Repression, political violence and terrorism. The case of Uzbekistan

Helsinki Monitor

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 108-118

  Bakker, Edwin ^a  

^a Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NATIONAL SECURITY; POLITICAL VIOLENCE; REGIONAL SECURITY; TERRORISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; UZBEKISTAN; WEST ASIA;

EID: 33746239673     PISSN: 09250972     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157181406777813626     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Uzbekistan - 2005, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, February 28, 2005.
2. Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Uzbekistan - 2005, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, February 28, 2005.
3. Human Rights Watch, 'Opportunism in the Face of Tragedy. Repression in the name of anti-terrorism'. Uzbekistan, 2004, www.hrw.org/campaigns/ septemberll/opportunismwatch.htm#Uzbekistan.
4. According to the US Department of State 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices on Uzbekistan, the total number of dead was estimated, depending upon the source, at between the government's total of 187, including 31 members of government security forces, and over 700, www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61684.htm.
5. Human Rights Watch, Burying the Truth. Uzbekistan Rewrites the Story of the Andijan Massacre, HRW Report, September 2005, Vol. 17, No. 6(D)
6. The Erk party was founded in April 1990, and was officially registered as Uzbekistan's first opposition political party. Since October 1993 both the party and its newspaper were banned in Uzbekistan.
7. The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan emerged in 1991 as a group called Adolat (Justice). Its leaders conceived it as a force that would establish law and order in accordance with the precepts of Shari'ah.
8. For details of these events, see the data set of the Terrorism Knowledge Base, www.tkb.org.
9. Hizb-ut-Tahrir is also active in Western Europe, in particular in the United Kingdom. Only in Germany its activities have been forbidden.
10. GlobalSecurity.org, see www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ centralasia/uzbek-terror.htm.
11. Bahadir Akcam and Victor Asal, The dynamics of ethnic terrorism, Conference Proceedings 23rd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, July 17-21, 2005 Boston, www.albany.edu/cpr/sds/ conf2005.
12. Tore Bjorgo, Root Causes of Terrorism: Proceedings from an International Expert Meeting, Oslo, 9-11 June 2003, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2003.
13. Ahmed Rashid, Jihad. The rise of militant Islam in Central Asia, 2002, p. 85.
14. Zeyno Baran, Uzbekistan: The key to success in Central Asia?, House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia, US Senate, June 24, 2004.
15. Stephen Blank, The future of Uzbekistan after Andijan, in: Christopher Heffelfinger (edt.), Unmasking Terror. A global review of terrorist activities, 2005, pp. 337-340, p.337.
16. Asia Times, Uzbekistan: Sifting for clues, 2 April, 2004, see www.atimes.com.
17. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 31 March 2004, see www.rferl.org/ featuresarticle/2004.
18. Zeyno Baran, Uzbekistan: The key to success in Central Asia?, House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia, US Senate, June 24, 2004.
19. Stephen Blank, The future of Uzbekistan after Andijan, in: Christopher Heffelfinger (edt.), Unmasking Terror. A global review of terrorist activities, 2005, pp. 337-340, p.338.
20. Bishkek Programme of Action: measures to combat and prevent terrorism, December 2001.
21. OSCE press release, Democratization promotes Central Asian security, OSCE Bishkek Academy workshop notes, 2 April, 2003, see www.osce.org/ item/7406.html.
22. Relations between Moscow and Tashkent have improved after Uzbekistan 'turned sides' following Western criticism in the wake of 'Andijan'. Both the Russian Federation and Uzbekistan are member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), together with China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan and Tajikistan. The SCO has a Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure based in Tashkent, which coordinates SCO member activities against terrorism, separatism and extremism.
23. Stephen Blank, The future of Uzbekistan after Andijan, in: Christopher Heffelfinger (edt.), Unmasking Terror. A global review of terrorist activities, 2005, pp. 337-340, p.340.