Tularemia: Current Epidemiology and Disease Management

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 289-311

  Eliasson, Henrik ^a   Broman, Tina ^b   Forsman, Mats ^b   Bäck, Erik ^a,c  

^a ÖREBRO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b SWEDISH DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY   (Sweden)

^c ÖREBRO UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; CIPROFLOXACIN; DOXYCYCLINE; GATIFLOXACIN; GENTAMICIN; LIVE VACCINE; MOXIFLOXACIN; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; STREPTOMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; TULAREMIA VACCINE;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; DRUG SAFETY; FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; INFECTION CONTROL; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SEROLOGY; SKIN TEST; TULAREMIA; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ZOONOSIS; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; NORTH AMERICA; PATHOGENICITY;

ANIMALS; FLUOROQUINOLONES; FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS; HUMANS; NORTH AMERICA; TULAREMIA;

EID: 33746052124     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2006.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Francis E. Landmark article April 25, 1925: Tularemia. By Edward Francis. JAMA 250 (1983) 3216-3224
2. Scheel O., Sandvik T., Hoel T., et al. [Tularemia in Norway: a clinical and epidemiological review]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 112 (1992) 635-637
3. Ohara S. Studies on yato-byo (Ohara's disease, tularemia in Japan). I. Jpn J Exp Med 24 (1954) 69-79
4. Francis E. The occurrence of tularaemia in nature as a disease of man. Public Health Rep 36 (1921) 1731-1753
5. Francis E. Symptoms, diagnosis and pathology of tularemia. JAMA 91 (1928) 1155-1161
6. Evans M.E., Gregory D.W., Schaffner W., et al. Tularemia: a 30-year experience with 88 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 64 (1985) 251-269
7. Sjostedt A. Francisella, vol. 2. 2nd edition (2005), Springer-Verlag, New York
8. Gurycova D. First isolation of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis in Europe. Eur J Epidemiol 14 (1998) 797-802
9. Farlow J., Wagner D.M., Dukerich M., et al. Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 11 (2005) 1835-1841
10. Lundquist M., Caspersen M.B., Wikstrom P., et al. Discrimination of Francisella tularensis subspecies using surface enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 243 (2005) 303-310
11. Whipp M.J., Davis J.M., Lum G., et al. Characterization of a novicida-like subspecies of Francisella tularensis isolated in Australia. J Med Microbiol 52 Pt 9 (2003) 839-842
12. Hopla C.E. The ecology of tularemia. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 18 (1974) 25-53
13. Morner T. The ecology of tularaemia. Rev Sci Tech 11 (1992) 1123-1130
14. Jellison W.L. Tularemia in Montana. Mont Wildl (1971) 5-24
15. Berdal B.P., Mehl R., Meidell N.K., et al. Field investigations of tularemia in Norway. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 13 (1996) 191-195
16. Abd H., Johansson T., Golovliov I., et al. Survival and growth of Francisella tularensis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 (2003) 600-606
17. Parker R.R., Steinhaus E.A., Kohls G.M., et al. Contamination of natural waters and mud with Pasteurella tularensis and tularemia in beavers and muskrats in the northwestern United States. Bull Natl Inst Health 193 (1951) 1-161
18. Jellison W.L. Tularemia in North America. 1930-1974 (1974), University of Montana, Missoula (MT)
19. Greco D., Allegrini G., Tizzi T., et al. A waterborne tularemia outbreak. Eur J Epidemiol 3 (1987) 35-38
20. Tikhenko N.I., Efremenko V.I., Omarieva E., et al. [Outbreak of tularemia in the Republic of Dagestan]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 6 Suppl (2001) 68-72 [in Russian]
21. Pazdiora P., Moravkova I., Nocarova D., et al. [A water-borne epidemic of tularemia in Chlumcany]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 51 (2002) 23-25
22. Rogutskii S.V., Khramtsov M.M., Avchinikov A.V., et al. [An epidemiological investigation of a tularemia outbreak in Smolensk Province]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2 (1997) 33-37
