS B., RAMPEN S.W., MASSE G., ALLARD W.G., BELT S.T., ROBERT J.-M., ROWLAND S.J., MOLDOWAN J.M., BARBANTI S.M., FAGO F.J., DENISEVICH P., DAHL J., TRINDADE L.A.F. & SCHOUTEN S. 2004. The rise of the rhizosolenoid diatoms. Science 304: 584-587.
241. SKABICHEVSKIJ A.P. 1981. Vselenie diatomovykh vodoroslei v presnye vody. Bjulletin Moskovskogo obshestva ispytatelei prirodyi. otdel biologii 86: 115-125.
242. SMITH A.G., SMITH D.G. & FUNNELL B.M. 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 99 pp.
243. SÖRHANNUS U., GASSE F., PERASSO R. & BAROIN TOURANCHEAIJ A. 1995. A preliminary phylogeny of diatoms based on 28s ribosomal RNA sequence data. Phycologia 34: 65-73.
244. STOSCH H.A. VON 1977. Observations on Bellerochea and Streptotheca, including descriptions of three new planctonic diatom species. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 54: 113-166.
245. STOSCH H.A. VON 1982. On auxospore envelopes in diatoms. Bacillaria 5: 127-156.
246. STOSCH H.A. VON & DREBES G. 1964. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an zentrischen Diatomeen IV Die Planktondiatomee Stephanopyxis turris - ihre Behandlung und Entwicklungsgeschichte. Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 11: 1-48.
247. STOSCH H.A. VON, THEIL G. & KOWALLIK K.V. 1973. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an zentrischen Diatomeen V. Bau und Lebenszyklus von Chaetoceros didymum, mit Beobachtungen über einige andere Arten der Gattung. Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 25: 384-445.
248. STREL'NIKOVA N.I. 1974. Diatomei pozdnego mela (zapadnaya Sibir'). [Diatoms of the late Cretaceous (western Siberia)]. Izdatel'stvo Nauka, Moscow. 202 pp.
249. STREL'NIKOVA N.I. 1975. Diatoms of the Cretaceous Period. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 53: 311-321.
250. STREL'NIKOVA N.I. 1990. Evolution of diatoms during the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by H. Simola), pp. 195-204. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein.
251. STREL'NIKOVA N.I. & LASTIVKA T.V. 1999. The problem of the origin of marine and freshwater diatoms. In: Proceedings of 14th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by S. Mayama, M. Idei & I. Koizumi), pp. 113-123. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein.
252. STREL'NIKOVA N.I. & MARTIROSJAN G.N. 1981. Lower Cretaceous diatom algae from Stauropol. Viestnik LGU, Sen Biologuja, 3: 52-57 [In Russian].
253. SYVERTSEN E. E. & HASLE, G. R. 1982. The marine planktonic diatom Lauderia annulata Cleve, with particular reference to the processes. Bacillaria 5:243-256.
254. TAKAHASHI O., KIMURA M., ISHII A. & MAYAMA S. 1999. Upper Cretaceous diatoms from central Japan. In: Proceedings of 14th International Diatom Symposium (Ed. by S. Mayama, M. Idei & I. Koizumi), pp. 145-155. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein.
255. TAKANO H. 1982. New and rare diatoms from Japanese marine waters. VIII. Neodelphineis pelagica. Bulletin of the Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory 106: 45-53.
256. TAMURA M., SHIMADA S. & HORIGUCHI T. 2005. Galeidinium rugatum gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new coccoid dinoflagellate with a diatom endosymbiont. Journal of Phycology 41: 658-671.
257. TAPIA P.M. 1996. Companian diatom biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Arctic Canada. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Nebraska. 93 pp.
258. TAPIA P.M & HARWOOD D.M. 2002. Upper Cretaceous diatom biostratigraphy of the Artic Archipelago and northern continetal margin, Canada. Micropaleontology 48: 303-342.
