The ecological collapse and partial recovery of a freshwater tidal ecosystem

Northeastern Naturalist

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 153-178

  Lichter, John ^a   Caron, Heather ^a   Pasakarnis, Timothy S ^a   Rodgers, Sarah L ^a   Squiers Jr , Thomas S ^b   Todd, Charles S ^c  

^a BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

^b Maine State Library   (United States)

^c Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANATIDAE; HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS;

EID: 33746334477     PISSN: 10926194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1656/1092-6194(2006)13[153:TECAPR]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Allen, C.E. 1931. History of Dresden, Maine. Kennebec Journal Print Shop, Augusta, ME. 894 pp.
2. Anderson, K.H. 1982. Summary of results: 1981 vegetation survey, Merrymeeting Bay. Unpublished Interdepartmental Memorandum. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Augusta, ME.
3. Applied Biomonitoring. 2004. Kennebec river caged mussel study, 2003. Report prepared for the Friends of Merrymeeting Bay, Kirkland, WA.
4. Baxter, J.P. 1916. The Baxter manuscripts. Documentary history of the State of Maine. Vol. XXII. Maine Historical Society, Portland, ME.
5. Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. US Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery, Washington, DC. Bulletin #74. Vol. 53. 577 pp.
6. Bilby, R.E., and G.E. Likens. 1980. Importance of debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems. Ecology 61:1107-1113.
7. Binford, M.W., A.L. Kolata, M. Brenner, J.W. Janusek, M.T. Seddon, M. Abbott, and J.H. Curtis. 1997. Climate variation and the rise and fall of Andean civilization. Quaternary Research 47:235-248.
8. Bourque, B.J. 2001. Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. 368 pp.
9. Buehler, D.A. 2000. Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocepalus). Pp. 1-40, In A. Poole and F. Gill (Eds.). The Birds of North America. The Birds of North America , Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
10. Bulich, A.A., H. Huynh, and S. Ulitzur. 1996. The use of luminescent bacteria for measuring chronic toxicity. Pp. 3-22, In G.K. Ostrander (Ed.). Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
11. Carpenter, P.N. 1953. Equipment and procedures for efficiency and flexibility in soil testing laboratories. Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, Orono, ME. Miscellaneous Publication 623.
12. Carlson, C.C. 1992. The Atlantic salmon in New England prehistory and history: Social and environmental implications. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
13. Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA. 368 pp.
14. Chase, E.S. 1949. Pollution of the Androscoggin River by industrial wastes and control measures thereof. Boston Society of Civil Engineering 36:357-381.
15. Christensen, D.L., B.R. Herwig, D.E. Schindler, and S.R. Carpenter. 1996. Impacts of lakeshore residential development on coarse woody debris in north temperate lakes. Ecological Applications 6:1143-1149.
16. Churchill, E. A. 1995. English beachheads in seventeenth-century Maine. Pp. 51-75, In R.W. Judd, E.A. Churchill, and J.W. Eastman (Eds.). The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present. University of Maine Press, Orono, ME. 616 pp.
17. th Edition. American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, DC; American Water Works Association (AWWA), Denver, CO; and Water Environment Federation (WEF), Alexandria, VA.
18. Coelho, J.P, M.R. Flindt, H.S. Jensen, A.I. Lillebo, and M.A. Pardal. 2004. Phosphorus speciation and availability in intertidal sediments of a temperate estuary: Relation to eutrophication. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 61:583-590.
19. Cooper, S.R. 1995. Chesapeake Bay watershed historical land use: Impact of water quality and diatom communities. Ecological Applications 5:703-723.
20. Cumbler, J.T. 2001. Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State, New England 1791-1930. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
21. Day, C.A. 1963. Farming in Maine. University of Maine Studies, Second Series, No. 78. University of Maine, Orono, ME.
22. Dearing, J.A., H. Hakansson, B. Liedberg-Jonsson, A. Persson, S. Skanso, D. Widholm, and F. El-Daoushy. 1987. Lake sediments used to quantify the erosional response to land use change in southern Sweden. Oikos 50:60-70.
23. Eastman, J.W., and P.E. Rivard. 1995. Transportation and manufacturing. Pp. 310-341, In R.W. Judd, E.A. Churchill, and J.W. Eastman (Eds.). The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present. University of Maine Press, Orono, ME. 616 pp.
24. Environmental Working Group (EWG). 2005. The most polluted waters: US waters receiving the greatest amounts of toxic pollution (1990-1994). Available at: www.ewg.org. 2005.
