We will no longer be servile: Aprismo in 1930s Ayacucho

Journal of Latin American Studies

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 491-518

  Heilman, Jaymie Patricia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECENTRALIZATION; ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY; POLITICAL POWER;

PERU; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 33746289003     PISSN: 0022216X     EISSN: 1469767X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X06001143     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Interview with Marcelino Lizarbe* (24 Sept. 2003). All names followed by an asterisk in the footnotes are pseudonyms. This article draws primarily on interviews and on materials from the Archivo Regional de Ayacucho (hereafter cited as ARA). While additional materials are located in the Ministry of the Interior files at the Archivo General de la Nación (AGN), they were not consulted for this article.
2. The suggestion that APRA held little appeal in the south and to indigenous populations appears in Geoffrey Bertram, 'Peru: 1930-1960,' in Leslie Bethell (ed.), Cambridge History of Latin America (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 8, p. 396.
3. Key works on Haya de la Torre include Fredrick B. Pike, The Politics of the Miraculous in Peru: Haya de la Torre and the Spiritualist Tradition (Lincoln, NE, 1986)
4. and Pedro Planas, Los orígenes del APRA: El joven Haya (mito y realidad de Haya de la Torre) (Lima, 1986).
5. Studies providing a synthesis of APRA include Liisa North, 'Orígenes y crecimiento del Partido Aprista y el cambio socio-ecónomico en el Perú,' Desarrollo Económico, vol. 38 (July-Sept. 1970), pp. 163-214
6. Percy Murillo Garaycochea, Historia del APRA, 1919-1945 (Lima, 1976)
7. Imelda Vega-Centeno, Aprismo popular: Cultura, religíon y política (Lima, 1991)
8. Mariano Valderrama et al., El APRA, un camino de esperanzas y frustraciones (Lima, 1980).
9. Regional analyses include Steve Stein, Populism in Peru: The Emergence of the Masses and the Politics of Social Control (Madison, 1980)
10. Peter F. Klarén, Modernization, Dislocation, and Aprismo: Origins of the Peruvian Aprista Party, 1870-1932 (Austin, 1973)
11. David S. Parker, The Idea of the Middle Class: White-Collar Workers and Peruvian Society, 1900-1950 (University Park, 1998)
12. David Nugent, Modernity at the Edge of Empire: State, Individual, and Nation in the Northern Peruvian Andes, 1885-1935 (Stanford, 1997)
13. Lewis Taylor, 'The Origins of APRA in Cajamarca, 1928-1935,' Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol. 19 (Oct. 2000), pp. 437-59.
14. Stein, Populism in Peru, pp. 83-128.
15. Jeffrey L. Klaiber, 'The Popular Universities and the Origins of Aprismo, 1921-1924,' Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 55 (Nov. 1975), pp. 693-715.
16. Klarén, Modernization, Dislocation, and Aprismo, p. 129.
17. José Luis Rénique proposed a comparison of APRA and the PCP-SL in La voluntad encarcelada: Las luminosas trincheras de combate (Lima, 2003). A consideration of Ayacucho's twentieth-century history appears in the author's doctoral dissertation, 'By Other Means: Politics in Rural Ayacucho before Peru's Shining Path War, 1879-1980,' University of Wisconsin, in progress.
18. ARA, Prefectura, legajo 19 (10 March 1932).
19. Jorge Basadre, Perú, problema y posibilidad, 4th ed. (Lima, 1994), pp. 207-8.
20. José Luis Rénique, 'State and regional movements in the Peruvian highlands: The case of Cusco, 1895-1985,' unpubl. PhD diss., Columbia University, 1988, p. 107
21. Dan Hazen, 'The Awakening of Puno: Government Policy and the Indian Problem in Southern Peru, 1900- 1955' (PhD diss., Yale University, 1974), p. 291.
22. Hazen, 'Awakening of Puno,' p. 154
23. Wilfredo Kapsoli, Ayllus del sol: Anarquismo y utopía andina (Lima, 1984), p. 161.
24. Thomas Davies, Indian Integration in Peru: A Half Century of Experience, 1900-1948 (Lincoln, NE, 1974), pp. 112-13.
25. El Pueblo (28 Nov. 1934; 4 Dec. 1934; 11 Dec. 1934),
26. and Miguel Gaspar Rojas, 'La insurrección del Partido Aprista Peruano en Huamanga, 1934,' Bachelor's thesis, University San Cristóbal de Huamanga, 1982.