259. TAPPAN H. 1962. Foraminifera from Arctic slopes of Alaska, Part 3. Cretaceous foraminifera. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 236: 91-203.
260. TAPPAN H. 1980. The paleobiology of plant protists. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 1028 pp.
261. THERIOT E. 1992. Clusters, species concepts and morphological evolution of diatoms. Systematic Biology 41: 141-157.
262. VAN DEN HOEK C., MANN D.G. & JAHNS H.M. 1995. Algae. An introduction to phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 627 pp.
263. VANLANDINGHAM S.L. 1967. Paleoecology and microfloristics of Miocene diatomites from the Otis Basin - Juntura Region of Harney and Malheur Counties, Oregon. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 26: 1-77.
264. VANLANDINGHAM S.L. 1985. Potential Neogene diagnostic diatoms from the western Snake River basin, Idaho and Oregon. Micropaleontology 31:167-174.
265. VIAL P.R. & HARDENBOL J. 1979. Sea level changes during the Tertiary. Oceanus 22: 71-79.
266. VOLCANI B.E. 1981. Cell wall formation in diatoms: morphogenesis and biochemistry. In: Silicon and silceous structures in biological systems (Ed. by T.L. Simpson & B.E. Volcani), pp. 157-200. Springer, New York.
267. WALL J.H. 1975. Diatoms and radiolarians from the Cretaceous system of Alberta, a preliminary report. In: The Cretaceous system in the Western Interior of North America (Ed. by W.G.E. Caldwell), pp. 391-409. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 13.
268. WIEDLING S. 1948. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der vegetativen Vermehrung der Diatomeen. Botaniska Notiser 1948: 322-354.
269. WIESNER H. 1936. Sur la découverte des diatomées et autres microfossiles peu connus dans le Crétacé supérieur de la Bohême. Annales de Protistologie 5: 151-155.
270. WILLIAMS D.M. 1985. Morphology, taxonomy and inter-relationships of the ribbed araphid diatoms from the genera Diatoma and Meridion (Diatomaceae: Bacillariophyta). Bibliotheca Diatomologica 8: 1-228.
271. WILLIAMS D.M. 1986. Comparative morphology of some species of Synedra with a new definition of the genus. Diatom Research 1: 131-152.
272. WILLIAMS D.M. 1996. Fossil species of the diatom genus Tetracyclus (Bacillariophyta, 'ellipticus' species group): morphology, interrelationships and the relevance of ontogeny. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 351: 1759-1782.
273. WILLIAMS D.M. 2003. The type material of Tetracyclus japonicus (Petit) Temp. & H. Perag. and Tetracyclus eckhardii Ehrenb. (Bacillariophyceae). Cryptogamie Algologie 24: 333-340.
274. WILLIAMS D.M. & ROUND F.E. 1986. Revision of the genus Synedra. Diatom Research 1: 319-339.
275. WILLIAMS D.M. & ROUND F.E. 1987. Revision of the genus Fragilaria. Diatom Research 2: 267-288.
276. WILLIAMS D.M., REID G., FLOWER R. & VOTYAKOVA N.E. 2002. A new fossil species of Tetracyclus (Bacillariophyceae) from the Miocene deposit of Tunka Ridge, Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia. Diatom Research 17: 437-443.
277. WITT O.N. 1886. Ueber den Polierschiefer von Archangelsk-Kurojedowo im Gouv. Simbirsk. Verhandlungen der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St Petersburg, series 2, 22: 137-177.
278. WOLFE A.P. & EDLUND M.B. 2005. Taxonomy, phylogeny and paleoecology of Eoseira wilsonii gen. et sp. nov, a Middle Eocene diatom (Bacillariophydceae: Aulcoseiraceae) from lake sediments at Horse Fly, British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 243-257.
279. YAMAGUCHI M. & IMAI I. 1994. A microfluorometric analysis of nuclear DNA at different stages in the life history of Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae). Phycologia 33: 163-170.