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For the synthesis, evaluation, and computational aspects of sparteine mimics, see: a) M. J. Dearden, C. R. Firkin, J. P. R. Hermet, P. O'Brien, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11870;
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0001147659
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For asymmetric syntheses of sparteine, see: a) B. T. Smith, J. A. Wendt, J. Aube, Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2577;
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28
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18444401103
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and references therein
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a number of approaches to racemic sparteine have also been reported; see: T. Buttler, I. Fleming, S. Gonsior, B. H. Kim, A. Y. Sung, H. G. Woo, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2005, 3, 1557, and references therein.
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33746287109
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-
note
-
b)We have already examined the feasibility of extrapolating this first-generation synthetic approach to thermopsine (4). However, problems were encountered in both the N-alkylation of 6-bromo-2-pyridone using bromide 20 to establish the N1-C10 linkage: O-alkylation predominated. This result provided the motivation to find more straightforward solutions to the formation of the N1-C10 and C6-C7 bonds.
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G. R. Cook, L. G. Beholz, J. R. Stille, J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3575.
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84962467357
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Felluga et al. reported the enzymatic resolution of a series of N-substituted pyrrolidinone analogues of 5: F. Felluga, G. Pitacco, M. Prodan, S. Pricl, M. Visintin, E. Valentin, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2001, 12, 3241. The enantiomeric excess of ester (5R)-5 was determined by chiral HPLC (Chiralcel OJ column) using racemic 5 as a standard. The enantiomeric excess of acid (5S)-6 was determined by its conversion into ester (5S)-5 using HCl in MeOH. We have observed the same sense of asymmetric differentiation, that is, selective hydrolysis of (5S)-5 to (5S)-6, as seen by Felluga et al. in the five-membered lactam series.
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Felluga, F.1
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33
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35348862141
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For rare examples of intermolecular 1,6-additions of alkyl lithium derivatives to 2-pyridones that lack additional activating (electron- withdrawing) substituents, see: a) P. Meghani, J. A. Joule, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1988, 1;
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Meghani, P.1
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35
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37049084933
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an interesting photochemical 1,6-addition to 2-pyridone has been suggested to involve electron transfer and radical coupling; see: N. Sakurai, S. Ohmiya, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1993, 297.
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Sakurai, N.1
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36
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-
33746322669
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-
note
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ax (4.8 %).
-
-
-
-
37
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0032847886
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[3j]). a) Y.-H. Wang, J.-S. Li, H. Kubo, K. Higashiyama, H. Komiya, S. Ohmiya, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1999, 47, 1308.
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Wang, Y.-H.1
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b) A. Padwa, T. M. Heidelbaugh, J. T. Kuethe, J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 2368.
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Padwa, A.1
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40
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0025913720
-
-
The crystal structure reported supposedly for anagyrine (A. U. Rahman, A. Pervin, M. I. Choudhary, N. Hasan, B. Sener, J. Nat. Prod. 1991, 54, 929) corresponds, in fact, to thermopsine, and this has been the subject of a query note placed on the file in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. The authors of the original paper, however, have not commented on this apparent error. There has been some dispute over the stereochemical assignments of anagyrine and thermopsine;
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J. Nat. Prod.
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Rahman, A.U.1
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Sener, B.5
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41
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84989152286
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for a discussion of the issues involved, see: a) D. S. Rycroft, D. J. Robins, I. H. Sadler, Magn. Reson. Chem. 1991, 29, 936;
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Rycroft, D.S.1
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84989152201
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b) Z. M. Liu, L. Yang, Z. J. Jia, J. H. Chen, Magn. Reson. Chem. 1992, 30, 511.
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Liu, Z.M.1
Yang, L.2
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43
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84989135172
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This problem has since been resolved and the original assignments confirmed: c) D. J. Robins, D. S. Rycroft, Magn. Reson. Chem. 1992, 30, 1125;
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Robins, D.J.1
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84981758664
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[3d] and Bohlmann et al. (F. Bohlmann, E. Winterfeldt, H. Overwien, H. Pagel, Chem. Ber. 1962, 95, 944).
