Alcohol and the liver

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 263-271

  Reuben, Adrian ^a,b  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcoholic hepatitis; Alcoholic liver disease; Biomarkers; Genetics; Innate immune system; Liver transplantation

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE ISOENZYME 2; ANTIOXIDANT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; COLCHICINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOCHROME P450 2E1; DISULFIRAM; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; INTERFERON; LEPTIN; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; STEROID; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA ANTIBODY; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND;

ALCOHOL LIVER CIRRHOSIS; ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; COFFEE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG USE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEPATITIS C; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; IRON OVERLOAD; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; RECIDIVISM; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SURVIVAL TIME; TEA;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; ENVIRONMENT; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 33746268090     PISSN: 02671379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mog.0000218963.93806.d3     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Willner IR, Reuben A. Alcohol and the liver. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005; 21:323-330.
2. Mandayam S, Jamal MM, Morgan TR. Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24:217-232.
3. O'Shea RS, McCullough AJ. Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2005; 9:103-134. Lucid and well-reasoned guide to the treatment alcoholic hepatitis.
4. Standage T. A history of the world in six glasses. New York: Walker and Company; 2005. Entertaining and informative world history of alcoholic beverages.
5. Mitchell S. Gilgamesh: a new English version. New York Free Press; 2004.
6. Rabelais F. Five books of the lives, heroic deeds and sayings of Gargantua and his son Pantagruel. Translated into English by Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromerty and Peter Anthony Motteux, book I, chapter XLI; 1653. http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/r/rabelais/francois/r11g/part45.html [Accessed 15 December 2005].
7. World Health Organization. 58th World Health Assembly. Agenda Item 13.14. Public health problems caused by harmful use of alcohol. http://www.who.int/gb/ ebwha/pdf_files/wha58/A58_18_en.pdf [Accessed 15 December 2005].
8. World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
9. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration. Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-28, DHSS publication no. SMA 05-4062. Rockville, Maryland: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration; 2005. An important report about alcoholism in the USA
10. Yoon YH, Yi H, Hilton ME. Surveillance Report #70: Liver cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1970-2002. NIAAA, Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, 2005. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance70/cirr02.htm [Accessed 2 February 2006].
11. Pendino GM, Mariano A, Surace P, et al., ACE Collaborating Group. Prevalence and etiology of altered liver tests: a population-based survey in a Mediterranean town. Hepatology 2005; 41:1151-1159. Current prevalence of ALD in Europe.
12. Mendez-Sanchez N, Villa AR, Chavez-Tapia NC, et al. Trends in liver disease prevalence in Mexico from 2005 to 2050 through mortality data. Ann Hepatol 2005; 4:52-55.
13. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Costa G, et al. Drinking habits as cofactors of risk for alcohol induced liver damage. Gut 1997; 41:845-850.
14. Becker U, Gronbaek M, Johansen D, Sorensen Tl. Lower risk for alcohol-induced cirrhosis in wine drinkers. Hepatology 2002; 35:868-875.
15. Kamper-Jorgensen M, Gronbaek M, Tolstrup J, Becker U. Alcohol and cirrhosis: dose-response or threshold effect. J Hepatol 2004; 41:25-30.
16. Corrao G, Baghardi V, Zambon A, La Vecchia C. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prevent Med 2004; 38:613-619.
17. Meyerhoff DJ, Bode C, Nixon SJ, et al. Health risks of chronic moderate and heavy alcohol consumption: how much is too much? Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1334-1340. Review of the debate on safe drinking limits.
18. US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. US Department of Agriculture, HHS publication no. HHS-ODPHP-2005-01-DGA-A. Home and Garden bulletin no. 232. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office; 2005.
19. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Coffee and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:24-32.
20. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Coffee and tea consumption are associated with a lower incidence of chronic liver disease in the United States. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:1928-1936. Evidence that coffee and tea ameliorate chronic liver disease.
21. Inoue M, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, Tsugahi S, JPHC Study Group. Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 977:293-300.