25. Foster, D.R. 1992. Land-use history (1730-1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80:753-772.
26. Foster, D.R., J.D. Aber, J.M. Melillo, R.D. Bowden, and F.A. Bazzaz. 1997. Forest response to disturbance and anthropogenic stress. Bioscience 47:437-445.
27. Foster, D.R., G. Motzkin, and B. Slater. 1998. Land-use history as long-term broadscale disturbance: Regional forest dynamics in central New England. Ecosystems 1:96-119.
28. Foster, D.R., G. Motzkin, and D. Orwig. 2002. Insights from historical geography to ecology and conservation: Lessons from the New England landscape. Journal of Biogeography 29 (Special Issue):1269-1275.
29. Foster, D.R., F. Swanson, J. Aber, I. Burke, N. Brokaw, D. Tilman, and A. Knapp. 2003. The importance of land-use legacies to ecology and conservation. Bioscience 53:77-88.
30. Foster, D.R., G. Motzkin, J. O'Keefe, E. Boose, D. Orwig, J. Fuller, and B. Hall. 2004. The environmental and human history of New England. Pp. 43-100, In D.R. Foster and J.D. Aber (Eds.). Forests in Time: The environmental consequences of 1000 years of change in New England. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. 477 pp.
31. Foster, N.W., and C.G. Atkins. 1869. Reports of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of Maine for the years 1867 and 1868. Owen & Nash, Augusta, ME (Printers to the state).
32. Francis, D.R., and D.R. Foster. 2001. Response of small New England ponds to historic land use. The Holocene 11:301-312.
33. Fuller J., D.R. Foster, N. Drake, and J. McLachlan. 1998. Impact of human activity on regional forest composition and dynamics in central New England ecosystems. Ecosystems 1:76-95.
34. Gaillard, M.J., J.A. Bearing, F. El-Daoushy, M. Enell, and H. Hakansson. 1991. A late Holocene record of land-use history, soil erosion, lake trophy, and lake-level fluctuations at Bjaresjosjon (South Sweden). Journal of Paleolimnology 6:51-81.
35. Gomez-Pampa, A., and A. Kaus. 1992. Taming the wilderness myth. Bioscience 42:271-278.
36. Goode, G.B. 1887. The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, DC. Series V, Vol. 1.
37. Grier, J.W. 1982. Ban of DDT and subsequent recovery of reproduction in Bald Eagles. Science 218:1232-1235.
38. Harding, J.S., E.F. Benfield, P.V. Bolstad, O.S. Helfman, and E.B.D. Jones III. 1998. Stream biodiversity. The ghost of land use past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:14843-14847.
39. Irland, L.C. 1998. Maine's forest area, 1600-1995: Review of available estimates. Maine Agricultural Forest Experimental Station, Orono, ME. Miscellaneous Publication 736.
40. Irland, L.C. 1999. The Northeast's Changing Forest. Harvard University Press, Petersham, MA.
41. Judd, R.W., E.A. Churchill, and J.W. Eastman. 1995. Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present. University of Maine Press, Orono, ME.
42. Judd, R.W. 1997. Common Lands, Common People: The Origins of Conservation in Northern New England. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
43. Kaiser, T.E., W.L. Reichel, L.N. Locke, E. Cromartie, A.J. Krynitsky, T.G. Lamont, B.M. Mulhern, R.M. Prouty, C.J. Stafford, and D.M. Swineford. 1980. Organochlorine pesticide, PCB, and PBB residues and necropsy data for Bald Eagles from 29 states. Pesticide Monitoring Journal 13:145-149.
44. Kistner, D.A., and N.R. Pettigrew. 2001. A variable turbidity maximum in the Kennebec estuary, Maine. Estuaries 24:680-687.
45. Krantz, W.C., B.M. Mulhern, G.E. Bagley, I.V.A. Sprunt, F.J. Ligas, and W.B. Robertson, Jr. 1970. Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in Bald Eagle eggs. Pesticide Monitoring Journal 4:136-140.
46. Larsen, P.P., and H.E. Gaudette. 2002. Spatial and temporal aspects of sedimentary contaminant concentrations in the tidal portions of the Kennebec-Androscoggin river system. Report to the Surface Water Ambient Toxics Monitoring Program, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, ME.
47. Lary, S.J. 1999. State of Maine recovery plan for American shad and river herring. Maine Department of Marine Resources, Augusta, ME.
48. Lawrance, W.A. 1967. A twenty-five year review of Androscoggin River pollution control activities. A report to the Androscoggin River Technical Committee, Lewiston, ME.
49. Lyons, O.P., L.W. Smith, T.G. Libby, G. Roberts, and H. Glidden. 1889. A Brief Historical Sketch of the Town of Vinalhaven. Free Press, Rockland, ME. 78 pp.
50. Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MDEP). 1971. Kennebec Basin Interim Water Quality Plan. Environmental Improvement Commission, Augusta, ME.
51. McKeen, J. 1853. Some accounts of the early settlements at Sagadahock and on the Androscoggin River. Article V. Collections of the Maine Historical Society V. III, Portland, ME.
52. MDEP. 1979. The Kennebec River, 1978 water quality: A historic perspective. Augusta, ME.
