A global assessment of closed forests, deforestation and malaria risk

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology

Volumn 100, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 189-204

  Guerra, C A ^a,b   Snow, R W ^a,b   Hay, S I ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b KEMRI WELLCOME TRUST RESEARCH PROGRAMME   (Kenya)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORESTATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENDEMIC DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; MALARIA; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; POPULATION RESEARCH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TROPICAL RAIN FOREST; AFRICA; ANIMAL; ANOPHELES; DISEASE CARRIER; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; METHODOLOGY; SOUTH AMERICA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; TREE;

AFRICA, CENTRAL; ANIMALS; ANOPHELES; ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ENDEMIC DISEASES; HUMANS; INSECT VECTORS; MALARIA; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOUTH AMERICA; TREES;

EID: 33746321876     PISSN: 00034983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/136485906X91512     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Achard, F., Eva, H. D., Stibig, H. J., Mayaux, P., Gallego, J., Richards, T. & Malingreau, J. P. (2002). Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests. Science, 297, 999-1002.
2. Anon. (1973). International Classification and Mapping of Vegetation. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
3. Anon. (2001a). FRA 2000 - Global Forest Cover Mapping Final Report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
4. Anon. (2001b). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 - Main Report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
5. Anon. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
6. Arbani, P. R. (1992). Malaria control program in Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 23 (Suppl. 4), 29-38.
7. Balk, D., Deichmann, U., Yetman, G., Pozzi, F., Hay, S. I. & Nelson, A. (2006). Determining global population distribution: methods, applications and data. Advances in Parasitology, 62, 120-156.
8. Banerjee, M. K., Palikhe, N., Shrestha, B. L. & Vaidya, R. G. (1991). Persistent malaria transmission in forests of central Nepal. In Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia - Proceedings of an Informal Consultative Meeting, 18-22 February, 1991, eds Sharma, V. P. & Kondrashin, A. V. pp. 155-169. New Delhi: World Health Organization.
9. Bockarie, M. J., Service, M. W., Barnish, G. & Touré, Y. T. (1995). Vectorial capacity and entomological inoculation rates of Anopheles gambiae in a high rainfall forested area of southern Sierra Leone. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 46, 164-171.
10. Briet, O. J., Dossou Yovo, J., Akodo, E., van de Giesen, N. & Teuscher, T. M. (2003). The relationship between Anopheles gambiae density and rice cultivation in the savannah zone and forest zone of Côte d'Ivoire. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 8, 439-448.
11. Butraporn, P., Sornmani, S. & Hungsapruek, T. (1986). Social, behavioural, housing factors and their interactive effects associated with malaria occurrence in east Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 17, 386-392.
12. Butraporn, P., Prasittisuk, C., Krachaiklin, S. & Chareonjai, P. (1995). Behaviors in self-prevention of malaria among mobile population in east Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 26, 213-218.
13. Caldas de Castro, M., Monte-Mor, R. L., Sawyer, D. O. & Singer, B. H. (2006). Malaria risk on the Amazon frontier. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 2452-2457.
14. Carnevale, P., Le Goff, G., Toto, J. C. & Robert, V. (1992). Anopheles nili as the main vector of human malaria in villages of southern Cameroon. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 6, 135-138.
15. Chang, M. S., Hii, J., Buttner, P. & Mansoor, F. (1997). Changes in abundance and behaviour of vector mosquitoes induced by land use during the development of an oil palm plantation in Sarawak. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91, 382-386.
16. Coene, J. (1993). Malaria in urban and rural Kinshasa: the entomological input. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 7, 127-137.
17. Cohuet, A., Simard, F., Wondji, C. S., Antonio Nkondjio, C., Awono Ambene, P. & Fontenille, D. (2004). High malaria transmission intensity due to Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a village of savannah-forest transition area in Cameroon. Journal of Medical Entomology, 41, 901-905.
18. Conn, J. E., Wilkerson, R. C., Segura, M. N., de Souza, R. T., Schlichting, C. D., Wirtz, R. A. & Povoa, M. M. (2002). Emergence of a new Neotropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 66, 18-22.
19. Coz, J., Hamon, J., Sales, S., Eyraud, M., Brengues, J., Subra, R. & Accrombessi, R. (1966). Etudes entomologiques sur la transmission du paludisme humain dans une zone de foret humide dense, la région de Sassandra, République de Côte d'Ivoire. Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M., Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie, 4, 13-42.
20. Deane, L. M. (1986). Malaria vectors in Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 81 (Suppl. 2), 5-14.
21. Erhart, A., Thang, N. D., Hung, N. Q., Le, V. T., Le, X. H., Tuy, T. Q., Le, D. C., Speybroeck, N., Coosemans, M. & d'Alessandro, U. (2004). Forest malaria in Vietnam: a challenge for control. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 70, 110-118.