22. Everhart JE. In vino veritas? J Hepatol 2003; 28:245-246.
23. Pelletier S, Vaucher E, Aider R, et al. Wine consumption is not associated with a decreased risk of alcoholic cirrhosis in heavy drinkers. Alcohol Alcoholism 2002; 37:618-621.
24. Gronbaek M, Jensen MK, Johansen D, et al. Intake of beer, wine and spirits and risk of heavy drinking and alcoholic cirrhosis. Biol Res 2004; 37:195-200.
25. McCann SE, Sepmos C, Freudenheim JL, et al. Alcoholic beverage preference and characteristics of drinkers and nondrinkers in Western New York (United States). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 13:2-11.
26. Hildestrand M, Shankar K, Ronis MJJ, Badger TM. Effects of light and dark beer on hepatic cytochrome P-450 expression in male rats receiving alcoholic beverages as part of total enteral nutrition. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:888-895. Preliminary experience of the effect of the non-alcoholic bioactive constituents of beer on liver cytochrome P450 activity.
27. Ball D. Ebrii gighunt ebrios - one drunkard begets another: the genetics of alcohol dependence. Curr Psychiat Rep 2005; 7:138-142. Up-to-date summary of the genetics of alcoholism.
28. Edenberg HJ, Kranzler HR. The contribution of genetics to addiction therapy approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 108:86-93.
29. Whitfield JB. Alcohol and gene interactions. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43:480-487.
30. Radel M, Vallejo RL, Iwata N, et al. Haplotype-based localization of an alcohol dependence gene to the 5q34 {gamma}-aminobutyric acid type A gene cluster. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:47-55.
31. Pastor IJ, Laso FJ, Romero A, Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Interleukin-1 gene cluster polymerisms and alcoholism in Spanish men. Alcohol Alcoholism 2005; 40:181-186.
32. Chen WX, Xu GY, Yu CH, et al. Correlation of polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene intron 2 with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2005; 4:41-45.
33. Nishiyori A, Shibata A, Ogimoto I, et al. Alcohol drinking frequency is more directly associated with alcohol use disorder than alcohol metabolizing enzymes among male Japanese. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59:38-44.
34. Suzuki Y, Ando F, Ohsawa I, et al. Association of alcohol dehydrogenease 2*1 allele with liver damage and insulin concentrations in the Japenese. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:31-37.
35. Cichoz-Lach H, Partycka J, Nesina I, et al. Genetic polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase 3 in alcohol liver cirrhosis and in alcohol chronic pancreatitis. Alcohol Alcoholism 2006; 41:14-17.
36. Homann N, Stickel F, Konig IR, et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 C*1 allele is a genetic marker for alcohol-associated cancer in heavy drinkers. Int J Cancer 2005 [epub ahead of print].
37. Sakamoto T, Hara M, Higaki Y, et al. Influence of alcohol consumption and gene polymorphisms of ADH2 and ALDH2 on hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese population. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1501-1507.
38. Purohoit V, Khalsa J, Serrano J. Mechanisms of alcohol-associated cancers: introduction and summary of symposium. Alcohol 2005; 35:155-160.
39. Brown LM. Epidemiology of alcohol-associated cancers. Alcohol 2005; 35:161-168.
40. Yokoyama A, Omori T. Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and risk for esophageal and head and neck cancer. Alcohol 2005; 35:175-185.
41. Brooks PJ, Theruvathu JA. DNA adducts from acetaldehyde: implications for alcohol-related carcinogenesis. Alcohol 2005; 35:187-193.
42. McKillop IH, Schrum LW. Alcohol and liver cancer. Alcohol 2005; 35:195-203.
43. Lu SC, Mato JM. Role of methionine adenosyltransferase and S-adenosylmethionine in alcohol-associated liver cancer. Alcohol 2005; 35:227-234.
44. Mason JB, Choi S-W. Effects of alcohol on folate metabolism: implications for carcinogenesis. Alcohol 2005; 35:235-241.
