Cassini RADAR observations of Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Iapetus, Hyperion, and Phoebe

Icarus

Volumn 183, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 479-490

  Ostro, Steven J ^a   West, Richard D ^a   Janssen, Michael A ^a   Lorenz, Ralph D ^b   Zebker, Howard A ^c   Black, Gregory J ^d   Lunine, Jonathan I ^b,e   Wye, Lauren C ^c   Lopes, Rosaly M ^a   Wall, Stephen D ^a   Elachi, Charles ^a   Roth, Laci ^a   Hensley, Scott ^a   Kelleher, Kathleen ^a   Hamilton, Gary A ^a   Gim, Yonggyu ^a   Anderson, Yanhua Z ^a   Boehmer, Rudy A ^a   Johnson, William T K ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^c Stanford University   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^e INAF   (Italy)

Author keywords

Radar; satellite; Satellites of Saturn; Surfaces

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746061671     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.019     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Baars J.W.M., Genzel R., Pauliny-Toth I.I., and Witzel A. The absolute spectrum of CAS A: An accurate flux density scale and a set of secondary calibrators. Astron. Astrophys. 61 (1977) 99-106
2. Black, G.J., 1997. Chaotic rotation of Hyperion and modeling the radar properties of the icy Galilean satellites as a coherent backscatter effect. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University
3. Black G., and Campbell D. Rhea's surface: Ice properties measured by radar. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 36 (2004) 1123
4. Black G.J., Campbell D.B., and Ostro S.J. Icy Galilean satellites: 70 cm radar results from Arecibo. Icarus 151 (2001) 160-166
5. Black G.J., Campbell D.B., and Nicholson P.D. Icy Galilean satellites: Modeling radar reflectivities as a coherent backscatter effect. Icarus 151 (2001) 167-180
6. Black G.J., Campbell D.B., Carter L.M., and Ostro S.J. Radar detection of Iapetus. Science 304 (2004) 553
7. Bosman A.J., and van Daal H.J. Small-polaron versus band conduction in some transition-metal oxides. Adv. Phys. 19 (1970) 1-117
8. Buratti B.J., and Mosher J.A. The dark side of Iapetus: Additional evidence for an exogenous origin. Icarus 115 (1995) 219-227
9. 2. Astrophys. J. 622 (2005) L149-L152
10. Buratti B.J., Hicks M.D., and Davies A. Spectrophotometry of the small satellites of Saturn and their relationship to Iapetus, Phoebe, and Hyperion. Icarus 175 (2005) 490-495
11. Chyba C.F., Ostro S.J., and Edwards B.C. Radar detectability of a subsurface ocean on Europa. Icarus 134 (1998) 292-302
12. 2O ice, tholins, and minor constituents. Icarus 175 (2005) 268-283
13. Delitsky M.L., and Lane A.L. Saturn's inner satellites: Ice chemistry and magnetosphere effects. J. Geophys. Res. 107 E11 (2002) 10.1029/2002JE001855 5093
14. Denk T., Neukum G., Roatsch Th., Burns J.A., Helfenstein P., Porco C.C., and Cassini ISS Team. Surface colors of Iapetus and Hyperion as derived from Cassini ISS data, and implications for the global albedo dichotomy origin. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 37 (2005) 706
15. de Pater I., and Lissauer J.J. Planetary Sciences (2001), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
16. de Pater I., Brown R.A., and Dickel J.R. VLA observations of the Galilean satellites. Icarus 57 (1984) 93-101
17. Dobrovolskis A.J., and Lissauer J. The fate of ejecta from Hyperion. Icarus 169 (2004) 462-473
18. Egan W.G., and Hilgeman T. The rings of Saturn: A frost-coated semiconductor?. Icarus 30 (1977) 413-421
19. Elachi C., Allison M.D., Borgarelli L., Encrenaz P., Im E., Janssen M.A., Johnson W.T.K., Kirk R.L., Lorenz R.D., Lunine J.I., Muhleman D.O., Ostro S.J., Picardi G., Posa F., Rapley C.G., Roth L.E., Seu R., Soderblom L.A., Vetrella S., Wall S.D., Wood C.A., and Zebker H.A. RADAR: The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper. Space Sci. Rev. 117 (2005) 71-110
20. Elachi C., Wall S., Allison M., Anderson Y., Boehmer R., Callahan P., Encrenaz P., Flamini E., Franceschetti G., Gim Y., Hamilton G., Hensley S., Janssen M., Johnson W., Kelleher K., Kirk R., Lopes R., Lorenz R., Lunine J., Muhleman D., Ostro S., Paganelli F., Picardi G., Posa F., Roth L., Seu R., Shaffer S., Soderblom L., Stiles B., Stofan E., Vetrella S., West R., Wood C., Wye L., and Zebker H. Cassini radar views the surface of Titan. Science 308 (2005) 970-974
