The US and the Asian Development Bank: Origins, structure and lending operations

Journal of Contemporary Asia

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 241-261

  Dutt, Nitish ^a  

^a BILKENT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746112759     PISSN: 00472336     EISSN: 17527554     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00472330180000141     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. For a review of this perspective, though not specifically in the context of the ADB see Dutt Nitish, The United States and the Asian Development Bank Journal of Contemporary Asia 1997 27 71 84
2. See Strang J.R., State Power in a Multilateral Context:Voting Strength in the Asian Development Bank International Interactions 1999 25 3 265 286 M. T. Berger, “APEC and Its Enemies:The Failure of the New Regionalism in the Asia Pacific, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 20:4, pp. 1013–1030; M. Wan, “Japan and the Asian Development Bank, Pacific Affairs 1996, Vol. 68:4, pp. 509–21.
3. April 1966. Far Eastern Economic Review April, 59–59. 14
4. Asian Development Bank. 1967. Annual Report for 1967 4–4. Manila Hereafter cited as ADB Annual Report.
5. ECAFE Annual Report for 1963/64 (E/CN.11/662/Rev.1) 20–20.
6. While testifying before the House Committee on Banking and Currency Mr. Black stated:“… he (Mr. Watanabe) was my pick for the presidency of the Bank because I think it is very important who heads an institution.” Congress, House Committee on Banking and Currency, Asian Development Bank Act Amendments of 1968 71 71 Hereafter cited as ADB Act.
7. See Bloch Henry S., Regional Development Financing International Organisation Winter 1968 22 191 191
8. FEER 59–59.
9. Resolution 54–54.
10. The Report is reproduced along with a comparative analysis of the African and Inter-American banks, in Regional Economic Cooperation in Asia and the Far-East:The Asian Development Bank and Trade Liberalization United Nations NY 1965 E/CN. 11/707
11. Black, Eugene R., 1969. Alternative in Southeast Asia 100–100. London Cited as Black.
12. See for instance the statement of the Governor for Cambodia, Sann Mr. Son, Inaugural Meeting Summary of Proceedings 2 25
13. U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Asian Development Act 1966 February 7 7 Hearing on H.R. 12563, 89th Cong., 2nd sess.16Henceforth cited as ADB Act Hearing. See also Asian Development Bank Special Funds. Hearing on 2479, 90th Cong., 1st sess., October 3, 1967, p. 3. Hereafter cited as ADB Special Funds, Hearing.
14. For the text of the Charter see ADB Act 75 104 Hearing, Appendix 2
15. ECAFE Report 1964/65 157–161.
16. ECAFE Report 1964/65 143–143.
17. Resolution 62–62. (XXI)
18. The Japanese representative was again Watanabe Mr. Takeshi
19. See Dutt Nitish, The United States and the Asian Development Bank International Interactions 1999 25 3 265 286
20. Black. 97–97.
21. White. Regional Development Banks 47–47.
22. White. Regional Development Banks 47–47.
23. ADB Special Funds, Hearing 22–22.
24. For an interesting account of how Manila came to be selected as the Bank's headquarters see ADB Special Funds, Hearing 48 49
25. ADB Annual Report for 1967 4–4.
26. Message from President Johnson transmitting Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., House Document No. 361, reproduced in ADB Act 71 71
27. This, at least, is the general conclusion of such statistical analyses as have been undertaken by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and is confirmed by more detailed surveys which exist for U.S. overseas-investment. See for instance U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Report of Subcommittee on Foreign Economic Policy, The Involvement of U.S. Private Enterprise in Developing Countries Washington, D.C.1968 H.R. No. 1271
28. 1966. “ Inaugural Meeting ”. In Summary Proceedings Appendix F.
29. Article 1, Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank 76 76 hereafter cited as Agreement, reproduced in ADB Act Hearing
30. Article 2, Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank 76 76
31. September 1967. Special Report of the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies on Special Funds of the Asian Development Bank September, henceforth cited as Special Report. The report is reproduced in ADB Special Funds, Hearing, Appendix, p. 46.
32. Statement of Eugene Black before House Banking and Currency Committee, Subcommittee on International Finance, Asian Development Bank Act Amendments 1968 47 47
33. Statement of Eugene Black before House Banking and Currency Committee, Subcommittee on International Finance, Asian Development Bank Act Amendments 1968 47 47 Article 3.
34. ADB Special Funds 15–15. Hearing
35. White. Regional Development Banks 15–15.
36. Bloch. Regional Development Financing 190–190.
37. See Indonesia Leaves the United Nations Indonesian Policy Series No. 22 Djakarta1966 See also Nitish Dutt, “Indonesia — India Relations 1955–1967,” Asian Studies 10, (August 1972) pp. 196–220.
38. Inaugural Meeting ”. In Summary of Proceedings 1966 25–25.
39. ADB Annual Report 6–6.
40. ADB Annual Report 6–6. Article 6(2).
41. December 1972. the total subscriptions had increased to $2,985,714,000. December
42. Article 4., Agreement, reproduced in ADB Act Hearing 90 90
43. Article 6(2), ADB Act Hearing 90 90
44. Article 30(1), ADB Act Hearing 90 90
45. For further details about the complex process by which directors are elected see Agreement Annex B.
46. ADB Annual Report for 1969 Appendix 1-V and 7. Percentages do not add up to 100 as Switzerland was at that time unrepresented.
47. See for instance the Summary Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Board of Governors 1967–72
48. 1966. “ Inaugural Meetings ”. In Summary Proceedings 28–28.
49. April 1966. FEER April, 59–59. 14
50. House Committee on Banking and Currency, Subcommittee on International Finance, Asian Development Bank Act Amendments, 1968 Hearing 90th Cong. Hearing 90th Cong. February 27, 1968 80 80
51. For a good discussion of this point see White J., Japan's Foreign Policy Venture 1965 Dec. 17 17 in
52. 1968. ADB's first annual meeting of the Board of Governors. April4–61968, Manila. pp. 30–30. Summary of ProceedingsEmphasis added.
53. 1968. ADB's first annual meeting of the Board of Governors. April4–61968, Manila. pp. 30–31.
54. Senate. 1970. Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1971. Hearings, 91st Cong. August24,1970. Committee Appropriations, pp. 17–17.
55. Watanabe's speech at the inaugural meeting, 24 Summary of Proceedings 1966 November 16 16
56. Watanabe's speech at the inaugural meeting, 24 Summary of Proceedings 1966 November 23 24
57. Watanabe's speech at the inaugural meeting, 24 Summary of Proceedings 1966 November 63 63
58. ADB Annual Report 1973 9–9.
59. 1967. ADB Special Funds 23–23. Hearing
60. 1967. Special Report 46–46. Hearing
61. Watanabe, Takeshi. 1971. Paths to Progress:A Collection of Speeches, 65–65. Manila:ADB.
62. FEER
63. ADB Annual Report, 1967 94–94.
64. Speech at the third annual meeting of the Board of Governors, Seoul, 9–11 Summary of Proceedings 1970 April 32 32 71