45. Petersen DR. Alcohol, iron-associated oxidative stress, and cancer. Alcohol 2005; 35:243-249.
46. Homann N, Seitz HK, Wang XD, et al. Mechanisms in alcohol-associated carcinogenesis. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1317-1320.
47. Meiler C, Muhlbauer M, Johann M, et al. Different effects of a CD14 gene polymorphism in patients with alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C infection. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6031-6037. Preliminary study of the role of CD14, the endotoxin receptor, in ALD.
48. 1) and the risk of advanced alcoholic cirrhosis. Liver Int 2005; 25:935-939.
49. Salguero ML, Leon RE, Roman S, et al. The role of FABP2 gene polymorphism in alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatology 2005; 33:306-312. New genetic polymorphism that may predispose to ALD.
50. Ku N-O, Lim JK, Krams SM, et al. Keratins as susceptibility genes for end-stage liver disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:885-893. New genetic susceptibility to cirrhosis.
51. Ku N-O, Zhou X, Toivola DM, Omary MB. The cytoskeleton of digestive epithelia in health and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver 1999; 277:G1108-G1137.
52. Balasubramanian S, Kowdley KV. Effects of alcohol on viral hepatitis and other forms of liver dysfunction. Clin Liv Dis 2005; 9:83-101. Review of interactions between alcohol and other causes of liver disease.
53. Szabo G, Weinman SA, Gao B, et al. RSA 2004: Combined basic research satellite symposium - session four: hepatitis viral and alcohol interactions in immunity and liver disease. Alcohol Clin Res 2005; 29:1753-1757.
54. Hutchinson SJ, Bird SM, Goldberg DJ. Influence of alcohol on the progression of hepatitis C infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3:1150-1159. Further evidence that alcohol is deleterious to hepatitis C liver disease.
55. Campbell JV, Hagan H, Latka MH, et al. The STRIVE Project. High prevalence of alcohol use among hepatitis C virus antibody positive infection drug users in three US cities. Drug Alcohol Dependence 2005 [epub ahead of print].
56. Delarocque-Astagneau E, Roudlot-Thoraval F, Campese C, Desenclos JC. The Hepatitis C Surveillance System Steering Committee. Past excessive alcohol consumption: a major determinant of severe liver disease among newly referred hepatitis C virus infected patients in hepatology reference centers, France 2001. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15:551-557. The liver does not forget past alcohol abuse.
57. Gomes de Sa Ribeiro Mde F, da Costa Gayotto LC, de Alencar Fischer Chamone D, Strauss E. Alcohol intake predisposes to more interface hepatitis in chronic hepatitis C. Ann Hepatol 2005; 4:176-183.
58. Anand BS, Thorby J. Alcohol has no effect on hepatitis C viral replication: a meta-analysis. Gut 2005; 54:1468-1472.
59. Plumlee CR, Lazaro CA, Fausto N, Polyak SJ. Effect of ethanol on innate antiviral pathways and HCV replication in human liver cells. Virol J 2005 [epub ahead of print]. Molecular basis for alcoholic aggravation of hepatitis C.
60. Kulig CC, Beresford TP. Hepatitis C in alcohol dependence: drinking versus disulfiram. J Addict Dis 2005; 24:77-89.
61. Diehl AM. Obesity and alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol 2004; 34:81-87.
62. Mezey E, Rennie-Tankersley L, Potter JJ. Effect of leptin on liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:1324-1329.
63. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Joint effects of body weight and alcohol on elevated serum alanine aminotransferase in the United States population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3:1260-1268.
64. Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Boyko EJ, et al. Contribution of metabolic factors to alanine aminotransferase activity in persons with other causes of liver disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:627-635.
65. Olynyk JK, Knuiman DW, Divitini ML, et al. Effects of HFE gene mutations and alcohol on iron status, liver biochemistry and morbidity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1435-1441.
66. Waalen J, Nordestgaard BD, Beutler E. The penetrance of hereditary hemochromatosis. Best Pract Res Clin Hæmatol 2005; 18:203-220.