21. Emery J.P., Burr D.M., Cruikshank D.P., Brown R.H., and Dalton J.B. Near-infrared (0.8-4.0 μm) spectroscopy of Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, and Rhea. Astron. Astrophys. 435 (2005) 353-362
22. Finney D.J. Statistical Method in Biological Assay. second ed (1964), Hafner, New York p. 24
23. Garvin J.B., Head J.W., Pettengill G.H., and Zisk S.H. Venus global radar reflectivity and correlations with elevation. J. Geophys. Res. 90 (1985) 6859-6871
24. Hapke B. Coherent backscatter: An explanation for the unusual radar properties of outer planet satellites. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 21 (1989) 984
25. Harmon J.K., Nolan M.C., Ostro S.J., and Campbell D.B. Radar studies of comet nuclei and grain comae. In: Festou M., Keller U., and Weaver H. (Eds). Comets II (2004), Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson 265-279
26. Heggy E. Loss tangent map of the martian surface: A frequency dependent model for the near equatorial regions. Lunar Planet. Sci. 36 (2005) Abstract 2109
27. Janssen M.A., Paganelli F., Kirk R., Lorenz R.D., Lopes R.M., and Cassini RADAR Team. Titan's surface properties from the Cassini RADAR radiometer. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 37 (2005) 739
28. Johnson R.E. Energetic Charged-Particle Interactions with Atmospheres and Surfaces (1990), Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp. 146-157
29. Johnson R.E. Sputtering of ices in the outer Solar System. Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 (1996) 305-312
30. Khare B., Sagan C., Ogino H., Nagy B., Er C., Schram K.H., and Arakawa E.T. Amino acids derived from Titan tholins. Icarus 68 (1986) 176-184
31. Korycansky D.G., and Zahnle K.J. Modeling crater populations on Venus and Titan. Planet. Space Sci. 53 (2005) 695-710
32. Küppers M., Bertini I., Fornasier S., Gutierrez P.J., Hviid S.F., Jorda L., Keller H.U., Knollenberg J., Koschny D., Kramm R., Lara L.-M., Sierks H., Thomas N., Barbieri C., Lamy P., Rickman H., Rodrigo R., and OSIRIS Team. A large dust/ice ratio in the nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1. Nature 437 (2005) 987-990
33. Lanzerotti L.J., Brown W.L., Marcantonio K.J., and Johnson R.E. Production of ammonia-depleted surface layers on the saturnian satellites by ion sputtering. Nature 312 (1984) 139-140
34. Lewis J. Low temperature condensation from the solar nebula. Icarus 16 (1972) 241-252
35. Long M.W. On the polarization and the wavelength dependence of sea echo. Trans. IEEE AP-14 (1965) 749-754
36. Lorenz R.D. Preliminary measurements of the cryogenic dielectric properties of water-ammonia ices: Application to radar observations of icy satellites. Icarus 136 (1998) 344-348
37. Lorenz R.D., and Shandera S.E. Physical properties of ammonia-rich ice: Application to Titan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (2001) 215-218
38. MacKintosh F.C., and John S. Diffusing-wave spectroscopy and multiple scattering of light in correlated random media. Phys. Rev. B 40 (1989) 2383-2406
39. Magri C., Ostro S.J., Rosema K.D., Thomas M.L., Mitchell D.L., Campbell D.B., Chandler J.F., Shapiro I.I., Giorgini J.D., and Yeomans D.K. Main belt asteroids: Results of Arecibo and Goldstone radar observations of 37 objects during 1980-1995. Icarus 140 (1999) 379-407
40. Matsumoto K., Yuusuke K., and Osamu H. An analysis of a door seal structure of a microwave oven with an inserted sheet-type lossy material using FDTD method. Electron. Commun. Jpn. Part I Commun. 85 (2002) 13-20
41. Matsuoka T., Fujita S., and Mae S. Effect of temperature on dielectric properties of ice in the range 5-39 GHz. J. Appl. Phys. 80 (1996) 5884-5890
42. McDonald G.D., Whited L.J., DeRuiter C., Khare B.N., Patnaik A., and Sagan C. Production and chemical analysis of cometary ice tholins. Icarus 122 (1996) 107-117
43. Morfill G.E., Fechtig H., Grun E., and Goertz C.K. Some consequences of meteoroid impacts on Saturn's rings. Icarus 55 (1983) 439-447
44. Morrison D., Owen T., and Soderblom L. The satellites of Saturn. In: Burns J.A., and Matthews M.S. (Eds). Satellites (1986), Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson 764-801
45. Olhoeft, G., 1979. Tables of Room Temperature Electrical Properties for Selected Rocks and Minerals with Dielectric Permittivity Statistics. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 79-993