27. The first academic work to consider APRA in Ayacucho's countryside is Luis Miguel Glave and Jaime Urrutia, 'Radicalismo político en élites regionales: Ayacucho 1930-1956,' Debate Agrario, vol. 31 (Aug. 2000), pp. 1-37.
28. On the simultaneous rebellions, see Pike, Politics of the Miraculous, p. 176.
29. ARA, Pref. leg. 14 (9 Dec. 1934).
30. ARA, Pref. leg. 14 (9 Dec. 1934, 18 Dec. 1934).
31. Earlier charges against Espino appear in ARA, Corte Superior de Justicia (CSJ), leg. 478, cuaderno 20
32. CSJ, leg. 405, cuad. 4
33. CSJ, leg. 490, cuad. 14
34. CSJ; CSJ, leg. 428, cuad. 11
35. CSJ, leg. 466, cuad. 9.
36. Ayacucho, 25 April 1940, p.1.
37. ARA, Pref. leg. 12 (21 Jan. 1923; 22 Jan. 1923).
38. Glave and Urrutia, 'Radicalismo político'. In addition, many former supporters of Leguía joined APRA's ranks: See Thomas Davies, 'The Indigenismo of the Peruvian Aprista Party: A Reinterpretation,' Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 51, no. 4 (1971), p. 635.
39. ARA, Pref. leg. 14 (9 Dec. 1934)
40. ARA, Pref. leg. 104 (11 Dec. 1935; 12 Dec. 1935).
41. ARA, Pref. leg. 14 (Nov. 1936).
42. Magda Portal, El aprismo y la mujer (Lima, 1933). Taylor analyses APRA's appeal to women in 'Origins of Apra', pp. 456-7.
43. For the impact of the depression on the coast and in the central highlands, see Klarén, Modernization, Dislocation, and Aprismo, pp. 145-6
44. Florencia Mallon, The Defense of Community in Peru's Central Highlands: Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition, 1860-1940 (Princeton, 1983), pp. 268-307.
45. ARA, CSJ, leg. 562, cuad. 9.
46. ARA, Pref. leg. 14 (8 Oct. 1936; 25 Sept. 1941).
47. ARA, Pref. leg. 14 (6 Dec. 1934; 25 Nov. 1936; 6 July 1937; 16 Nov. 1938; 30 Jan. 1939; 28 June 1940); Pref. leg. 13 (7 Oct. 1929).
48. ARA, Pref. leg. 13 (22 Feb. 1929; 15 July 1929; 24 July 1929).
49. ARA, Subprefectura Cangallo (SC), Caja 23 (16 March 1932). Unless otherwise noted, all Cangallo subprefecture documents are found in booklets labelled 'Carhuanca'.
50. ARA, SC, Caja 23 (28 March 1932).
51. Ibid.
52. ARA, SC, Caja 31 (7 June 1942; 6 July 1942)
53. SC Caja 44 (6 Feb. 1930; 18 Jan. 1930; 12 April 1934)
54. SC, Caja 23 (7 March 1932; 28 March 1932; 23 June 1932). Those posts included governor, municipal mayor, and justice of the peace.
55. Interview with Emiliano Muñoz* (19 Oct. 2002).
56. Stein, Populism in Peru, pp. 65, 70.
57. AGN, Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Indígenas leg. 3.13.2.1 (29 May 1936).
58. ARA, CSJ, leg. 577, cuad. 9 (23 Dec. 1933).
59. ARA, Pref. leg. 19 (10 March 1932)
60. ARA, SC Caja 44 (3 Sept. 1934).
61. ARA, SC, Caja 23 (26 March 1932; 18 Aug. 1932; 20 Aug. 1932).
62. ARA, SC, Caja 23 (17 April 1932).
63. SC, Caja 23 (20 June 1932)
64. ARA, CSJ, leg. 520, cuad. 14 (11 Nov. 1931; 14 Nov. 1931).
65. ARA, SC, Caja 23 (23 June 1932; 9 Aug. 1932)
66. ARA, CSJ leg. 1061 (13 Oct. 1932).
67. Jeffrey Klaiber, Religion and Revolution in Peru, 1824-1976 (Notre Dame, 1977), p. 162.
68. ARA, SC Caja 23 (5 Aug. 1932).
69. ARA, SC Caja 23 (17 Oct. 1932).
70. ARA, SC Caja 29 (Oficios Despachados: 13 Jan. 1937).
71. ARA, SC Caja 29 (Oficios Despachados: 10 April 1937).
72. Despite their shared surnames, Father Carlos Cárdenas and Subprefect Pedro C. Cárdenas were not related. Nor was either man related to local Aprista siblings, Vidal and Augusto Cárdenas.