67. Alla V, Bonkovsky HL. Iron in nonhemochromatosis liver disorders. Semin Liver Dis 2005; 25:461-472.
68. Reuben A. Praise ye the god of iron. Hepatology 2004; 40:1231-1234.
69. Bowlus CL, Willner I, Zern MA, et al. Factors associated with advanced liver disease in adults with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3:390-396. Alcohol does not appear to aggravate AAT-deficiency liver disease.
70. Addison T. Observations on fatty degeneration of the liver. Guys Hosp Rep 1836; 1:476-485.
71. Mallory FB. Cirrhosis of the liver. Five different types of lesions from which it may arise. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1911; 22:69-75.
72. Laennec RTH. De l'auscultation médiate; ou, Traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumons et du ceur, fondé principalement sur ce nouveau moyen d'exploration [in French]. J-A Brosson et J-S Chaude 1819; 368-369.
73. Lefkowitch JM. Morphology of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2005; 9:37-53. Succinct but informative review of ALD histopathology.
74. Leevy CB, Elbeshbeshy HA. Immunology of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2005; 9:55-66.
75. Lakshman MR. Some novel insights into the pathogenesis of alcoholic steatosis. Alcohol 2004; 34:45-48.
76. Lieber CS. Alcoholic fatty liver: its pathogenesis and mechanism of progression to inflammation and fibrosis. Alcohol 2004; 34:9-19.
77. Diehl AM. Recent events in alcoholic liver disease. V. Effects of ethanol on liver regeneration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G1-G6.
78. Seitz HK, Salaspuro M, Savolainen M, et al. From alcohol toxicity to treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1341-1350.
79. Thiele GM, Mandrekar P, Zakhari S, et al. RSA 2004: Combined basic research satellite symposium - mechanisms of alcohol-mediated organ and tissue damage: inflammation and immunity and alcohol and mitochondrial metabolism: at the crossroads of life and death. Session one: Alcohol, cellular and organ damage. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1735-1743.
80. Sougioultzis S, Dalakas E, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Alcoholic hepatitis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Curr Med Res Opin 2005; 21:1337-1346.
81. Beutler B. Innate immunity: an overview. Mol Immunol 2004; 40:845-849. Excellent review of the innate immune system.
82. Li Z, Diehl AM. Innate immunity in the liver. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2003; 19:565-571.
83. Patel VB, Worrall S, Emery PW, Preedy VR. Protein adduct species in muscle and liver of rats following acute ethanol administration. Alcohol Alcoholism 2005; 40:485-493.
84. Ma Y, Meregalli M, Hodges S, et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase: an autoantibody target in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2005; 18:273-182.
85. Latvala J, Hietala J, Koivisto H, et al. Immune responses to ethanol metabolites and cytokine profiles differentiate alcoholics with or without liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:1303-1310.
86. Thiele GM, Duryee MJ, Freeman TL, et al. Rat sinusoidal liver endothelial cells (SECs) produce profibrotic factor in response to adducts formed from the metabolites of ethanol. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1593-1600.
87. Vay D, Rigamonti C, Vidali M, et al. Anti-phospholipid antibodies associated with alcoholic liver disease target oxidized phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cell plasma membranes. J Hepatol 2006; 44:183-189.
88. Feldstein AE, Gores GJ. Apoptosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Front Biosci 2005; 10:3093-3099. Clear and brief review of apoptosis in ALD and NAFLD.
89. Szuster-Ciesielska A, Daniluk J, Bojarska-Junak A. Apoptosis of blood mononuclear cells in alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The influence of in vitro ethanol treatment and zinc supplementation. Toxicology 2005; 212:124-134.
90. Robinson G, Narasimhan S, Weatherall M, Beasley R. Raised plasma homocysteine levels in alcoholism: increasing the risk of heart disease and dementia? N Z Med J 2005; 118:1490.
91. Blasco C, Cabeilleria J, Deulofeu R, et al. Prevalence and mechanisms of hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1044-1048.
92. Ji C, Kaplowitz N. Hyperhomocysteinemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and alcoholic liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:1699-1708.