46. Olhoeft G.R., and Strangway D.W. Dielectric properties of the first 100 meters of the Moon. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 24 (1975) 394-404
47. Ostro S.J. Planetary radar astronomy. Rev. Mod. Phys. 65 (1993) 1235-1279
48. Ostro S.J., and Shoemaker E.M. The extraordinary radar echoes from Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto: A geological perspective. Icarus 85 (1990) 335-345
49. Ostro S.J., Campbell D.B., Pettengill G.H., and Shapiro I.I. Radar observations of the icy Galilean satellites. Icarus 44 (1980) 431-440
50. Ostro S.J., Campbell D.B., and Shapiro I.I. Main belt asteroids: Dual-polarization radar observations. Science 229 (1985) 442-446
51. Ostro S.J., Campbell D.B., Simpson R.A., Hudson R.S., Chandler J.F., Rosema K.D., Shapiro I.I., Standish E.M., Winkler R., Yeomans D.K., Velez R., and Goldstein R.M. Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto: New radar results from Arecibo and Goldstone. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 18227-18244
52. Owen T.C., Cruikshank D.P., Dalle Ore C.M., Geballe T.R., Roush T.L., de Bergh C., Meier R., Pendleton Y.J., and Khare B.N. Decoding the domino: The dark side of Iapetus. Icarus 149 (2001) 160-172
53. Pearl J.C., Spencer J., and Segura M. Cassini CIRS observations of Phoebe's long-wavelength thermal emission. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 36 (2004) 1071
54. Peters K.J. The coherent backscatter effect: A vector formulation accounting for polarization and absorption effects and small or large scatterers. Phys. Rev. B 46 (1992) 801-812
55. Pettengill G.H., Ford P.G., and Chapman B.D. Venus: Surface electromagnetic properties. J. Geophys. Res. 93 (1988) 14881-14892
56. Pettengill G.H., Ford P.G., and Wilt R.J. Venus surface radiothermal emission as observed by Magellan. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 13091-13102
57. Pollack J.B., Grossman A.S., Moore R., and Graboske Jr. H.R. The formation of Saturn's contraction history. Icarus 29 (1976) 35-48
58. Porco C.C., Baker E., Barbara J., Beurle K., Brahic A., Burns J.A., Charnoz S., Cooper N., Dawson D.D., Del Genio A.D., Denk T., Dones L., Dyudina U., Evans M.W., Giese B., Grazier K., Helfenstein P., Ingersoll A.P., Jacobson R.A., Johnson T.V., McEwen A., Murray C.D., Neukum G., Owen W.M., Perry J., Roatsch T., Spitale J., Squyres S., Thomas P.C., Tiscareno M., Turtle E., Vasavada A.R., Veverka J., Wagner R., and West R. Cassini imaging science: Initial results on Phoebe and Iapetus. Science 307 (2005) 1237-1242
59. Rodriguez S., Paillou P., Dobrijevic M., Ruffié G., Coll P., Bernard J.M., and Encrenaz P. Impact of aerosols present in Titan's atmosphere on the CASSINI radar experiment. Icarus 164 (2003) 213-227
60. Spencer J.R., Pearl J.C., Segura M., and Cassini CIRS Team. Cassini CIRS observations of Phoebe's 9-17 micron thermal emission. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 36 (2004) 1071
61. Squyres S.W., Reynolds R.T., Cassen P.T., and Peale S.J. The evolution of Enceladus. Icarus 53 (1983) 319-331
62. Thompson W.R., and Squyres S.W. Titan and other icy satellites: Dielectric properties of constituent materials and implications for radar sounding. Icarus 86 (1990) 336-354
63. Ulaby, F.T., Bengal, T.H., East, J.R., Dobson, M.C. Garvin, J.B., Evans, D.L., 1988. Microwave dielectric spectrum of rocks. Radiation Lab. Tech. Rep. No. 023817-1-T. Dept. of Elect. Eng. and Computer Sci., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor
64. Veverka J., Thomas P., Johnson T.V., Matson D., and Housen K. The physical characteristics of satellite surfaces. In: Burns J.A., and Matthews M.S. (Eds). Satellites (1986), Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson 342-402
65. Young D.T., Berthelier J.-J., Blanc M., Burch J.L., Bolton S., Coates A.J., Crary F.J., Goldstein R., Grande M., Hill T.W., Johnson R.E., Baragiola R.A., Kelha V., McComas D.J., Mursula K., Sittler E.C., Svenes K.R., Szeg Barraclough B.L., Bebesi Z., Delapp D., Dunlop M.W., Gosling J.T., Furman J.D., Gilbert L.K., Glenn D., Holmlund C., Illiano J.-M., Lewis G.R., Linder D.R., Maurice S., McAndrews H.J., Narheim B.T., Pallier E., Reisenfeld D., Rymer A.M., Smith H.T., Tokar R.L., Vilppola J., and Zinsmeyer C. Composition and dynamics of plasma in Saturn's magnetosphere. Science 307 (2005) 1262-1266