53. MDEP. 2006. MDEP website. Available at: http://www. state.me.us/dep/blwq/ docmonitoring/classification/index.htm.
54. Maine Department of Marine Resources (MDMR). 2002a. Brunswick fishway report 2001. Maine Department of Marine Resources, Augusta, ME.
55. MDMR. 2002b. Kennebec River anadromous fish restoration annual progress report. Maine Department of Marine Resources, Augusta, ME.
56. Mendall, H.L., and H.E. Spencer, Jr. 1961. Waterfowl harvest studies in Maine (1948-1957). Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Game Division, Augusta, ME. Bulletin No. 7.
57. Noble, F.T. 1905. The ducks of Merry meeting Bay in the season of 1905. Journal of the Maine Ornithological Society 7:65-70.
58. North, J.W. 1870. The History of Augusta. Clapp and North, Augusta, ME.
59. Odum, W.E., T.J. Smith, J.K. Hoover, and C.C. McIvor. 1984. The ecology of tidal freshwater marshes of the United States east coast: A community profile. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washingotn, DC. FWS/OBS-83117. 177 pp.
60. Owen, Jr., H.W. 1936. The Edward Clarence Plummer History of Bath, Maine. The Times Company, Bath, ME.
61. Palmer, R.S. 1949. Maine Birds. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 102. Harvard College, Cambridge, MA. 656 pp.
62. Reed and D'Andrea Co. 1975. Merrymeeting Bay: A guide to conservation of a unique resource. Report prepared for the Maine Department of Conservation, South Gardiner, ME.
63. Russell, E.W.B. 1997. People and the land through time: Linking ecology and history. Yale University Press, New Haven, ME.
64. Sewall, J.W. and Co. 2000. Aquatic and upland habitat assessment of Merrymeeting Bay. Assessment report prepared for Friends of Merrymeeting Bay, Old Town, ME.
65. Simpson, R.L., R.E. Good, M.A. Leek, and D.F. Whigham. 1983. The ecology of freshwater tidal wetlands. Bioscience 33:255-259.
66. Spencer, Jr., H.E. 1959. Merrymeeting Bay investigations. Project Number W-37-R-7. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Augusta, ME.
67. Spencer, Jr., H.E. 1966. Merrymeeting Bay investigations. Project Number W-37-R-14. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Augusta, ME.
68. Spinney, H.L. 1926. Observations on the nesting of the Bald Eagle. Maine Naturalist 6:102-109.
69. Squiers, Jr., T.S. 1988. Anadromous fisheries of the Kennebec River estuary. Maine Department of Marine Resources, Augusta, ME. 47 pp.
70. Squiers, Jr., T.S. 2002. Kennebec River juvenile Alosid and striped bass survey. Job #F-41-R-9. Maine Department of Marine Resources, Augusta, ME.
71. Steinberg, T. 1991. Nature Incorporated: Industrialization and the Waters of New England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
72. Stilwell, E.M, and H.O. Stanley. 1884. Report of the Commissioners of Fish and Game for the State of Maine. Augusta, ME.
73. Sutermeister, E. 1941. Chemistry of Pulp and Paper Making. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, NY.
74. Taylor, C.C. 1951. A survey of former shad streams in Maine. Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 66, US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
75. Todd, C.S. 2002. Bald Eagle assessment. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Augusta, ME.
76. US Environmental Protetion Agency (USEPA). 2005. STORET. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/STORET/. Accessed in 2005.
77. US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. 2004. Commeroration of the 30th anniversary of the clean water act. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
78. Vepraskas, M.J., and S.P. Faulkner. 2001. Redox chemistry of hydric soils. Pp. 85-105, In J.L. Richardson and M.J. Vepraskas (Eds.). Wetland Soils. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. 417 pp.
79. Walker, C.L. 1931. Survey and report of river and stream conditions in the State of Maine 1930. Biennial Report to the Govenor, Augusta, ME
80. Water Improvement Commission. 1960. The Kennebec River water classification report. Augusta, ME.
81. Water Improvement Commision. 1966. Addendum to 1960 Kennebec water classification report. Augusta, ME.
82. Wells, W. 1869. Water-power of Maine. Hydrographic survey of Maine. Sprague, Owen, and Nash, Augusta, ME.
83. Wheeler, G.A., and H.W. Wheeler. 1878. History of Brunswick, Topsham, and Harpswell, Maine. Alfred Mudge and Son, Printers, Boston, MA.
84. Whitney, G.G. 1994. From coastal wilderness to fruited plain: An environmental history of the eastern US. 1500 to present. Cambridge University, Cambridge, MA.
85. Williams, M. 1982. Clearing the United States forests: Pivotal years 1810-1860. Journal of Historical Geography 8:12-28.
86. Wong, M.W., and D.W. Townsend. 1999. Phytoplankton and hydrography of the Kennebec estuary, Maine, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 178:133-144.