International politics of exception: Competing visions of international political order between law and politics

Alternatives

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 135-165

  Huysmans, Jef ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Decisionism; Exception; Institutionalism; International law; Normativism

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746124940     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540603100202     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Tony Blair, Speech to the U.K. Labour Party Conference, October 2, 2001.
2. Kofi Annan, "UN must Confront Threats and Challenges," UN Secretary General's address to the General Assembly, September 23, 2003.
3. Carl Schmitt, The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985 [1923]);
4. Jens Bartelson, "Making Exceptions: Some Remarks on the Concept of Coup d'etat and Its History," Political Theory 25, no. 3 (1997): 323-346.
5. For example, Jenny Edkins, Poststructuralism and International Relations: Bringing the Political Back In (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999).
6. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998);
7. Giorgio Agamben, Etat d'exception: Homo Sacer (Paris: Seuil, 2003);
8. Sergei Prozorov, "X/Xs: Toward a General Theory of the Exception," Alternatives 30, no. 1 (Oct-Dec. 2005): 81-112;
9. Carl Schmitt, Political Theology. Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985 [1922]).
10. Prozorov, note 5.
11. Janice Bially Mattern, Ordering International Politics: Identity, Crisis, and Representational Force (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 3.
12. Michael W. Reisman, "Kosovo's Antinomies," American Journal of International Law 93, no. 4 (1999): 860.
13. Michael W. Reisman, "International Law After the Cold War," American Journal of International Law 84, no. 4 (1990): 859-866.
14. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992);
15. James Der Derian, "The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard," in David Campbell and Michael Dillon, eds, The Political Subject of Violence (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 94-113;
16. Jef Huysmans, "Security! What Do you Mean? From Concept to Thick Signifier," European Journal of International Relations 4, no. 2 (1998): 226-255;
17. Ole Wæver, "Securitization and Desecuritization," in Ronnie Lipschutz, ed., On Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 46-86;
18. Ole Wæver, "European Security Identities," Journal of Common Market Studies, 34, no. 1 (1996): 103-132;
19. R. B. J. Walker, "Security, Sovereignty and the Challenge of World Politics," Alternatives 15, no. 1 (winter 1990): 3-27;
20. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
21. Wendt, note 10.
22. R. B. J. Walker, "Security, Sovereignty, and the Challenge of World Politics," note 10;
23. R. B. J. Walker, The Subject of Security," in Michael C. Williams and Keith Krause, eds., Critical Security Studies. Concepts and Cases (London: UCL Press, 1997), pp. 61-81.
24. Agamben, Homo Sacer, note 5;
25. Agamben, Etat d'exception, note 5;
26. Bartelson, note 3;
27. Jef Huysmans, "Minding Exceptions: Politics of Insecurity and Liberal Democracy, Contemporary Political Theory, 3, no. 3 (2004): 321-341;
28. Prozorov, note 5;
29. William E. Scheuerman, ed., Between the Norm and the Exception: The Frankfurt School and the Rule of Law (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994);
30. Schmitt, Political Theology, note 5;
31. Rens van Munster, The War on Terrorism: When the Exception Becomes the Rule," International Journal of Semiotics of Law 17 (2004): 141-153;
32. R. B. J. Walker, "Conclusion: Sovereignties, Exceptions, Worlds," in Jenny Edkins, Veronique Pin-Fat, and Michael J. Shapiro, eds., Sovereign Lives: Power in Global Politics (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 239-249.
33. David Dyzenhaus, Legality and Legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Herman Heller in Weimar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 172;
34. Otto Kirchheimer, "Legality and Legitimacy" in William E. Scheuerman, ed., The Rule of Law under Siege: Selected Essays of Franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), p. 46;
35. Scheuerman, note 13, pp. 68-69;
36. Schmitt, Political Theology, note 5;
37. Max Weber, Economy and Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), pp. 812, 882.
38. Agamben, Homo Sacer, note 5;
39. Agamben, Etat d'exception, note 5;
40. Schmitt, Political Theology, note 5).
41. Wæiver, "Securitization and Desecuritization," note 10;
42. Barry Buzan, Ole WÆver, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998).
43. Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995);
44. Jef Huysmans, "Discussing Sovereignty and Transnational Politics" in Neil Walker, ed., Sovereignty in Transition (Oxford: Hart, 2003), pp. 209-227;
45. and R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
46. Martin Wight, "Why Is There No International Theory?" in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight, eds., Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1966), p. 33.
47. Carl Schmitt, Ueber die drei Arten des rechtswissenschaftlichen Denkens (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1993 [1934]).
48. Etienne Balibar, "Préface. Le Hobbes de Schmitt, le Schmitt de Hobbes" in Carl Schmitt, Le Léviathan dans la doctrine de l'état de Thomas Hobbes: Sens et échec d'un symbole politique (Paris: Seuil, 2002), pp. 7-65.
49. Michael Howard, "What's in a Name? How to Fight Terrorism," Foreign Affairs 81, no. 1 (2002): 8-13.
50. For example, Paul Piccone, "So, This Is the Brave New World!" Telos 120 (2001): 174-185;
51. Gary Ulmen, The Military Significance of September 11," Telos 121 (2001): 174-184.
