Imaging of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 127-140

  Smith, Eric E ^a,b   Rosand, Jonathan ^a,b   Greenberg, Steven M ^a,b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; COCAINE; EPHEDRINE; PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE; WARFARIN;

ANEURYSM RUPTURE; BRAIN CONTUSION; BRAIN HEMATOMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN REGION; BRAIN STEM; BRAIN TUMOR; BRAIN VENTRICLE; CEREBELLUM HEMORRHAGE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONGENITAL BLOOD VESSEL MALFORMATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; REVIEW; SACCULAR ANEURYSM; STROKE; VASCULAR AMYLOIDOSIS;

EID: 33746266905     PISSN: 10649689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2006.06.002     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Mohr J.P., Caplan L.R., Melski J.W., et al. The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: a prospective registry. Neurology 28 8 (1978) 754-762
2. Lasner T.M., and Raps E.C. Clinical evaluation and management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 7 4 (1997) 669-678
3. Bergstrom M., Ericson K., Levander B., et al. Variation with time of the attenuation values of intracranial hematomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1 1 (1977) 57-63
4. Kasdon D.L., Scott R.M., Adelman L.S., et al. Cerebellar hemorrhage with decreased absorption values on computed tomography: a case report. Neuroradiology 13 5 (1977) 265-266
5. Inaji M., Tomita H., Tone O., et al. Chronological changes of perihematomal edema of human intracerebral hematoma. Acta Neurochir Suppl 86 (2003) 445-448
6. Dolinskas C.A., Bilaniuk L.T., Zimmerman R.A., et al. Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. I. Transmission CT observations on hematoma resolution. AJR Am J Roentgenol 129 4 (1977) 681-688
7. Messina A.V. Computed tomography: contrast enhancement in resolving intracerebral hemorrhage. AJR Am J Roentgenol 127 6 (1976) 1050-1052
8. Ichikawa K., and Yanagihara C. Sedimentation level in acute intracerebral hematoma in a patient receiving anticoagulation therapy: an autopsy study. Neuroradiology 40 6 (1998) 380-382
9. Pfleger M.J., Hardee E.P., Contant Jr. C.F., et al. Sensitivity and specificity of fluid-blood levels for coagulopathy in acute intracerebral hematomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15 2 (1994) 217-223
10. Bradley Jr. W.G. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology 189 1 (1993) 15-26
11. Atlas S.W., and Thulborn K.R. Intracranial hemorrhage. In: Atlas S.W. (Ed). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine. 3rd edition (2002), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 773-832
12. Gomori J.M., Grossman R.I., Goldberg H.I., et al. Intracranial hematomas: imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 157 1 (1985) 87-93
13. Linfante I., Llinas R.H., Caplan L.R., et al. MRI features of intracerebral hemorrhage within 2 hours from symptom onset. Stroke 30 11 (1999) 2263-2267
14. Patel M.R., Edelman R.R., and Warach S. Detection of hyperacute primary intraparenchymal hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 27 12 (1996) 2321-2324
15. *-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI. Eur Radiol 11 5 (2001) 849-853
16. Wintermark M., Maeder P., Reichhart M., et al. MR pattern of hyperacute cerebral hemorrhage. J Magn Reson Imaging 15 6 (2002) 705-709
17. Allkemper T., Tombach B., Schwindt W., et al. Acute and subacute intracerebral hemorrhages: comparison of MR imaging at 1.5 and 3.0 T-initial experience. Radiology 232 3 (2004) 874-881
18. Wolansky L.J., Holodny A.I., Sheth M.P., et al. Double-shot magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral lesions: fast spin-echo versus echo planar sequences. J Neuroimaging 10 3 (2000) 131-137
19. Liang L., Korogi Y., Sugahara T., et al. Detection of intracranial hemorrhage with susceptibility-weighted MR sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 8 (1999) 1527-1534
20. *-weighted MR images in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: evidence of microangiopathy-related microbleeds. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 4 (1999) 637-642
21. Greenberg S.M., Finklestein S.P., and Schaefer P.W. Petechial hemorrhages accompanying lobar hemorrhage: detection by gradient-echo MRI. Neurology 46 6 (1996) 1751-1754
22. Jeong S.W., Jung K.H., Chu K., et al. Clinical and radiologic differences between primary intracerebral hemorrhage with and without microbleeds on gradient-echo magnetic resonance images. Arch Neurol 61 6 (2004) 905-909
23. *-weighted MRI: correlation with stroke subtype, stroke recurrence, and leukoaraiosis. Stroke 33 6 (2002) 1536-1540
24. Messori A., Polonara G., Mabiglia C., et al. Is haemosiderin visible indefinitely on gradient-echo MRI following traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage?. Neuroradiology 45 12 (2003) 881-886
