The Sociology of Early Buddhism

The Sociology of Early Buddhism

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-284

  Bailey, Greg ^a   Mabbett, Ian ^b  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746307420     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511488283     Document Type: Book

References (265)

1. Aṅguttara Nikāya, ed. Morris, R. and Hardy, E. (6 vols, PTS, London, 1958–76 (1885–1910)).
2. Atharva Veda, ed. Roth, R. and Whitney, W. D. (Berlin, 1855).
3. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. 1 Inscriptions of Asoka, new edn ed. Hultzsch, E. (Indological Book House, Delhi and Varanasi, 1969). Original edn: Inscriptions of Asoka (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1925).
4. Dhammapada, eds and trans. Carter, J. R. and Palihawadana, M. (Oxford University Press, New York, 1987).
5. Dhammapada, ed. von Hinüber, O. and Norman, K. R. (PTS, Oxford, 1995).
6. Dharmasūtras: the law codes of Āpastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and Vasiṣṭha. Annotated text and translation, Olivelle, P. (Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi, 2000).
7. Dīgha Nikāya, ed. Rhys Davids, T. W. and Carpenter, J. E. (3 vols, PTS, London, 1960–7 (1890–1911)).
8. Divyāvadana, ed. Cowell, E. B. and Neil, A. (Oriental Press, Amsterdam, 1970 (Cambridge, 1886)).
9. The Early Upanishads: annotated text and translation, trans. and ed. Olivelle, P. (Oxford University Press, New York, 1998).
10. Eighteen Principal Upaniṣads, ed. Limaye, V. P. and Vadekar, R. D. (Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Poona, 1958).
11. Jātaka, ed. Fausböll, V. (6 vols, PTS, London, 1962–4 (1887–97)).
12. Kātyāyanasmṛti or Vyavahāra, law and procedure, ed. [reconstructed] and trans. Kane, P. V. (Bombay, 1933; reprinted from Hindu Law Journal).
13. The Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra: A critical edition with a glossary, ed. and trans. Kangle, R. P. (3 vols, University of Bombay, Bombay, 1969–72).
14. Mahābhārata, ed. Sukthankar, V. S. et al. (19 vols, BORI, Poona, 1933–66).
15. Majjhima Nikāya, ed. Trenckner, V., Chalmers, R. and Rhys Davids, C. A. F. (4 vols. PTS, London, 1960–74 (1888–1925)).
16. Digital version produced by the International Buddhist Research and Information Center.
17. The Milindapañho, ed. Trenckner, V. (Luzac, London, 1962 (1880)).
18. Patañjali, Mahābhāṣya. Vyākaraṇamahābhāṣyam Kilhornnamna, ed. Kielhorn, F., rev. Abhyankar, K. V. (Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1962–5).
19. Saṃyutta Nikāya, ed. Feer, L. (6 vols, PTS, London, 1960–75 (1884–1904)).
20. Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, ed. Weber, A. (Benares, 1964 (Berlin, 1855)).
21. Sutta-nipāta, ed. Andersen, D. and Smith, H. (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1984 (1913)).
22. Udāna, ed. Steinthal, P. (Routledge & Kegan Paul (for the PTS), London, 1982 (1885)).
23. Vinaya Piṭaka, ed. Oldenberg, H. and Pischel, R. (5 vols, PTS, London, 1929 (1879–83)).
24. The Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali, ed. Kielhorn, F. (3 vols. Osnabrück, 1970 (1880)).
25. Acharya, P. K. Architecture of Mānasāra (Oxford University Press, London, 1934; reprint: Oriental Books Reprint Corp., Delhi, 1980).
26. Agrawal, D. P. and Kusumgar, S. Prehistoric Chronology and Radiocarbon Dating in India (Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1972).
27. Ali, D. ‘Technologies of the self: courtly artifice and monastic discipline in early India’, JESHO, 41 (1998), pp. 159–84.
28. Allchin, B. and Allchin, F. R. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982).
29. Allchin, F. R. ‘City and state formation in early historic South Asia, I’, South Asian Studies, 5 (1989), pp. 1–16.
30. Allchin, F. R. (ed.). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
31. Amore, R. C. The Concept and Practice of Doing Merit in Early Theravāda Buddhism (University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Xerox, 1971).
32. Auboyer, J. Le trône et son symbolisme dans l’Inde ancienne (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1949).
33. Bailey, G. Materials for the Study of Ancient Indian Ideologies: Pravṛtti and Nivṛtti (Pubblicazioni di Indologica Taurinensia, Turin, 1985).
34. ‘The semantics of bhakti in the Vāmana Purāṇa’, Rivista degli Studi Orientali, 62 (1988), pp. 25–57.