52. For example, Ashton B. Carter, "The Architecture of Government in the Face of Terrorism," International Security 26, no. 3 (2001/02): 5-23;
53. Donald Cameron Watt, "The 'War' Against Terror and the Need for Institutional Innovation," Political Quarterly 73, no. 3 (2002): 288-298.
54. Although distinguishing norms from law can be important (for differentiating legal from sociological interpretations), I do not make a distinction between them in this article. I use norms as law-like rules. For an extensive discussion of and an argument for developing such a distinction in international studies, see Friedrich V. Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On The Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
55. Quoted in Francesca de Châtel, "Interview with Boutros Boutros Ghali: The United Nations Is Just an Instrument at the Service of American Policy," The Guardian, March 17, 2003.
56. Hans Kelsen, Pure Theory of Law (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).
57. Christopher Greenwood, "International Law and the 'War against Terrorism," International Affairs 78, no. 2 (2002): 301.
58. Adam Roberts, "Law and the Use of Force after Iraq," Survival 45, no. 2 (2003): 53.
59. Bruce Ackerman, "Constitutional Politics/Constitutional Law," Yale Law Journal 99, no. 2 (1989): 453-547;
60. Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Foundations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991);
61. Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Transformations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
62. Kofi Annan, note 2.
63. Ibid.
64. H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
65. H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law, Ibid., p. 81.
66. Ackerman, We the People: Foundations, note 29.
67. Kenneth N. Waltz, The Continuity of International Politics" in Ken Booth and Tim Dunne, eds., Worlds of Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order (London: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 348-353;
68. Robert Kagan, "Power and Weakness," Policy Review 113 (2002) [www.policyreview.org/jun02];
69. Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York: Knopf, 2003).
70. Kagan, Of Paradise and Power, note 35, p. 85.
71. Kagan, Of Paradise and Power, Ibid., p. 42.
72. Etienne Balibar, L'Europe, L'Amérique, la Guerre: Réflexions sur la médiation européenne (Paris: Editions La Découverte, 2003).
73. Schmitt, Political Theology, note 5, p. 17.
74. Balibar, L'Europe, L'Amérique, la Guerre, note 38, p. 134.
75. Balibar, L'Europe, L'Amérique, la Guerre, Ibid., pp. 134-141.
76. Kagan, Of Paradise and Power, note 35, pp. 75-76.
77. Kelsen, note 26.
78. Schmitt, Political Theology, note 5, p. 26.
79. Schmitt, Political Theology, Ibid., chap. 2.
80. Franz L. Neumann, "The Change in the Function of Law in Modern Society" in William E. Scheuerman, ed., The Rule of Law under Siege: Selected Essays of Franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheiner (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996 [1937]), pp. 114-115;
81. Franz L. Neumann, "The Concept of Political Freedom" in Scheuerman, ed., The Rule of Law under Siege, pp. 203-204.
82. Schmitt, Political Theology, note 5, p. 18.
83. Kagan, Of Paradise and Power, note 35, p. 99.
84. Schmitt, Political Theology, note 5, p. 34.
85. Balibar, L'Europe, L'Amérique, la Guerre, note 38.
86. Kagan, Of Paradise and Power, note 35, p. 94.
87. For example, Schmitt, The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy, note 3, p. 75;
88. Schmitt, Political Theology, note 5, pp. 49-53.
89. Waltz, "The Continuity of International Politics," note 35;
90. John Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, "An Unnecessary War," Prospect, March 2003, pp. 10-12.
91. For a succinct and excellent discussion of institutionalism in this context, Franz L. Neumann, Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism 1933-1944 (London: Frank Cass and Co., 1967 [1944]), pp. 448-452.
92. Schmitt, Ueber die drei Arten des rechtswissenschaftlichen Denkens, note 19.
93. Neumann, Behemoth, note 54;
94. Georges Renard, La théorie de l'institution: essai d'ontologie Juridique (Paris: Editions Sirey, 1930);
95. Georges Renard, L'institution: fondement d'une renovation de l'ordre social (Paris: Flammarion, 1933).
96. Waltz, The Continuity of International Politics," note 35, p. 350.
97. Waltz, The Continuity of International Politics, Ibid., p. 353.
98. Waltz, The Continuity of International Politics, p. 353. Ibid.
99. Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954);
100. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979).
101. An excellent example of such a move in one of the debates that reigned in international studies in the 1980s and 1990s is Keohane's article "International institutions: Two Approaches," International Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (1988): 379-396.
102. Robert O. Keohane, Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 272.
103. Weber, note 14, pp. 24-25.
104. Mearsheimer and Walt, note 53.
105. Renard, La théorie de l'institution, note 56;
106. Renard, L'institution, note 56.
107. Renard, La théorie de l'institution, note 56, pp. 32-33, 65, 234-235.
108. Renard, La théorie de l'institution, Ibid., p. 95, my translation.
109. Renard, La théorie de l'institution, Ibid., p. 568, my translation.
110. Renard, La théorie de l'institution, Ibid., p. 191, my translation.
111. Renard, La théorie de l'institution, Ibid., p. 215.
112. Schmitt, Heber die drei Arten des rechtswissenschaftichern Denkens, note 19.
113. Renard, La théorie de l'institution, note 56, p. 390.
114. Neumann, Behemoth, note 54, pp. 448-452.
115. For example, David Campbell, "Time is Broken: The Return of the Past in the Response to September 11," Theory and Event 5, no. 4 (2002).