25. Smith E.E., and Koroshetz W.J. Epidemiology of stroke. In: Furie K.L., and Kelly P.J. (Eds). Current clinical neurology: handbook of stroke prevention in clinical practice (2004), Humana Press, Totowa (NJ) 1-17
26. Woo D., Sauerbeck L.R., Kissela B.M., et al. Genetic and environmental risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage: preliminary results of a population-based study. Stroke 33 5 (2002) 1190-1195
27. Fisher C.M. Pathological observations in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 30 3 (1971) 536-550
28. Knudsen K.A., Rosand J., Karluk D., et al. Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Neurology 56 4 (2001) 537-539
29. Zhu X.L., Chan M.S., and Poon W.S. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: which patients need diagnostic cerebral angiography? A prospective study of 206 cases and review of the literature. Stroke 28 7 (1997) 1406-1409
30. Rabinstein A.A., Tisch S.H., McClelland R.L., et al. Cause is the main predictor of outcome in patients with pontine hemorrhage. Cerebrovascular Diseases 17 1 (2004) 66-71
31. Ott K.H., Kase C.S., Ojemann R.G., et al. Cerebellar hemorrhage: diagnosis and treatment. A review of 56 cases. Arch Neurol 31 3 (1974) 160-167
32. Itoh Y., Yamada M., Hayakawa M., et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a significant cause of cerebellar as well as lobar cerebral hemorrhage in the elderly. J Neurol Sci 116 2 (1993) 135-141
33. Angelopoulos M., Gupta S.R., and Azat Kia B. Primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults: clinical features, risk factors, and outcome. Surg Neurol 44 5 (1995) 433-436
34. Marti-Fabregas J., Piles S., Guardia E., et al. Spontaneous primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical data, etiology and outcome. J Neurol 246 4 (1999) 287-291
35. Maurino J., Saposnik G., Lepera S., et al. Multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages: clinical features and outcome. Arch Neurol 58 4 (2001) 629-632
36. Tucker W.S., Bilbao J.M., and Klodawsky H. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and multiple intracerebral hematomas. Neurosurgery 7 6 (1980) 611-614
37. Furlan A.J., Whisnant J.P., and Elveback L.R. The decreasing incidence of primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a population study. Ann Neurol 5 4 (1979) 367-373
38. Fisher C.M. Cerebral miliary aneurysms in hypertension. Am J Pathol 66 2 (1972) 313-330
39. Vinters H.V., and Gilbert J.J. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: incidence and complications in the aging brain. II. The distribution of amyloid vascular changes. Stroke 14 6 (1983) 924-928
40. Greenberg S.M., Briggs M.E., Hyman B.T., et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 is associated with the presence and earlier onset of hemorrhage in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke 27 8 (1996) 1333-1337
41. Greenberg S.M., Vonsattel J.P., Segal A.Z., et al. Association of apolipoprotein E epsilon2 and vasculopathy in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology 50 4 (1998) 961-965
42. McCarron M.O., Nicoll J.A., Stewart J., et al. The apolipoprotein E epsilon2 allele and the pathological features in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58 7 (1999) 711-718
43. Vinters H.V. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. A critical review. Stroke 18 2 (1987) 311-324
44. Bailey R.D., Hart R.G., Benavente O., et al. Recurrent brain hemorrhage is more frequent than ischemic stroke after intracranial hemorrhage. Neurology 56 6 (2001) 773-777
45. O'Donnell H.C., Rosand J., Knudsen K.A., et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and the risk of recurrent lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 342 4 (2000) 240-245
46. Smith E.E., Gurol M.E., Eng J.A., et al. White matter lesions, cognition, and recurrent hemorrhage in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 63 9 (2004) 1606-1612
47. Greenberg S.M., Eng J.A., Ning M., et al. Hemorrhage burden predicts recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage after lobar hemorrhage. Stroke 35 6 (2004) 1415-1420
48. Ohshima T., Endo T., Nukui H., et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy as a cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 21 3 (1990) 480-483
49. Hylek E.M., and Singer D.E. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med 120 11 (1994) 897-902
50. Smith E.E., Rosand J., Knudsen K.A., et al. Leukoaraiosis is associated with warfarin-related hemorrhage following ischemic stroke. Neurology 59 2 (2002) 193-197
51. Gorter J.W. Major bleeding during anticoagulation after cerebral ischemia: patterns and risk factors. Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT). European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT) study groups. Neurology 53 6 (1999) 1319-1327