93. Ji C, Mehrian-Shai R, Chan C, et al. Role of CHOP in hepatic apoptosis in the murine model of intragastric ethanol feeding. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1496-1503. Molecular mechanism involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress in alcoholics.
94. Stärkel P, de Saeger C, Leclercq I, et al. Deficient Stat3 DNA-binding is associated with high Pias3 expression and a positive anti-apoptotic balance in human end-stage alcoholic and hepatitis C cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2005; 43:687-695.
95. Afford SC, Adams DH. Following the TRAIL from hepatitis C virus and alcohol to fatty liver. Gut 2005; 54:1518-1520. Exciting discovery of the role of TRAIL in hepatic apoptosis and steatosis.
96. Mundt B, Wirth T, Zender L, et al. Tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces hepatic steatosis in viral hepatitis and after alcohol intake. Gut 2005; 54:1590-1596.
97. Pruett SB, Schwab C, Zheng Q, Fan R. Suppression of innate immunity by acute ethanol administration: a global perspective and a new mechanism beginning with inhibition of signaling through TLR3. J Immunol 2004; 173:2715-2724.
98. Goral J, Kovacs EJ. In vivo ethanol exposure downregulates TLR2-, TLR4-, TLR9-mediated macrophage inflammatory response by limiting p38 and ERK1/2 activation. J Immunol 2005; 174:456-463. Downregulation by ethanol of the innate immune system.
99. Monto A, Patel K, Bostrom A, et al. Risks of a range of alcohol intake on hepatitis C-related fibrosis. Hepatology 2004; 39:826-834.
100. Reed DN Jr, Saxe A, Montanez M, et al. Use of a single question to screen trauma patients for alcohol dependence. J Trauma 2005; 59:619-623. Simplification of screening questionnaire for alcoholism.
101. Gentilello LM, Donato A, Nolan S, et al. Effect of the Uniform Accident and Sickness Policy Provision Law on alcohol screening and intervention in trauma centers. J Trauma 2005; 59:629-636.
102. Hietala J, Puukka K, Kovisto H, et al. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase in alcoholics, moderate drinkers and abstainers: effect on gt reference intervals at population level. Alcohol Alcoholism 2005; 40:511-514.
103. Bain BJ. Diagnosis from the blood smear. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:498-507.
104. Alling C, Chick JD, Anton R, et al. Revealing alcohol abuse: To ask or to test? Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 2005; 24:1257-1263.
105. Anttila P, Jarvi K, Latvala J, et al. Biomarkers of alcohol consumption in patients classified according to the degree of liver disease severity. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2005; 65:141-151.
106. Baral N, Pokhrel S, Lamsal M, et al. Utility of gamma- glutamyltranspepetidase and mean corpuscular volume in alcoholic liver disease. Southeast Asian J Trap Med Public Health 2005; 36:1007-1010.
107. Vaswani M, Rao RV. Biochemical measures in the diagnosis of alcohol dependence using discriminant analysis. Indian J Med Sci 2005; 59:423-430.
108. Hock B, Schwarz M, Domke I, et al. Validity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: A study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction 2005; 100:1477-1486. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin may be a valid biomarker for alcohol use in patients with liver disease.
109. Liu YS, Xu GY, Cheng DQ, Li YM. Determination of serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrins in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2005; 4:265-268.
110. Garrgie M, Gong M, Rao MN, et al. Mechanism of action in the down-regulation of Gal(beta)1,4G1cNAc alpha2, 6-sialyltransferse messenger RNA in human liver cell lines. Metabolism 2005; 54:729-734. Molecular pathogenesis of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin production in alcoholism.
111. Pemberton PW, Smith A, Warnes TW. Non-invasive monitoring of oxidant stress in alcoholic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:1102-1108.
112. Naveau S, Raynard B, Ratziu V, et al. Biomarkers for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3:167-174.
113. Liangpunsakul S, Kolwankar D, Pinto A, et al. Activities of CYP2E1 and CYP3A enzymes in adults with moderate alcohol consumption: a comparison with nonalcoholics. Hepatology 2005; 41:1144-1150.