22. Erhart, A., Ngo, T. D., Phan, K. V., Ta, T. T., van Overmeir, C., Speybroeck, N., Obsomer, V., Le, H. X., Le, K. T., Coosemans, M. & d'Alessandro. U. (2005). Epidemiology of forest malaria in central Vietnam: a large scale cross-sectional survey. Malaria Journal, 4, 58.
23. Fearnside, P. M. (2005). Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conservation Biology, 19, 680-688.
24. Forattini, O. P. (1962). Entomologia Médica: Parte Geral, Diptera, Anophelini. São Paulo, Brazil: Departamento de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública.
25. Forattini, O. P., Kakitani, I., Massad, E. & Marucci, D. (1993a). Studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Cuiicidae) and anthropic environment. 2. Immature stages research at a rice irrigation system location in south-eastern Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, 27, 227-236.
26. Forattini, O. P., Kakitani, I., Massad, E. & Marucci, D. (1993b). Studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and anthropic environment. 3. Survey of adult stages at the rice irrigation system and the emergence of Anopheles albitarsis in south-eastern, Brazil. Revista de Saude Publica, 27, 313-325.
27. Gillies, M. T. & de Meillon, B. (1968). The Anophelinac of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute for Medical Research.
28. Guerra, C. A., Snow, R. W. & Hay, S. I. (2006). Defining the global spatial limits of malaria transmission in 2005. Advances in Parasitology, 62, 157-179.
29. Harbach, R. E., Baimai, V. & Sukowati, S. (1987). Some observations on sympatric populations of the malaria vectors Anopheles leucosphyrus and Anopheles balabacensis in a village-forest setting in South Kalimantan. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 18, 241-247.
30. Hay, S. I. (2000). An overview of remote sensing and geodesy for epidemiology and public health application. Advances in Parasitology, 47, 1-35.
31. Hay, S. I., Tucker, C. J., Rogers, D. J. & Packer, M. J. (1996). Remotely sensed surrogates of meteorological data for the study of the distribution and abundance of arthropod vectors of disease. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 90, 1-19.
32. Hay, S. I., Guerra, C. A., Tatem, A., Noor, A. M. & Snow, R. W. (2004). The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 4, 327-336.
33. Hay, S. I., Guerra, C. A., Tatem, A., Atkinson, P. & Snow, R. W. (2005). Urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3, 81-90.
34. Hay, S. I., Tatem, A. J., Guerra, C. A. & Snow, R. W. (2006a). Foresight on Population at Malaria Risk in Africa: 2005, 2015 & 2030. London: Foresight Project, Office of Science and Technology.
35. Hay, S. I., Tatem, A. J., Graham, A. J., Goetz, S. J. & Rogers, D. J. (20066). Global environmental data for mapping infectious disease distribution. Advances in Parasitology, 62, 38-77.
36. Keiser, J., de Castro, M. C., Maltese, M. F., Bos, R., Tanner, M., Singer, B. H. & Utzinger, J. (2005a). Effect of irrigation and large dams on the burden of malaria on a global and regional scale. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 72, 392 406.
37. Keiser, J., Singer, B. H. & Utzinger, J. (2005b). Reducing the burden of malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings with environmental management: a systematic review. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5, 695-708.
38. Kobayashi, J., Nambanya, S., Miyagi, I., Vanachone, B., Manivong, K., Koubouchan, T., Amano, H., Nozaki, H., Inthakone, S. & Sato, Y. (1997). Collection of anopheline mosquitos in three villages endemic for malaria in Khammouane, Lao PDR. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 28, 20.
39. Kobayashi, J., Vannachone, B., Sato, Y., Sinjo, M., Nambanya, S., Manivang, K. & Inthakone, S. (1998). Current status of malaria infection in a southeastern province of Lao PDR. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 29, 236-241.
40. Kondrashin, A. V. (1992). Malaria in the WHO Southeast Asia region. Indian Journal of Malariology, 29, 129-160.
41. Kondrashin, A. V., Jung, R. K. & Akiyama, J. (1991). Ecological aspects of forest malaria in Southeast Asia. In Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia - Proceedings of an Informal Consultative Meeting, 18-22 February, 1991, eds Sharma, V. P. & Kondrashin, A. V. pp. 1-22. New Delhi: World Health Organization.
42. Lansang, M. A., Belizario, V. Y., Bustos, M. D., Saul, A. & Aguirre, A. (1997). Risk factors for infection with malaria in a low endemic community in Bataan, The Philippines. Acta Tropica, 63, 257-265.