35. ‘Problems of the interpretation of the data pertaining to religious interaction in ancient India: the conversion stories in the Sutta Nipāta’, Indo-British Review, 19 (1991), pp. 1–20.
36. ‘Max Weber’s Hinduismus und Buddhismus: a new interpretation’, paper contributed to Max Weber, Religion and Social Action, conference in Canberra, September 1999.
37. Bajpai, R. Society in the 7th Century (Chand, Delhi, 1992).
38. Bapat, P. V. ‘Dhutangas (or the ascetic practices of purification in Buddhism)’, Indian Historical Quarterly, 13 (1937), pp. 44–51.
39. Bareau, A. ‘Les réactions des familles dont un membre devient moine selon le canon bouddhique pali’, in Wijesekara, O. H. de A. (ed.), Malalasekara Commemoration Volume (The Malalasekara Commemoration Volume Editorial Committee, Colombo, 1976), pp. 15–22.
40. ‘Le Buddha et les rois’, Bulletin De L’École Française D’Extrême-Orient, 80/1 (1993), pp. 15–39.
41. Barth, F. ‘Ecological relationships of ethnic groups in Swat, North Pakistan’, American Anthropologist, 58 (1956), pp. 1079–89.
42. Barth, F. (ed.). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Little, Brown, Boston, 1969).
43. Basham, A. L. History and Doctrine of the Ājīvikas: A Vanished Indian Religion (Luzac, London, 1951).
44. ‘The background to the rise of Buddhism’, in Narain, A. K. (ed.), Studies in History (B.R. Publishing, Delhi, 1980), pp. 13–32.
45. Beaujeu-Garnier, J. Geography of Population, trans. Beaver, S. H. (Longman, London, 1966).
46. Béteille, A. ‘On the concept of tribe’, International Social Science Journal, 32 (1980), pp. 825–8.
47. Biardeau, M. and Malamoud, C. La Sacrifice dans L’Inde Ancienne (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1976).
48. Blackburn, A. ‘Looking for the Vinaya: monastic discipline in the practical canons of the Theravada’, JIABS, 22 (1999), pp. 281–309.
49. Bloch, J. Les Inscriptions d’Aśoka, traduites et commentées (Société d’édition ‘Les Belles Lettres’, Paris, 1950).
50. Bodhi, Bhikkhu. The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya (2 vols, Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2000).
51. Bond, G. Review of J. R. Carter and M. Palihawadana, Dhammapada, JAOS, 111 (1991), p. 173.
52. Bongard-Levin, G. M. Mauryan India (Sterling, New Delhi, 1985).
53. Brekke, T. ‘The early saṅgha and the laity’, JIABS, 20/2 (1997), pp. 28–9.
54. ‘Contradiction and the merit of giving in Indian religions’, Numen, 45 (1998), pp. 287–320.
55. Bronkhorst, J. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India (Steiner, Stuttgart, 1986).
56. Brown, P. ‘The rise and function of the holy man in late antiquity’, in Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (Faber and Faber, London, 1982), pp. 103–52.
57. Authority and the Sacred. Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
58. Brucker, E. Die Spätvedische Kulturepoche nach den Quellen der Śrauta-, Gṛhya und Dharmasūtras. Der Siedlungsraum (Steiner, Wiesbaden, 1980).
59. Bühler, G. ‘The Bhattiprolu inscriptions’, Epigraphica Indica, II (1894), pp. 323–9.
60. Burlingame, E. W. (trans.), Buddhist Legends. Translated from the original Pāli Text of the Dhammapada Commentary (Luzac, London, 1969 (Cambridge, Mass., 1921)).
61. Caillat, C. ‘Aśoka et les gens de la brousse (XIII M-N)’, Bulletin des Etudes Indiennes, 9 (1991), pp. 9–13.
62. Caritthers, M. Review of S. J. Tambiah, World Conqueror, World Renouncer, Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 8 (1977), pp. 95–105.
63. The Buddha (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983).
64. Carter, J. R. and Palihawadana, M. (eds and trans.). Dhammapada (Oxford University Press, New York, 1987).
65. Chakrabarti, D. K. ‘The beginning of iron in India’, Antiquity, 50 (1976), pp. 114–24.
66. ‘Iron and urbanization: an examination of the Indian context’, Purātattva 15 (1984–5), pp. 68–74.
67. Chakravarti, U. The Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987).
68. Chattopadhyaya, B. D. ‘The city in early India: perspectives from texts’, Studies in History, 13/2 NS (1997), pp. 181–208.