23. Helvaci S., Gedikoglu S., Akalin H., et al. Tularemia in Bursa, Turkey: 205 cases in ten years. Eur J Epidemiol 16 (2000) 271-276
24. Anda P., Segura del Pozo J., Diaz Garcia J.M., et al. Waterborne outbreak of tularemia associated with crayfish fishing. Emerg Infect Dis 7 3 Suppl (2001) 575-582
25. Reintjes R., Dedushaj I., Gjini A., et al. Tularemia outbreak investigation in Kosovo: case control and environmental studies. Emerg Infect Dis 8 (2002) 69-73
26. Pavlovsky EN. Tularemia. In: Levine N.D. (Ed). Natural nidality of transmissible diseases (1966), University of Illinois Press, Urbana (IL) 93-128
27. Martin T., Holmes I.H., Wobeser G.A., et al. Tularemia in Canada with a focus on Saskatchewan. Can Med Assoc J 127 (1982) 279-282
28. Bell J.F., and Stewart S.J. Chronic shedding tularemia nephritis in rodents: possible relation to occurrence of Francisella tularensis in lotic waters. J Wildl Dis 11 (1975) 421-430
29. Cabelli VJ, Hodapp FA, Ferguson EW, et al. The susceptibility of birds to tularaemia. Paper presented at Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Aerobiology, Berkeley (CA), 1963.
30. Morner T., and Mattsson R. Tularemia in a rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus) and a ural owl (Strix uralensis). J Wildl Dis 19 (1983) 360-361
31. Tarnvik A., Priebe H.S., and Grunow R. Tularaemia in Europe: an epidemiological overview. Scand J Infect Dis 36 (2004) 350-355
32. Francis E. Sources of infection and seasonal incidence of tularemia in man. Public Health Rep 52 (1937) 103-113
33. Hubalek Z., Treml F., Halouzka J., et al. Frequent isolation of Francisella tularensis from Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in an enzootic focus of tularaemia. Med Vet Entomol 10 (1996) 241-246
34. Petrisheva P.A. Vectors of diseases of natural foci (1965), Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem
35. Olin G. The occurrence and mode of transmission of tularemia in Sweden. Acta Pathol 19 (1942) 220-247
36. Scoles G.A. Phylogenetic analysis of the Francisella-like endosymbionts of Dermacentor ticks. J Med Entomol 41 (2004) 277-286
37. Sun L.V., Scoles G.A., Fish D., et al. Francisella-like endosymbionts of ticks. J Invertebr Pathol 76 (2000) 301-303
38. Barns S.M., Grow C.C., Okinaka R.T., et al. Detection of diverse new Francisella-like bacteria in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (2005) 5494-5500
39. McChesney T.C., and Narain J. A five-year evaluation of tularemia in Arkansas. J Ark Med Soc 80 (1983) 257-262
40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tularemia-United States. 1990-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 (2002) 181-184
41. Chang M.H., Glynn M.K., and Groseclose S.L. Endemic, notifiable bioterrorism-related diseases, United States, 1992-1999. Emerg Infect Dis 9 (2003) 556-564
42. Feldman K.A., Enscore R.E., Lathrop S.L., et al. An outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1601-1606
43. Meshcheryakova IS. A history of the tularemia outbreaks and the experience of live vaccine use in Russia. Paper presented at Fourth International Conference on Tularemia, Bath (UK), 2003.
44. Pang Z.C. [The investigation of the first outbreak of tularemia in Shandong Peninsula]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 8 (1987) 261-263
45. Ebright J.R., Altantsetseg T., and Oyungerel R. Emerging infectious diseases in Mongolia. Emerg Infect Dis 9 (2003) 1509-1515
46. Fedorov V.P., Logachev A.I., Peshkov B.I., et al. [Detection of the agent of tularemia in the Mongolian People's Republic]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2 (1977) 138-139
47. Arata A., Chamsa H., Farhang-Azad A., et al. First detection of tularaemia in domestic and wild mammals in Iran. Bull World Health Organ 49 (1973) 597-603
48. Ohara Y., Sato T., and Homma M. Epidemiological analysis of tularemia in Japan (yato-byo). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 13 (1996) 185-189
49. Ohara Y., Sato T., Fujita H., et al. Clinical manifestations of tularemia in Japan-analysis of 1,355 cases observed between 1924 and 1987. Infection 19 (1991) 14-17
50. Ohara Y., Sato T., and Homma M. Arthropod-borne tularemia in Japan: clinical analysis of 1,374 cases observed between 1924 and 1996. J Med Entomol 35 (1998) 471-473