43. Loveland, T. R., Zhu, Z. L., Ohlen, D. O., Brown, J. F., Reed, B. C. & Yang, L. M. (1999). An analysis of the IGBP global land-cover characterization process. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 65, 1021-1032.
44. Lwin, M. & Htut, Y. (1991). Study of the malaria situation in forested foothill and nearby plain areas of Myanmar. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 22, 509-514.
45. Macdonald, G. (1957). The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. London: Oxford University Press.
46. Manga, L., Toto, J. C. & Carnevale, P. (1995). Malaria vectors and transmission in an area deforested for a new international airport in southern Cameroon. Annales de la Société Belge de Médecine Tropicale, 75, 43-49.
47. Manga, L., Bouchite, B., Toto, J. C. & Froment, A. (1997a). La faune anophelienne et la transmission du paludisme dans une zone de transition forêt/savane au centre du Cameroun. Bulletin de la Socié té de Pathologie Éxotique, 90, 128-130.
48. Manga, L., Toto, J. C., Le Goff, G. & Brunhes, J. (1997b). The bionomics of Anopheles funestus and its role in malaria transmission in a forested area of southern Cameroon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91, 387-388.
49. Mayaux, P., Holmgren, P., Achard, F., Eva, H., Stibig, H. & Branthomme, A. (2005). Tropical forest cover change in the 1990s and options for future monitoring. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 360, 373-384.
50. McGreevy, P. B., Dietze, R., Prata, A. & Hembree, S. C. (1989). Effects of immigration on the prevalence of malaria in rural areas of the Amazon basin of Brazil. Membrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84, 485-491.
51. Meunier, J. Y., Safeukui, I., Fontenille, D. & Boudin, C. (1999). Étude de la transmission du paludisme dans une future zone d'essai vaccinal en forêt équatoriale du sud Cameroun. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Éxotique, 92, 309-312.
52. Mouchet, J. & Brengues, J. (1990). Les interfaces agriculture-sante dans les domaines de l'épidemiologie des maladies à vecteurs et de la lutte antivectorielle. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Éxotique, 83, 376-393.
53. Mouchet, J., Carnevale, P., Coosemans, M., Julvez, J., Manguin, S., Richards-Lenoble, D. & Sircoulon, J. (2004). Biodiversité du Paludisme dans le Monde. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext.
54. Narasimham, M. V. V. L. (1991). Perspectives of forest malaria in India. In Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia - Proceedings of an Informal Consultative Meeting, 18-22 February, 1991, eds Sharma, V. P. & Kondrashin, A. V. pp. 81-91. New Delhi: World Health Organization.
55. Nzeyimana, I., Henry, M. C., Dossou Yovo, J., Doannio, J. M., Diawara, L. & Carnevale, P. (2002). Epidemiologic du paludisme dans le sudouest forestier de la Côte d'Ivoire (région de Tai). Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Éxotique, 95, 89-94.
56. Oo, T. T., Storch, V. & Becker, N. (2003). Anopheles dirus and its role in malaria transmission in Myanmar. Journal of Vector Ecology, 28, 175-183.
57. Pan American Health Organization (2003). Report on the Status of Malaria Programs in the Americas (Based on 2002 Data). Document CD44/TNF/3. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
58. Pichainarong, N. & Chaveepojnkamjorn, W. (2004). Malaria infection and life-style factors among hill-tribes along the Thai-Myanmar border area, northern Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 35, 834-839.
59. Prakash, A., Bhattacharyya, D. R., Mohapatra, P. K. & Mahanta, J. (1997). Seasonal prevalence of Anopheles dirus and malaria transmission in a forest fringed village of Assam, India. Indian Journal of Malariology, 34, 117-125.
60. Robert, V., Macintyre, K., Keating, J., Trape, J. F., Duchemin, J. B., Warren, M. & Beier, J. C. (2003). Malaria transmission in urban sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68, 169-176.
61. Rogers, D. J., Randolph, S. E., Snow, R. W. & Hay, S. I. (2002). Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria. Nature, 415, 710-715.
62. Rosa-Freitas, M. G., Lourenco-de-Oliveira, R., de Carvalho-Pinto, C. J., Flores-Mendoza, C. & Silva-do-Nascimento, T. F. (1998). Anopheline species complexes in Brazil. Current knowledge of those related to malaria transmission. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 93, 651-655.
63. Rosenberg, R. & Maheswary, N. P. (1982). Forest malaria in Bangladesh. II. Transmission by Anopheles dirus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 31, 183-191.
64. Rozendaal, J. A. (1990). Observations on the distribution of anophelines in Suriname with particular reference to the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 85, 221-234.