69. Chattopadhyaya, D. P. Lokāyata. A study in ancient Indian materialism (People’s Publishing House, Delhi, 1959/1973).
70. Chutintaranond, S. ‘“Mandala”, “Segmentary State” and the politics of centralization in medieval Ayudhya’, Journal of the Siam Society, 78 (1990), pp. 89–100.
71. Collins, S. Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravāda Buddhism (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982).
72. ‘The Discourse on What is Primary (Aggañña-Sutta). An annotated translation’, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 21 (1993), pp. 301–95.
73. Coningham, R. A. E. ‘Dark Age or Continuum’, in F. R. Allchin (ed.), The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995), pp. 54–72.
74. Coomaraswamy, A. K. Yakṣas (2 parts, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1971).
75. Cribb, J. ‘Dating India’s earliest coins’, in Schotsmans, J. and Taddei, M. (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1983 (2 vols, Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples, 1985), pp. 535–54.
76. Dehejia, V. ‘The collective and popular basis of early Buddhist patronage: sacred monuments, 100bc–ad250’, in Stoler Miller, B. (ed.), The Powers of Art. Patronage in Indian Culture (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1992).
77. de Jong, J. W. ‘The background of early Buddhism’, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 12 (1964), pp. 34–47.
78. Review of M. Kloppenborg, The Paccekabuddha: a Buddhist Ascetic, IIJ, 18 (1976), pp. 322–4.
79. Review of R. Gombrich, Theravāda Buddhism, IIJ, 32 (1989), p. 241.
80. Deloche, J. La Circulation en Inde, avant la Révolution des Transports (2 vols, École Française D’Extrême-Orient, Paris, 1980).
81. Despres, L. A. (ed.). Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Societies (Mouton, The Hague/Paris, 1975).
82. Douglas, M. Purity and Danger: an analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1966).
83. Natural Symbols: explorations in cosmology (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1973).
84. Drekmeier, C. Kingship and Community in Early India (Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1962).
85. Dumont, L. Homo Hierarchicus (Paladin, London, 1966).
86. Durkheim, E. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Swain, J. W. (Free Press, New York, 1965).
87. Dutt, S. Early Buddhist Monachism (Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1984 (London, 1924)).
88. Erdosy, G. ‘Origins of cities in the Ganges valley’, JESHO, 28 (1985), pp. 81–109.
89. ‘Early historic cities of northern India’, South Asian Studies, 3 (1987), pp. 1–23.
90. ‘City states of North India and Pakistan at the time of the Buddha’, in Allchin, F. R. (ed.), The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995), pp. 99–122.
91. Erndl, K. Victory to the Mother: the Hindu Goddess of Northwest India in Myth, Ritual and Symbol (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993).
92. Ernfors, E. B. and Ernfors, R. F. Archaic Economy and Modern Society (Studia Sociologica Upsaliensia 31, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, 1990).
93. Falk, N. ‘Wilderness and kingship in ancient South Asia’, HR, 13 (1974), pp. 1–15.
94. Fausbøll, V. Sutta Nipāta (Sacred Books of the East, vol. x, Oxford, 1881).
95. Fick, R. Die Soziale Gliederung in Nordöstlichen Indien zu Buddhas Zeit (Kiel, 1897).
96. Friedrich-Silber, I. Virtuosity, Charisma, and Social Order: a comparative sociological study of monasticism in Theravada Buddhism and medieval Catholicism, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995).
97. Geertz, C. ‘Religion as a cultural system’, in The Interpretation of Cultures (Basic Books, New York, 1973), pp. 87–125.
98. Gethin, R. ‘Cosmology and meditation: from the Aggañña Sutta to the Mahāyāna’, HR, 36 (1997), pp. 183–217.
99. Ghosh, A. The City in Early Historical India (Institute of Advanced Study, Simla, 1973).
100. Glover, I. Early Trade between India and Southeast Asia (Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hull, Hull, 1990).
101. Gokhale, B. G. ‘The Buddhist social ideals’, Indian Historical Quarterly, 32 (1957), pp. 141–7.
102. ‘The early Buddhist elite’, Journal of Indian History, 42 (1965), pp. 391–402.
103. ‘Early Buddhist kingship’, Journal of Asian Studies, 26 (1966), pp. 15–22.
104. ‘The merchant in ancient India’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 97 (1977), pp. 125–30.
105. ‘Early Buddhism and the urban revolution’, JIABS, 5/2 (1982), pp. 7–22.
106. Gombrich, R. Precept and Practice. Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon (Oxford University Press, London, 1971).
107. ‘Karma and social control’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17 (1975), pp. 212–20.