51. Gurcan S., Otkun M.T., Otkun M., et al. An outbreak of tularemia in Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Yonsei Med J 45 (2004) 17-22
52. Karadenizli A., Gurcan S., Kolayli F., et al. Outbreak of tularaemia in Golcuk, Turkey in 2005: report of 5 cases and an overview of the literature from Turkey. Scand J Infect Dis 37 (2005) 712-716
53. Munnich D., and Lakatos M. Clinical, epidemiological and therapeutical experience with human tularaemia: the role of hamster hunters. Infection 7 (1979) 61-63
54. Vaissaire J., Mendy C., Le Doujet C., et al. [Tularemia: the disease and its epidemiology in France]. Med Mal Infect 35 (2005) 273-280
55. Christova I., Velinov T., Kantardjiev T., et al. Tularaemia outbreak in Bulgaria. Scand J Infect Dis 36 (2004) 785-789
56. Cerny Z. Changes of the epidemiology and the clinical picture of tularemia in Southern Moravia (the Czech Republic) during the period 1936-1999. Eur J Epidemiol 17 (2001) 637-642
57. Perez-Castrillon J.L., Bachiller-Luque P., Martin-Luquero M., et al. Tularemia epidemic in northwestern Spain: clinical description and therapeutic response. Clin Infect Dis 33 (2001) 573-576
58. Christenson B. An outbreak of tularemia in the northern part of central Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 16 (1984) 285-290
59. Eliasson H., Lindback J., Nuorti J.P., et al. The 2000 tularemia outbreak: a case-control study of risk factors in disease-endemic and emergent areas. Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 8 (2002) 956-960
60. Eliasson H., and Back E. Myositis and septicaemia caused by Francisella tularensis biovar holarctica. Scand J Infect Dis 35 (2003) 510-511
61. Tarnvik A., Sandstrom G., and Sjostedt A. Epidemiological analysis of tularemia in Sweden 1931-1993. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 13 (1996) 201-204
62. Dahlstrand S., Ringertz O., and Zetterberg B. Airborne tularemia in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 3 (1971) 7-16
63. Syrjala H., Kujala P., Myllyla V., and Salminen A. Airborne transmission of tularemia in farmers. Scand J Infect Dis 17 (1985) 371-375
64. Petersen J.M., and Schriefer M.E. Tularemia: emergence/re-emergence. Vet Res 36 (2005) 455-467
65. Payne L. Endemic tularemia, Sweden, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 11 (2005) 1440-1442
66. Avashia S.B., Petersen J.M., Lindley C.M., et al. First reported prairie dog-to-human tularemia transmission, Texas, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 10 (2004) 483-486
67. Petersen J.M., Schriefer M.E., Carter L.G., et al. Laboratory analysis of tularemia in wild-trapped, commercially traded prairie dogs, Texas, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 10 (2004) 419-425
68. Ohara H. Experimental inoculation of disease of wild rabbits into the human body, and its bacteriological study. The Japan Medical World 11 (1926) 299-304
69. Stewart S.J. Tularemia: association with hunting and farming. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 13 (1996) 197-199
70. Feldman K.A. Tularemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222 (2003) 725-730
71. Taylor J.P., Istre G.R., McChesney T.C., et al. Epidemiologic characteristics of human tularemia in the southwest-central states, 1981-1987. Am J Epidemiol 133 (1991) 1032-1038
72. Markowitz L.E., Hynes N.A., de la Cruz P., et al. Tick-borne tularemia: an outbreak of lymphadenopathy in children. JAMA 254 (1985) 2922-2925
73. Hubalek Z., Juricova Z., and Halouzka J. Francisella tularensis from ixodid ticks in Czechoslovakia. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 37 (1990) 255-260
74. Klock L.E., Olsen P.F., and Fukushima T. Tularemia epidemic associated with the deerfly. JAMA 226 (1973) 149-152
75. Feldman K.A., Stiles-Enos D., Julian K., et al. Tularemia on Martha's Vineyard: seroprevalence and occupational risk. Emerg Infect Dis 9 (2003) 350-354
76. Overholt E.L., Tigertt W.D., Kadull P.J., et al. An analysis of forty-two cases of laboratory-acquired tularemia: treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics. Am J Med 30 (1961) 785-806
77. Jensen W.A., and Kirsch C.M. Tularemia. Semin Respir Infect 18 (2003) 146-158
78. Parker R.R., and Spencer R.R. