International assistance to promote independent media in transition and post-conflict societies

Democratization

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 652-667

  Kumar, Krishna ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Democracy assistance; Media; Media development; Public diplomacy

Indexed keywords

ACCOUNTABILITY; AID FLOW; DEMOCRATIZATION; DEVELOPMENT AID; ECONOMIC GROWTH; GOVERNMENT; INTERNATIONAL AID; MEDIA ROLE; POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT;

AFGHANISTAN; AFRICA; ASIA; BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA; CENTRAL AMERICA; EURASIA; EUROPE; INDONESIA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SERBIA; SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO; SIERRA LEONE; SOUTH ASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

EID: 33746122264     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340600791939     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. No precise numbers are available, as most of the international donor agencies use different headings for media assistance programmes. However, the above estimates are by Ellen Hume in The Media Missionaries, a report submitted to John S. and James L. Knight Foundation in 2002 (accessed 14 June 2006).
2. Major findings and conclusions of the study are presented in many reports published by USAID and in Krishna Kumar, Promoting Independent Media: Strategies for Democracy Promotion (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006).
3. See Kumar, Promoting Independent Media (note 2), p.3.
4. See Kumar, Promoting Independent Media (note 2), p.3.
5. Once a USAID official bitterly complained to the author about a Serbian newspaper that had received US assistance but had criticized American policies in the country. The official was disappointed because he saw the purpose of assistance as a way of winning friends for the US, not developing indigenous media.
6. See Kumar, Promoting Independent Media (note 2), Chap. 5
7. The author met many journalists in Africa who after their sojourn in Europe and America waged a struggle for press freedom in their own societies.
8. Kumar, Promoting Independent Media (note 2), Chap. 2.
9. Krishna Kumar, USAID's Media Assistance: Policy and Programmatic Lessons (Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development, 2004).
10. These estimates were provided by the Internal Institute of Education.
11. Kumar, USAID's Media Assistance (note 9).
12. Rick Rockwell and Krishna Kumar, Journalism Training and Institution Building in Central American Countries (Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development, 2003).
13. Internews Network, 'Independent Television in Russia, Grant No. 118-G-00-98-00124-00 Performance Reports, June 2001 May 2002', 'August 1998-June 2001' (Arcata, CA: Internews Network).
14. Krishna Kumar and Laura Randall Cooper, Promoting Independent Media in Russia: An Assessment of USAID's Media Assistance (Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development, 2003).
15. The nature of assistance provided by international donor agencies to Bosnia media has been analysed by Dan De Luce, Assessment of USAID Media Assistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1996-2002 (Washington, DC: USAID, 2003) and 'USAID Media Assistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina', a background paper for USAID (Washington, DC: USAID, 2002).
16. See for example Rich McClear, Suzi McClear and Peter Graves, U.S. Media Assistance Programs in Serbia: July 1997-June 2002, PPC Evaluation Working Paper No. 10 (Washington, DC: USAID Bureau for Policy and Program Coordination, 2003).
17. See Kumar, Promoting Independent Media (note 2), Chap. 5; and De Luce (note 15).
18. See De Luce (note 15).
19. See Ellen Hume, Media Assistance: Best Practices and Priorities, report on the USAID Dialogue (Washington, DC: USAID, 2003).
20. For an excellent discussion, see Monroe E. Price and Peter Krug, The Enabling Environment for Free and Independent Media (Washington, DC: USAID, Office of Democracy and Governance, 2002).
21. Kumar, USAID's Media Assistance (note 9).
22. Kumar, USAID's Media Assistance (note 9).
23. For example, in Bulgaria, when the government tried to appoint a partisan director general of state radio, media associations and unions joined to oppose it and ultimately succeeded.
24. Media Sustainability Indexes (2001, 2002, and 2003) published by International Relations and Exchanges Board (IREX) cites many examples which substantiate this observation.
25. See Kumar, USAID's Media Assistance (note 9).
26. Charles H. Green, 'Latin American Journalism Center: A Case Study', commissioned by USAID (Washington, DC: USAID, 2002)
27. Noreene Janus and Rick Rockwell, 'The Latin American Journalism Project: Lessons Learned' (Washington, DC: USAID, 1998).
28. Rockwell and Kumar (note 12).
29. Kumar and Cooper (note 14).
30. De Luce (note 15).
31. There is considerable literature on the role of media in regime change in Serbia. For example, see Thomas Carothers, 'Ousting Foreign Strongmen: Lessons from Serbia', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy Brief (2001), and Mathew Collin, This is Serbia Calling, Rock 'n Roll Radio and Belgrade's Underground Resistance (London: Serpent's Tail, 2001)
32. and McClear et al. (note 16).
33. Shanti Kalathil and Krishna Kumar, Strengthening Independent Radio in Indonesia: An Assessment (Washington, DC: USAID, 2005).
34. Colin Soloway and Abubakar Saddique, 'An Assessment of USAID Assistance to the Radio Sector in Afghanistan' (Washington, DC: USAID, 2005).
35. Mohamed Gibril Sesay and Charlie Hughes, 'Go Beyond First Aid: Democracy Assistance to Post-Conflict Sierra Leone' (The Hague: Netherlands Institute for International Relations, 2005), unpublished paper.
36. Kumar, USAID's Media Assistance (note 9).
37. See McClear et al. (note 16).
38. Kumar, USAID's Media Assistance (note 9).
39. See Green (note 26).
40. See Kumar and Cooper (note 14).