108. Theravāda Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1988).
109. ‘How the Mahāyāna began’, Journal of Pali and Buddhist Studies, 1 (1988), pp. 29–46; reprinted in Skorupski, T. (ed.), The Buddhist Forum: Seminar Papers 1987–88, Volume 1 (School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 1990), pp. 5–20.
110. Granoff, P. ‘The ambiguity of miracles. Buddhist understandings of supernatural power’, East and West, 46 (1996), pp. 79–96.
111. Gupta, S. P. ‘Two urbanizations in India: a side study in their social structure’, Purātattva, 7 (1974), pp. 53–60.
112. Harris, M. Cultural Materialism: the struggle for a science of culture (Random House, New York, 1979).
113. Heesterman, J. C. ‘Was there an Indian reaction? Western expansion in Indian perspective’, in H. Wesseling (ed.), Expansion and Reaction: Essays on European Expansion and Reaction in Asia and Africa (Leiden University Press, Leiden, 1978), pp. 31–58.
114. Heitzman, J. ‘Early Buddhism, trade and empire’, in Kennedy, K. A. R. and Possehl, Gregory L. (eds), Studies in the Archeology and Paleoanthropology of South Asia (Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1984), pp. 121–37.
115. Hodder, I. ‘Economic and social stress and material cultural patterning’, American Antiquity, 44 (1979), p. 446–54.
116. Horner, I. B. The Book of the Discipline (6 vols, Luzac & Co. (PTS), London, 1938).
117. Indian Archaeology – A Review (Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi, 1957–8, 1982–3, 1984–5, 1986–7, 1989–90).
118. Jamison, S. W. Sacrificed Wife. Sacrificer’s Wife (Oxford University Press, New York, 1996).
119. Jayawickrame, N. A. Analysis of the Sutta Nipāta. A critical analysis of the Pāli Sutta Nipāta illustrating its gradual growth (London, unpublished PhD thesis, 1947).
120. Jones, S. ‘Discourses of identity in the interpretation of the past’, in Graves-Brown, P., Jones S. and Gamble C. (eds), Cultural Identity and Archeology: the Construction of European Communities (Routledge, London and New York, 1996), pp. 62–80.
121. The Archeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present (Routledge, London and New York, 1997).
122. Kaelber, W. O. ‘Tapas, birth and spiritual rebirth in the Veda’, HR, 15 (1976), pp. 343–86.
123. Kahane, R. ‘Priesthood and social change: the case of the brahmins’, Religion, 11 (1981), pp. 353–66.
124. King, A. ‘Some archaeological problems regarding Gangetic culture’, in Kennedy, K. A. R. and Possehl, Gregory L. (eds), Studies in the Archeology and Paleoanthropology of South Asia (Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1984), p. 109–19.
125. Kirfel, W. Die Kosmographie der Inder (Georg Olms, Hildesheim, 1967 (Bonn and Leipzig, 1920)).
126. Kloppenborg, M. The Paccekabuddha: a Buddhist Ascetic (E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1974).
127. Knox, R. Amaravati: Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa (British Museum, London, 1992).
128. Kölver, B. ‘Kauṭalyas Stadt als Handelzentrum: der Terminus puṭabhedana’, ZDMG, 135 (1985), pp. 299–311.
129. Kosambi, D. D. ‘Early stages of the caste system in northern India’, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 22 (1946), pp. 33–48.
130. ‘Ancient Kosala and Magadha’, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 27, 1952, p. 183.
131. An Introduction to the Study of Ancient Indian History (Popular Book Depot, Bombay, 1956).
132. ‘The beginnings of the iron age in India’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 7 (1963), pp. 309–18.
133. Kuiper, F. B. J. Varuṇa and Vidūṣaka. On the Origin of the Sanskrit Drama (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1979).
134. Kulke, H. Jagannātha-Kult und Gajapati-Königtum (Steiner, Wiesbaden, 1979).
135. ‘Indian colonies, Indianization or cultural convergence?’, in H. Schulte Nordholt, H. (ed.), Onderzoek in Zuidoost Asië (Rijksuniversiteit de Leiden, Leiden, 1990), pp. 8–32.
136. ‘Grāmakāma –“das verlangen nach einem Dorf”. Überlegungen zum Beginn frühstaatlicher Entwicklung im vedischen Indien’, Saeculum, 42 (1991), pp. 111–28.
137. ‘THE RĀJASŪYA. A paradigm of early state formation’, in Van Den Hoek, A. W., Kolff, D. H. A. and Oort, M. S. (eds), Ritual, State and History in South Asia. Essays in Honour of J. C. Heesterman (E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1992), pp. 188–98.