52. Rosand J., Hylek E.M., O'Donnell H.C., et al. Warfarin-associated hemorrhage and cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a genetic and pathologic study. Neurology 55 7 (2000) 947-951
53. Hart R.G., Boop B.S., and Anderson D.C. Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage. Facts and hypotheses. Stroke 26 8 (1995) 1471-1477
54. Kase C.S., Robinson R.K., Stein R.W., et al. Anticoagulant-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 35 7 (1985) 943-948
55. Flibotte J.J., Hagan N., O'Donnell J., et al. Warfarin, hematoma expansion, and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 63 6 (2004) 1059-1064
56. Rosand J., Eckman M.H., Knudsen K.A., et al. The effect of warfarin and intensity of anticoagulation on outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med 164 8 (2004) 880-884
57. Barnes B., Cawley C.M., and Barrow D.L. Intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to vascular lesions. Neurosurg Clin N Am 13 3 (2002) 289-297
58. Fiorelli M., Bastianello S., von Kummer R., et al. Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct: relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I (ECASS I) cohort. Stroke 30 11 (1999) 2280-2284
59. Smith E.E., Fitzsimmons A.L., Nogueira R.G., et al. Spontaneous hyperacute postischemic hemorrhage leading to death. J Neuroimaging 14 4 (2004) 361-364
60. de Bruijn S.F., de Haan R.J., and Stam J. Clinical features and prognostic factors of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a prospective series of 59 patients. For the Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70 1 (2001) 105-108
61. Little J.R., Dial B., Belanger G., et al. Brain hemorrhage from intracranial tumor. Stroke 10 3 (1979) 283-288
62. Kondziolka D., Bernstein M., Resch L., et al. Significance of hemorrhage into brain tumors: clinicopathological study. J Neurosurg 67 6 (1987) 852-857
63. Wakai S., Yamakawa K., Manaka S., et al. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage caused by brain tumor: its incidence and clinical significance. Neurosurgery 10 4 (1982) 437-444
64. Mandybur T.I. Intracranial hemorrhage caused by metastatic tumors. Neurology 27 7 (1977) 650-655
65. Destian S., Sze G., Krol G., et al. MR imaging of hemorrhagic intracranial neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152 1 (1989) 137-144
66. Atlas S.W., Grossman R.I., Gomori J.M., et al. Hemorrhagic intracranial malignant neoplasms: spin-echo MR imaging. Radiology 164 1 (1987) 71-77
67. Tung G.A., Julius B.D., and Rogg J.M. MRI of intracerebral hematoma: value of vasogenic edema ratio for predicting the cause. Neuroradiology 45 6 (2003) 357-362
68. Abbed K.M., and Ogilvy C.S. Intracerebral hematoma from aneurysm rupture. Neurosurg Focus 15 4 (2003) E4
69. Adams J.H., Doyle D., Graham D.I., et al. The contusion index: a reappraisal in human and experimental non-missile head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 11 4 (1985) 299-308
70. Mayer S.A., Brun N.C., Begtrup K., et al. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 352 8 (2005) 777-785
71. Kidwell C.S., Chalela J.A., Saver J.L., et al. Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA 292 15 (2004) 1823-1830
72. Nighoghossian N., Hermier M., Berthezene Y., et al. Early diagnosis of hemorrhagic transformation: diffusion/perfusion-weighted MRI versus CT scan. Cerebrovasc Dis 11 3 (2001) 151-156
73. Weingarten K., Filippi C., Zimmerman R.D., et al. Detection of hemorrhage in acute cerebral infarction. Evaluation with spin-echo and gradient-echo MRI. Clin Imaging 18 1 (1994) 43-55
74. Greer D.M., Koroshetz W.J., Cullen S., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging improves detection of intracerebral hemorrhage over computed tomography after intra-arterial thrombolysis. Stroke 35 2 (2004) 491-495
75. *-weighted brain MRI study. Stroke 33 3 (2002) 735-742
76. Chalela J.A., Kang D.W., and Warach S. Multiple cerebral microbleeds: MRI marker of a diffuse hemorrhage-prone state. J Neuroimaging 14 1 (2004) 54-57
77. Kidwell C.S., Saver J.L., Villablanca J.P., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging detection of microbleeds before thrombolysis: an emerging application. Stroke 33 1 (2002) 95-98
78. Derex L., Nighoghossian N., Hermier M., et al. Thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients with old microbleeds on pretreatment MRI. Cerebrovasc Dis 17 2-3 (2004) 238-241
79. Fiebach J.B., Schellinger P.D., Gass A., et al. Stroke magnetic resonance imaging is accurate in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage: a multicenter study on the validity of stroke imaging. Stroke 35 2 (2004) 502-506
80. Eshwar Chandra N., Khandelwal N., Bapuraj J.R., et al. Spontaneous intracranial hematomas: role of dynamic CT and angiography. Acta Neurol Scand 98 3 (1998) 176-181
81. Becker K.J., Baxter A.B., Bybee H.M., et al. Extravasation of radiographic contrast is an independent predictor of death in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 30 10 (1999) 2025-2032