Perceived likelihood as a measure of optimism and pessimism: Support for the Future Events Scale

Psychological Assessment

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 215-219

  Wichman, Aaron L ^a   Reich, Darcy A ^b   Weary, Gifford ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

FES; Future Events Scale; Life Orientation Test; LOT; Optimism and pessimism

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FUTURE EVENTS SCALE; HUMAN; LIFE; MALE; OPTIMISM; PESSIMISM; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOMETRY; RATING SCALE; RELIABILITY;

AFFECT; ATTITUDE; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 33746318919     PISSN: 10403590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.215     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
2. Andersen, S. M. (1990). The inevitability of future suffering: The role of depressive predictive certainty in depression. Social Cognition, 8, 203-228.
3. Andersen, S. M., & Schwartz, A. H. (1992). Intolerance of ambiguity and depression: A cognitive vulnerability factor linked to hopelessness. Social Cognition, 10, 271-298.
4. Andersen, S. M., Spielman, L. A., & Bargh, J. A. (1992). Future-event schemas and certainty about the future: Automaticity in depressives' future-event predictions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 711-723.
5. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Hoeber.
6. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Dember, W. N., Martin, S., Hummer, M. K., Howe, S., & Melton, R. (1989). The measurement of optimism and pessimism. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 8, 102-119.
8. Dykema, J., Bergbower, K., Doctora, J. D., & Peterson, C. (1996). An Attributional Style Questionnaire for general use. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 14(2), 100-108.
9. Edwards, J. A., & Weary, G. (1998). Antecedents of causal uncertainty and perceived control: A prospective study. European Journal of Personality, 12, 135-148.
10. Oleson, K. C., Poehlmann, K. M., Yost, J. H., Lynch, M. E., & Arkin, R. M. (2000). Subjective overachievement: Individual differences in self-doubt and concern with performance. Journal of Personality, 68, 491-524.
11. Reeder, G. D., & Brewer, M. B. (1979). A schematic model of dispositional attribution in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review, 86, 61-79.
12. Reich, D. A. (2004). What you expect isn't always what you get: The roles of extremity, optimism, and pessimism in the behavioral confirmation process. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 199-215.
13. Reich, D. A., & Weary, G. (1998). Depressives' future-event schemas and the social inference process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1133-1145.
14. Robinson-Whelen, S., Kim, C., MacCallum, R. C., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1997). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism in older adults: Is it more important to be optimistic or not to be pessimistic? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1345-1353.
15. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implication of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247.
17. Schulz, R., Bookwala, J., Knapp, J. E., Scheier, M., & Williamson, G. M. (1996). Pessimism, age, and cancer mortality. Psychology and Aging, 11, 304-309.
18. Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
19. Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-difference measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585.
20. Weary, G., & Edwards, J. A. (1994). Individual differences in causal uncertainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 308-318.
21. Weary, G., & Reich, D. A. (2001). Attributional effects of conflicting chronic and temporary outcome expectancies: A case of automatic comparison and contrast. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 562-574.
22. Weary, G., Reich, D. A., & Tobin, S. (2001). The role of contextual constraints and chronic expectancies on behavior categorizations and dispositional inferences. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 62-75.
23. Weary, G., Tobin, S., & Reich, D. A. (2001). Chronic and temporary distinct expectancies as comparison standards: Automatic contrast in dispositional judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 365-380.