138. Lal, B. B. ‘The two Indian epics vis-à-vis archaeology’, Antiquity, 50 (1981), pp. 27–34.
139. Lal, M. Archaeology of Population: A Study of Population Change in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab from 2nd Millennium B.C. to the Present (Dept of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1984). Settlement History and Rise of Civilization in Ganga-Yamuna Doab, from 1500 B.C. to 300 A.D. (B.R. Publishing, Delhi, 1984).
140. ‘The stages of human colonization of the Ganga-Yamuna doab: archaeological evidence’, South Asian Studies, 3 (1987), pp. 25–32.
141. ‘Population distribution and its movement during the second–first millennium B.C. in the Indo-Gangetic divide and Upper Ganga plain’, Purātattva, 18 (1987–8), pp. 35–53.
142. Lamotte, E. ‘La légende du Buddha’, Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, 134 (1946), pp. 37–71.
143. ‘Introduction à l’étude du bouddhisme de Śakyamuni d’après les textes anciens’, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen I: PhilologischHistorische Klasse, 1983, pp. 83–120.
144. Law, B. C. Geography of Early Buddhism (Bharatiya Publishing, Varanasi, 1973 (K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, London, 1932)).
145. Lewis, I. T. ‘Newar-Tibetan trade and the domestication of the Simhalasārtha-bāhu Avadāna’, HR, 33 (1993), pp. 1–35.
146. Mabbett, I. W. Truth, Myth and Politics in Ancient India (Thomson Press, Delhi, 1971).
147. ‘The symbolism of Mount Meru’, HR, 23 (1983), pp. 64–83.
148. ‘Weber, Protestantism and Buddhism’, paper contributed to Max Weber, Religion and Social Action, conference in Canberra, September 1999.
149. ‘The rise of Buddhism in a period of urbanization and state formation’, Aichi Bunkyo Review, 4 (2001), pp. 35–59.
150. ‘The early Buddhist Saṃgha in its social context’, Nagoya Studies in Indian Culture and Buddhism: Saṃbhāṣā, 21 (2001), 101–29.
151. ‘Buddhism and freedom’, in Kelly, D. and Reid, A. J. S. (eds.), Asian Freedoms. The Idea of Freedom in East and Southeast Asia (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998), pp. 19–36.
152. McCrindle, J. W. Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature (Philo, Amsterdam, 1971).
153. McNeill, W. Plagues and Peoples (Anchor, New York, 1976).
154. Majumdar, R. C. Classical Accounts of India, Being a Compilation of the English Translations of the Accounts Left by Herodotus, Megasthenes… (Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta, 1960).
155. Malalasekara, G. P. Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names (2 vols, published for the PTS by Luzac, London, 1960).
156. Malamoud, C. ‘Village et forêt dans l’idéologie de l’Inde brāhmaṇique’, Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 17 (1976), pp. 3–20.
157. Marasinghe, M. M. Gods in Early Buddhism: a study in their social and mythological milieu as depicted in the Nikāyas of the Pali Canon (University of Sri Lanka Press, Vidyalankara, 1974).
158. Masefield, P. Divine Revelation in Pali Buddhism (Allen & Unwin, London, 1986).
159. ‘Mind/Cosmos maps in the Pāli Nikāyas’, in Katz, N. (ed.), Buddhist and Western Psychology (Prajñā Press, Boulder, 1983), pp. 69–93.
160. ‘The pursuit of merit: sacrificial devotion in the Pāli Nikāyas’, in Bailey, G. M. and Kesarcodi-Watson, I. (eds), Bhakti Studies (Sterling, New Delhi, 1992), pp. 292–308.
161. Masson, J. La religion populaire dans le canon Bouddhique Pāli (Muséon, Louvain, 1942).
162. Mayrhofer, M. Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen (4 vols, Winter, Heidelberg, 1953–75).
163. Milner, M. Status and Sacredness. A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
164. Misra, G. S. P. The Age of Vinaya (Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1972).
165. Mizuno, K. ‘A comparative study of Dharmapadas’, in Dhammapala, G., Gombrich, R. and Norman, K. R. (eds), Buddhist Studies in Honour of Hammalava Saddhātissa (Buddhist Research Library Trust, Nugegoda, 1984), pp. 168–75.
166. Moore, E. Moated Sites in Early North East Thailand (British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, 1988).
167. Morrison, K. ‘Trade, urbanism and agricultural expansion: Buddhist monastic institutions and the state in early historic western Deccan’, World Archeology, 27 (1995), pp. 203–21.
168. Mourer, R. ‘Préhistoire du Cambodge’, Archéologia, 23 (1988), pp. 40–52.
169. Mus, P. India Seen from the East (Centre for South East Asian Studies, Clayton, Victoria, 1975).
170. Narain, A. K. and Roy, T. N. Excavations at Rājghāt (Benares Hindu University Press, Varanasi, 1976).
171. Norman, K. R. ‘A note on Attā in the Alagaddupama Sutta’, in Studies in Indian Philosophy. A Memorial Volume in Honour of Pt Sukhlalji Sanghvi (LD Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, 1981), pp. 19–29.