73. Mallon, Defense of Community, pp. 276-7
74. Klaiber, Religion and Revolution, p. 142
75. Vincent Peloso, Peasants on Plantations: Subaltern Strategies of Labour and Resistance in the Pisco Valley (Durham, NC, 1999), p. 137
76. Alejandro Diez Hurtado, Comunes y haciendas: Procesos de comunalización en la Sierra de Piura (siglos XVIII al XX) (Piura, 1998), p. 200.
77. ARA, SC Caja 28 (30 March 1933; 25 Jan. 1933; 23 Feb. 1933)
78. SC Caja 54 (26 April 1935)
79. ARA, Not. (Notary Celso Bustios) leg. 238 fol. 1144 (1 Dec. 1934); Interview with Hernán Carrillo* (17 Feb. 2003).
80. ARA, SC Caja 54 (26 April 1935; 27 June 1935); interview with Marcelino Lizarbe* (24 Sept. 2003); Interview with Emiliano Muñoz* (13 Oct. 2003).
81. ARA SC Caja 51 (3 Aug. 1938)
82. ARA, Pref. leg. 20 (24 Sept. 1937; 2 June 1938)
83. SC Caja 13 (20 March 1939)
84. ARA, Notarial (Notary Francisco Mavila), leg. 455 libro 2 folio 328 (1 June 1940).
85. Antonio Carbajal Quijano, La población migrante carhuanquina en Lima en el proceso festivo patronal de la Virgen de Asunción (Ayacucho, 1982)
86. Jorge Cárdenas Palomino, 'Reseña histórica del Centro Mutualista del Distrito de Carhuanca y Anexos,' El Retorno: Boletín de la Comisión Pro-Retorno del Distrito de Carhuanca, vol. 1 (1999).
87. AGN, Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Indígenas leg. 3.13.2.1 (29 May 1936).
88. ARA, SC Caja 29 (Oficios Despachados 1937: 3 May 1937)
89. SC Caja 6 (22 Oct. 1936)
90. ARA, Pref. leg. 20 (11 Oct. 1938).
91. See also ARA, Pref. leg. 20 (11 Jan. 1937, 23 Dec. 1938). Interview with Emiliano Muñoz* (21 Oct. 2003).
92. Sierra (15 June 1936), p.1. Emphasis in original. Propaganda from Ayacucho Apristas residing in Lima appears in ARA, Pref. Leg. 19 (10 March 1932).
93. Sierra (15 April 1936), p. 2
94. Sierra (3 March 1938), p. 2
95. Sierra (16 Aug. 1938) p. 2.
96. ARA. Pref. leg. 20 (25 Nov. 1938).
97. AGN, Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Indígenas, leg. 3.13.2.2. (10 Feb. 1951)
98. Proyecto Especial de Titulación de Tierras, Ayacucho (Carhuanca: 12 May 1971).
99. Sierra (1 April 1947), p. 2.
100. Davies, 'Indigenismo of the Peruvian Aprista Party,' pp. 626-7.
101. Taylor, 'Origins of APRA,' 441
102. Hazen, 'Awakening of Puno,' p. 291.
103. Klaren, Modernization, Dislocation, and Aprismo, p. 129.
104. Nugent, Modernity at the Edge of Empire, pp. 237 and 251
105. Klarén, Modernization, Dislocation, and Aprismo, p. 124
106. Taylor, 'Origins of APRA,' p. 457.
107. Nugent, Modernity at the Edge of Empire, p. 237
108. Klarén, Modernization, Dislocation, and Aprismo, p. 142
109. Peloso, Peasants on Plantations, pp. 137-43
110. Taylor, 'Origins of APRA,' pp. 452, 457.
111. Florencia Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru (Berkeley, 1995), p. 4.