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Bohlmann, F.1
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[18] a) F. Bohlmann, E. Winterfeldt, H. Laurent, W. Ude, Tetrahedron 1963, 19, 195;
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Bohlmann, F.1
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48
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c) B. Lal, D. N. Bhedi, H. Dornauer, N. J. De Souza, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1980, 17, 1073;
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Lal, B.1
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0001340806
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e) M. Ihara, T. Kirihara, K. Fukumoto, T. Kametani, Heterocycles 1985, 23, 1097;
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37049077773
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f) M. Ihara, T. Kirihara, A. Kawaguchi, M. Tsuruta, K. Fukumoto, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1987, 1719;
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Ihara, M.1
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16044365908
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g) T. Nagasaka, H. Yamamoto, H. Hayashi, H. Kato, M. Kawaida, K. Yamaguchi, F. Hamaguchi, Heterocycles 1989, 29, 1209;
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Nagasaka, T.1
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3042825147
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[18b] a) D. Gray, C. Concellón, T. Gallagher, J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 4849;
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Gray, D.1
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56
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7444224237
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b) C. Pousset, R. Callens, M. Haddad, M. Larchevêque, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 3407.
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Pousset, C.1
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-
57
-
-
0000373985
-
-
[7b] This reaction used an N-α-methylbenzyl moiety to induce a very modest level of diastereoselectivity in a cyclization reaction leading to the piperidine ring. For a related alkylative cyclization strategy also based on N-α- methylbenzyl as a chiral-directing group that generates a very similar intermediate to that used by O'Brien and co-workers, see: D. N. A. Fox, D. Lathbury, M. F. Mahon, K. C. Molloy, T. Gallagher, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 2652.
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Fox, D.N.A.1
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Molloy, K.C.4
Gallagher, T.5
-
58
-
-
33746296118
-
-
note
-
ax, although the latter enhancement could not be quantified.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
33746321214
-
-
note
-
[15d] displaying the resonances for C7-C15 for these two isomers is quite distinct, and full details are available in the Supporting Information.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
0033579646
-
-
for related diastereoselective alkylations involving N-benzyl piperidines, see: S. Ledoux, J. P. Célérier, G. Lhommet, Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 9019;
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(1999)
Tetrahedron Lett.
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-
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Ledoux, S.1
Célérier, J.P.2
Lhommet, G.3
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62
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0035817296
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S. Ledoux, E. Marchalant, J. P. Célérier, G. Lhommet, Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5397.
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Ledoux, S.1
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Lhommet, G.4
-
64
-
-
0004150157
-
-
University of Göttingen, Germany
-
the structure was solved and refined by standard techniques (G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS-97, University of Göttingen, Germany, 1990;
-
(1990)
SHELXS-97
-
-
Sheldrick, G.M.1
-
65
-
-
0004150157
-
-
University of Göttingen, Germany
-
G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXL-97, University of Göttingen, Germany, 1997);
-
(1997)
SHELXL-97
-
-
Sheldrick, G.M.1
-
66
-
-
33746269327
-
-
2 = 0.0994 (for all 3787 unique reflections). CCDC 289282 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/datarequest/cif.
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
33746291761
-
-
note
-
ax (3.2 %).
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
33746307467
-
-
note
-
2Me substituent at C1 to be orientated in a pseudoequatorial environment, and, significantly, the cyclization of 21 (derived from 19 and which leads to thermopsine) is the least efficient of those we have examined to date. However, at this time, the factors that moderate the efficiency and scope of this reaction have not yet been defined, and the processes reported here remain unoptimized.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
33746292055
-
-
note
-
i = 3.0 ± 0.65 nM for (-)-cytisine. This low level of activity could also be attributed to a small (ca. 0.4 %) level of contamination by (-)-cytisine as a consequence of the kinetic resolution step involved. We thank Professor Susan Wonnacott and Neal Innocent (University of Bath) for this determination.
-
-
-
|