172. Pāli Literature, Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit of All the Hīnayāna Schools of Buddhism (Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1983).
173. The Group of Discourses (Sutta-Nipāta) Volume II. Revised Translation (PTS, Oxford, 1992).
174. Nyanatiloka Bhikkhu (ed.). Buddhist Dictionary: manual of Buddhist terms and doctrines (3rd edn, Frewin, Colombo, 1972).
175. Obeyesekere, G. ‘Theodicy, sin and salvation in the sociology of religion’, in Leach, E. R. (ed.), Dialectic in Practical Religion (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968).
176. O’Connor, R. ‘Agricultural change and ethnic succession in Southeast Asian states: a case for regional anthropology’, Journal of Asian Studies, 54 (1995), pp. 968–96.
177. Oguibenine, B. ‘From a Vedic ritual to the Buddhist practice of initiation into the doctrine’, in Denwood, P. and Piatigorsky, A. (eds), Buddhist Studies Ancient and Modern (Curzon Press, London, 1983), pp. 107–23.
178. Olivelle, P. Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation (Oxford University Press, New York, 1992).
179. The Āśrama System (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993).
180. Pande, G. C. Studies in the Origins of Buddhism (Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1974 (Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archeology, University of Allahabad, 1957)).
181. Parpola, A. ‘The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the cultural and ethnic identity of the Dāsas’, Studia Orientalia, 64 (1988), pp. 195–302.
182. Pearson, H. W. ‘The economy has no surplus: critique of a theory of development’, in Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C. M. and Pearson, H. W. (eds), Trade and Market in the Early Empires (Free Press, New York, 1957), pp. 320–41.
183. Pleiner, R. ‘The problem of the beginning of the iron age in India’, Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica, 2 (1971), pp. 5–36.
184. Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C. M. and Pearson, H. W. (eds). Trade and Market in the Early Empires (Free Press, New York, 1957).
185. Prebish, C. ‘Ideal types in Indian Buddhism: a new paradigm’, JAOS, 115 (1995), pp. 651–66.
186. Quigley, D. ‘Is a theory of caste still possible?’, in Searle-Chatterjee, M. and Sharma, U. (eds), Contextualising Caste: post-Dumontian approaches (Blackwell, Oxford and Sociological Review, Cambridge, Mass., 1994), pp. 54–72.
187. Rahula, W. ‘Humour in Pali literature’, Journal of the Pali Text Society, 9 (1981)
188. Rau, W. Staat und Gesellschaft Im Alten Indien Nach Den Brāhmaṇatexten Dargestellt (Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1957).
189. Zur vedischen Altertumskunde (Akademie der Wissenschaft und der Literatur, Mainz, 1983).
190. Rawlinson, A. ‘Nāgas and the magical cosmology of Buddhism’, Religion, 16 (1986), pp. 135–53.
191. Ray, A. Villages, Towns and Secular Buildings in Ancient India (Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyaya, Calcutta, 1964).
192. Ray, H. P. Monastery and Guild. Commerce under the Sātavāhanas (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1986).
193. The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the maritime links of early South Asia (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1994).
194. ‘Trade and contacts’, in Thapar, R. (ed.), Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History (Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1995), pp. 142–75.
195. Ray, N. ‘Technology and social change’, Purātattva, 8 (1975–6), pp. 132–8.
196. Ray, R. Buddhist Saints in India (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
197. Renou, L. Etudes Védiques et Pāṇinéennes (19 vols, Boccard, Paris, 1956).
198. Reynolds, F. ‘The two wheels of Dharma: a study of early Buddhism,’ in Obeyesekere, G., Reynolds, F. and Smith, B. L., The Two Wheels of Dharma: Essays on the Theravāda Tradition in India and Ceylon (The American Academy of Religion, Chambersburg, Pa. 1972), pp. 6–30.
199. Rhys Davids, T. W. Buddhist India (T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1903; 8th edn: Susil Gupta (India) Private, Calcutta, 1959).
200. Rhys Davids, T. W. and Oldenberg, H. ‘Introduction to the Vinaya’ (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xiii, Oxford, 1881).
201. Rhys Davids, T. W. and Stede, W. The Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary (PTS, London, 1972 (1921–5)).
202. Ritschl, E. ‘Brahmanische Bauern. Zur Theorie und Praxis der brahmanischen Ständeordnung im alten Indien’, Altorientalische Forschungen, 7 (1980), pp. 177–87.
