Glycemic control and nutrition in the intensive care unit

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 120-123

  McMahon, M Molly ^a   Miles, John M ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical illness; Hyperglycemia; Nutrition support

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; GLUCOSE; GLUCOSE DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSE INSULIN POTASSIUM; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INSULIN; PROPOFOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CLINICAL TRIAL; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISABILITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INFUSION; DRUG SAFETY; ENERGY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; REVIEW;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; INTENSIVE CARE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT;

EID: 33746195560     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: 15353885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mco.0000214570.90309.27     Document Type: Review

References (27)

1. Elixhauser A, Yu K, Steiner CA. Hospitalization in the United States, 1997: Healthcare costs and utilization project fact book number 1. Washington, DC: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2000.
2. American Diabetes Association: Economic consequences of diabetes in the U.S. in 1997. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:553-591.
3. Hostetter M. Perspectives in diabetes: Handicaps to host defense: Effects of hyperglycemia on C3 and Candida albicans. Diabetes 1990; 39:271-275.
4. Gustafson KS, Vercellotti GM, Bendel CM, Hostetter MK. Molecular mimicry in candida albicans: Role of an integrin analogue in adhesion of the yeast to human endothelium. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:1896-1902.
5. Hostetter M. The third component of complement: New functions for an old friend. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 122:491-496.
6. McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin 2001; 17:107-124.
7. Bistrian BR. Hyperglycemia and infection: Which is the chicken and which is the egg? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25:180-181.
8. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes. A systematic overview. Lancet 2000; 355:773-778.
9. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, et al. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: A systematic overview. Stroke 2001; 32:2426-2432.
10. The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med 1993; 325:525-532.
11. Furnary AP, Zerr KJ, Grunkemeier GL, Starr A. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67:352-362.
12. Furnary AP, Guangqiang G, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125:1007-1021.
13. Malmberg K. For the DIGAMI Study Group. Prospective randomized study of intensive insulin treatment on long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. BMJ 1997; 314:1512-1515.
14. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1359-1367.
15. Krinsley JS. Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78:1471-1478.
16. Lazar HL, Chipkin SR, Fitzgerald CA, et al. Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemic events. Circulation 2004; 109:1497-1502. This study reported on improved outcomes in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass graft procedures who received GIK therapy that was started before anesthesia and continued until 12 h after surgical completion. 'Tight' glucose control was defined as values between 125 and 200 mg/dL.
17. Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ, et al. Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications: the results of a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 1992; 216:172-183.
18. McMahon M, Farnell MD, Murray MJ. Nutrition support of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68:911-920.
19. Kudsk KA, Lauderkind A, Hanna MK. Most infectious complications in parenterally fed trauma patients are not due to elevated blood glucose levels. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25:174-179.
20. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Wedel H, et al. Intensive metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): Effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:650-661. Unlike DIGAMI 1 [13], outcomes were similar in acute myocardial infarction patients with diabetes receiving insulin and those receiving standard care (the latter including subcutaneous insulin), but glucose control was also similar in the two groups.
21. Mesotten D, Swinnen JV, Vanderhoydonc F, et al. Contribution of circulating lipids to the improved outcome of critical illness by glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 90:2219-2226. Lipid control, rather than glucose control, may have accounted for the beneficial effects of intensive insulin therapy in the Van den Berghe trial [14].
22. Krinsley JS. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79:1992-1999. Implementation of this protocol in a combined medical and surgical intensive care unit was effective, safe, and did not increase nursing staffing requirements.
23. Hansen TK, Thiel S, Wouters PJ, et al. Intensive insulin therapy exerts antiinflammatory effects in critically ill patients and counteracts the adverse effects of low mannose-binding lectin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:1082-1088.
24. LeRoith D. Molecular mechanisms by which metabolic control may improve outcomes. Endocrine Practice 2004; 10:57-62. This is an excellent review of potential benefits of glucose and non-glucose benefits of insulin infusion.
25. Trence DL, Kelly JL, Hirsch IB. The rationale and management of hyperglycemia for in-patients with cardiovascular disease: time for change. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:2430-2437.
26. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002; 288:1723-1727.
27. ACE Position Statement. Endocrine Practice 2004; 10:5-9. The position statement outlines glucose goals from a consensus conference of a number of national medical societies.