65. Rubio-Palis, Y. & Zimmerman, R. H. (1997). Ecoregional classification of malaria vectors in the Neotropics. Journal of Medical Entomology, 34, 499-510.
66. Sawyer, D. (1993). Economic and social consequences of malaria in new colonization projects in Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 37, 1131-1136.
67. Seng, C. M., Matusop, A. & Sen, F. K. (1999). Differences in Anopheles composition and malaria transmission in the village settlements and cultivated farming zone in Sarawak, Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 30, 454-459.
68. Service, M. W. (1993). Mosquitoes (Culicidae). In Medical Insects and Arachnids, eds Lane, R. P. & Crosskey, R. W. pp. 120-240. London: Chapman & Hall.
69. Sharma, S. K., Tyagi, P. K., Padhan, K., Adak, T. & Subbarao, S. K. (2004). Malarial morbidity in tribal communities living in the forest and plain ecotypes of Orissa, India. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 98, 459-468.
70. Sharma, V. P., Prasittisuk, C. & Kondrashin, A. V. (1991). Magnitude of forest related malaria in the WHO Southeast Asia region. In Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia - Proceedings of an Informal Consultative Meeting, 18-22 February, 1991, eds Sharma, V. P. & Kondrashin, A. V. pp. 29-53. New Delhi: World Health Organization.
71. Shrestha, J. P. B., Banerjee, M. K., Vaidya, R. G. & Shrestha, B. L. (1991). Malaria situation in forested areas of Nepal. In Forest Malaria in Southeast Asia - Proceedings of an Informal Consultative Meeting, 18-22 February, 1991, eds Sharma, V. P. & Kondrashin, A. V. pp. 141-154. New Delhi: World Health Organization.
72. Shukla, R. P., Sharma, S. N., Kohli, V. K., Nanda, N., Sharma, V. P. & Subbarao, S. K. (2001). Dynamics of malaria transmission under changing ecological scenario in and around Nanak Matta dam, Uttaranchal, India. Indian Journal of Malariology, 38, 91-98.
73. Singer, B. H. & Caldas de Castro, M. (2001). Agricultural colonization and malaria on the Amazon frontier. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 954, 184-222.
74. Singh, N., Mishra, A. K., Chand, S. K. & Sharma, V. P. (1999). Population dynamics of Anopheles culicifacies and malaria in the tribal area of central India. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 15, 283-290.
75. Singh, N., Mishra, A. K., Shukla, M. M. & Chand, S. K. (2003). Forest malaria in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, central India: a case study in a tribal community. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68, 602-607.
76. Singhanetra Renard, A. (1986). Population movement, socio-economic behavior and the transmission of malaria in northern Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 17, 396-405.
77. Singhanetra Renard, A. (1993). Malaria and mobility in Thailand. Social Science and Medicine, 37, 1147-1154.
78. Singhasivanon, P. (1999). Mekong malaria. Malaria, multi-drug resistance and economic development in the greater Mekong subregion of Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 30 (Suppl. 4), 1-101.
79. Smith, N. J. H. (1981). Colonization lessons from a tropical forest. Science, 214, 755-761.
80. Snow, R. W., Craig, M. H., Newton, C. R. J. C. & Steketee, R. W. (2003). The Public Health Burden of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Africa: Deriving the Numbers. Working Paper No. 11, Disease Control Priorities Project. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
81. Snow, R. W., Guerra, C. A., Noor, A. M., Myint, H. Y. & Hay, S. I. (2005). The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature, 434, 214-217.
82. Snow, R. W., Hay, S. I. & Marsh, K. (2006). Malaria in Africa: Sources, Risks, Drivers and Disease Burden 2005-2030. London: Foresight Project, Office of Science and Technology.
83. Somboon, P., Aramrattana, A., Lines, J. & Webber, R. (1998). Entomological and epidemiological investigations of malaria transmission in relation to population movements in forest areas of north-west Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 29, 3-9.
84. Tadei, W. P. & Dutary Thatcher, B. (2000). Malaria vectors in the Brazilian Amazon: Anopheles of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 42, 87-94.
85. Tadei, W. P., Thatcher, B. D., Santos, J. M., Scarpassa, V. M., Rodrigues, I. B. & Rafael, M. S. (1998). Ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59, 325-335.
86. Verdrager, J. (1995). Localized permanent epidemics: the genesis of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 26, 23-28.
87. Vittor, A. Y., Gilman, R. H., Tielsch, J., Glass, G., Shields, T., Lozano, W. S., Pinedo-Cancino, V. & Patz, J. A. (2006). The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 3-11.
88. Walsh, J. F., Molyneux, D. H. & Birley, M. H. (1993). Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology, 106 (Suppl.), S55-S75.