203. Roth, G. ‘Text of the Patna Dharmapada’, in Bechert, H. (ed.), Die Sprache der ältesten buddhistischen Überlieferung: the Language of the Earliest Buddhist Tradition (Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1980), pp. 97–135.
204. Dialogues of the Buddha (3 vols, Luzac, London, 1956–66 (Oxford University Press, London, 1899–1921)).
205. Russell, J. C. Medieval Regions and their Cities (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1972).
206. Ryan, J. D. ‘The Civakacintamani in Historical Perspective’ (unpublished thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1985).
207. Sakurai, Y. ‘Tank agriculture in South India: an essay on agricultural Indianization in Southeast Asia’, in Jayawardena, S. D. G. (ed.), Transformation of the Agricultural Landscape in Sri Lanka and South India (Kyoto University Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto, n.d.), pp. 117–58.
208. Samuel, G. Civilized Shamans (Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington and London, 1993).
209. Samuels, J. ‘Views of householders and lay disciples in the Sutta Piṭaka: a reconsideration of the lay/monastic opposition’, Religion, 29 (1999), pp. 231–41.
210. Sankalia, H. D., Ansari, Z. D. and Dhavalikar, M. K. ‘Excavations at the early farming village of Inamgaon, 1968–82’, in Lukacs, J. (ed.), The Peoples of South Asia. The Biological Anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1984), pp. 91–103.
211. Sarao, K. T. The Origin and Nature of Ancient Indian Buddhism (Eastern Book Linkers, Delhi, 1989).
212. Sarkisyanz, E. Buddhist Backgrounds of the Burmese Revolution (Nijhoff, The Hague, 1965).
213. Urban Centres and Urbanisation as Reflected in the Pāli Vinaya and Sutta Piṭakas (Vidyanidhi, Delhi, 1990).
214. Schopen, G. ‘Two problems in the history of Indian Buddism: the layman/monk distinction and the doctrines of the transference of merit’, Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, 10 (1985), pp. 9–47.
215. ‘Burial ad sanctos and the physical presence of the Buddha in early Indian Buddhism: a study in the archeology of religions’, Religion, 17 (1987), pp. 193–225.
216. ‘Doing business for the Lord: lending on interest and written loan contracts in the Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya’, JAOS, 114 (1994), pp. 527–54.
217. ‘Monastic law meets the real world: a monk’s continuing right to inherit family property in classical India’, HR, 35 (1996), pp. 101–23.
218. Searle-Chatterjee, M. ‘Caste, religion and other identities’, in Searle-Chatterjee, M. and Sharma, U. (eds), Contextualising Caste: Post-Dumontian Approaches (Blackwell, Oxford, 1994), pp. 147–66.
219. Shaffer, J. ‘Bronze age iron from Afghanistan’, in Kennedy, K. A. R. and Possehl, Gregory L., Studies in the Archeology and Paleoanthropology of South Asia (Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1984), pp. 41–62.
220. Sharan, M. K. ‘Origin of republics in India with special reference to the Yaudheya tribe’, in Mukherjee, B. N. et al., (eds), Sri Dinesacandrika – Studies in Indology. Shri D.C. Sircar Festschrift (Sundeep Prakashan, 1983), pp. 241–52.
221. Sharma, J. P. Republics in Ancient India 1500 B.C. to 500 B.C. (Brill, Leiden, 1968).
222. Sharma, R. S. Light on Early Indian Society and Economy (Manaktalas, Bombay, 1966).
223. Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India (Macmillan India, Delhi, 1983).
224. ‘Trends in the economic history of Mathurā (c.300 B.C. –A.D. 300)’, in Srinivasan, D. M. (ed.), Mathurā. The Cultural Heritage (Manohar, American Institute of Indian Studies, New Delhi, 1989), pp. 31–8.
225. Sinha, A. K. ‘The historical urbanization – a suggestive date’, Purātattva, 11 (1979–80), pp. 151–5.
226. Sjoberg, G. ‘The rise and fall of cities’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 4 (1963), pp. 107–20.
227. Smith, G. Classifying the Universe. The Ancient Indian Varṇa System and the Origins of Caste (Oxford University Press, New York, 1994).
228. Southwold, M. Buddhism in Life: the anthropological study of religion and the Sinhalese practice of Buddhism (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1983).
229. Spiro, M. ‘Buddhism and economic action in Burma’, American Anthropologist, 68 (1966), pp. 1163–73.
230. Buddhism and Society: a Great Tradition and its Burmese Vicissitudes (Harper and Row, New York, 1970).
231. Sprockhoff, J. F. ‘Āraṇyaka und Vanaprastha in der vedische Literatur’, WZKSA, 25 (1981), pp. 19–90.
232. Stein, B. ‘Formation of the medieval agrarian order: brahman and peasant in early South Indian history’, in Peasant, State and Society in Medieval South India (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1980/1994), pp. 63–89.