114. Cosar S, Oktar SO, Cosar B, et al. Doppler and gray-scale ultrasound evaluation of morphological and hemodynamic changes in liver vasculature in alcohol patients. Eur J Radiol 2005; 54:393-399.
115. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Hepatol 2005; 42:752-759.
116. Sanderson SO, Smyrk TC. The use of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and insulin receptor immunostains to differentiate nonalcoholic from alcoholic steatohepatitis in liver biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123:503-509.
117. Snover D. Immunohistochemical analysis in steatohepatitis. Does it have a role in diagnosis and management? Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:491-493.
118. Dam-Larsen S, Franzmann M-B, Christoffersen P, et al. Histological characteristics and prognosis in patients with fatty liver. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:460-467.
119. Dunn W, Jamil LH, Brown LS, et al. MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 2005; 41:353-358.
120. Srikureja W, Kyulo NL, Runyon BA, Hu K-Q. MELD score is a better prognostic model than Child-Turcotte-Pugh or Discriminant Function Score in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2005; 42:700-706.
121. Roberts SE, Goldacre MJ, Yeates D. Trends in mortality after hospital admission for liver cirrhosis in an English population from 1968-1999. Gut 2005; 54:1615-1621.
122. Gluud C. Mortality from cirrhosis: lack of progress over 35 years. Gut 2005; 54:1523-1526.
123. Tsui JI, Pletcher MJ, Vittinghoff E, et al. Hepatitis C and hospital outcomes in patients admitted with alcohol-related problems. J Hepatol 2006; 44:262-266.
124. D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis. A systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006; 44:217-231. The most comprehensive review of prognostic indices in cirrhosis.
125. Mathurin P. Corticosteroids for alcoholic hepatitis - what's next? J Hepatol 2005; 43:526-533.
126. Wakim-Fleming J, Mullen KD. Long-term management of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2005; 9:135-149.
127. Rambaldi A, Gluud C. Colchicine for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD002148.pub2.
128. Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Iaquinto G, Gluud C. Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD003620.
129. Ball KR, Kowdley KV. A review of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) as a treatment for alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39:520-528.
130. Rambaldi A, Gluud C. Propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD 002800.pub2.
131. Morgan TR, Weiss DG, Nemchausky B, et al. Colchicine treatment for alcoholic cirrhosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of patient survival. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:882-890. Closure for the use of colchicine, milk thistle and propylthiouracil in liver disease.
132. Burra P, Lucey MR. Liver transplantation in alcoholic patients. Transplant Int 2005; 18:491-498.
133. Berlakovich GA. Wasting your organ with your lifestyle and receiving a new one? Ann Transpl 2005; 10:38-43.
134. Lim JK, Keeffe EB. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: current concepts and length of sobriety. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:S31-S38.
135. Perney P, Bismuth M, Sigand H, et al. Are preoperative patterns of alcohol consumption predictive of relapse after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease? Transpl Int 2005; 18:1292-1297.
136. Cuadrado A, Fabrega E, Casafont F, Pons-Romero F. Alcohol recidivism impairs long-term patient survival after orthoptic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 2005; 11:420-426. New data on the adverse effect of alcohol recidivism after liver transplantation.
137. Björnsson E, Olsson J, Rydell A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with alcoholic liver disease after liver transplantation in Sweden: Impact of structured management on recidivism. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:206-216.
138. Beresford HE, Dietrich R, Beresford TP. Cyclosporine-A discourages ethanol intake in C57bl/6j mice: a preliminary study. J Stud Alcohol 2005; 66:658-662.
139. Vallejo GH, Romero CJ, de Vicente JC. Incidence and risk factors for cancer after liver transplantation. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 56:87-99.
140. DiMartini A, Javed L, Russell S, et al. Tobacco use following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: an underestimated problem. Liver Transpl 2005; 11:679-683. New data on the prevalence of cigarette smoking after liver transplantation.