233. Strenski, I. ‘On generalized exchange and the domestication of the sangha’, MAN, ns. 18 (1983), pp. 463–77.
234. Tambiah, S. J. World Conqueror and World Renouncer: a study of Buddhism and polity in Thailand against a historical background (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976).
235. Tate, A. The Autobiography of a Forest Monk (Wat Hin Mark Peng, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 1993).
236. Tatia, N. ‘The interaction of Jainism and Buddhism’, in Narain, A. K. (ed.), Studies in History (B.R. Publishing, Delhi, 1980), pp. 321–38.
237. Taylor, J. L. Forest Monks and the Nation-State (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1993).
238. Taylor, T. ‘The Interaction of the Settled and Wild Lands According to the Jātakas’ (unpublished thesis, Monash University, 1983).
239. Tenbruch, F. H. ‘The problem of thematic unity in the works of Max Weber’, British Journal of Sociology, 31/3 (1980), pp. 315–51.
240. Thapar, R. Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1961).
241. Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations (Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1978).
242. ‘The Rāmāyaṇa: theme and variation’, in Mukherjee, S. (ed.), India: History and Thought (Subarnarakha, Calcutta, 1982), pp. 221–53.
243. From Lineage to State (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1984).
244. ‘Patronage and community’, in Stoler Miller, B. (ed.), The Powers of Art. Patronage in Indian Culture (Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1992), pp. 19–34.
245. ‘The first millennium B.C. in northern India’, in R. Thapar (ed.), Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History (Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1995), pp. 80–141.
246. Thomas, E. J. The History of Buddhist Thought (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1933).
247. Tin, D. M. The Dhammapada (Department for the Promotion and Propagation of the Sāsanā, Rangoon, 1993).
248. Tsuchida, R. ‘Two categories of brahmins in the early Buddhist period’, The Memoirs of the Toyo Bunko, 49 (1991), pp. 51–95.
249. Vetter, T. The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism (E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1988).
250. ‘Some remarks on older parts of the Suttanipāta’, in Seyfort-Ruegg, D. and Schmithausen, L. (eds), Earliest Buddhism and Madhyamaka (E.J. Brill, Leiden and New York, 1990), pp. 36–56.
251. von Hinüber, O. A Handbook of Pāli Literature (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York, 1996).
252. von Simson, G. ‘Die zeitgeschichtliche Hintergrund der Entstehung des Buddhismus und seine Bedeutung für die Datierungsfrage’, in Bechert, H. (ed.), The Dating of the Historical Buddha (4 parts, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1991).
253. Wagle, N. K. Society at the Time of the Buddha (Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1966).
254. Waley, A. (ed. and trans.). The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought (Grove Press, New York, 1958).
255. Walters, J. ‘A voice from the silence. The Buddha’s Mother’s Story’, HR, 33/34 (1994), pp. 358–79.
256. Warder, A. K. ‘On the relationships between Buddhism and other contemporary systems’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 18 (1956), pp. 43–63.
257. Watters, T. (trans. and ed.) Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India (Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1961 (Oxford, 1896)).
258. Weber, M. Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen. Hinduismus und Buddhismus, ed. Schmidt-Glintzer, H. (J.C.B. Mohr, Tübingen, 1998 (Tübingen, 1921)).
259. The Religion of India: the sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, trans. and ed. Hans H. Gerth and Don Martindale (Free Press, Glencoe, Ill., 1958/1962). Translation of Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen.
260. Wheatley, P. ‘Presidential address: India beyond the Ganges – desultory reflections on the origins of civilization in Southeast Asia’, Journal of Asian Studies, 42/1 (1982), pp. 13–28.
261. Wijayaratna, M. Le moine bouddhiste: selon les textes du Theravada (Cerf, Paris, 1983).
262. Wilhelm, F. ‘Hospitality and the caste system’, Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, 20 (1996), pp. 523–9.
263. Wilson, P. J. The Domestication of the Human Species (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1989).
264. Witzel, M. ‘Tracing the Vedic dialects’, in Caillat, C. (ed.), Dialectes dans les littératures indo-aryennes (Institut de Civilisation Indienne, Collège de France, Paris, 1991), pp. 97–264.
265. ‘The development of the Vedic Canon and its schools: the social and political milieu’, in Witzel, M. (ed.), Inside the Texts. Beyond the Texts (Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora 2, Cambridge, Mass., 1997), pp. 257–345.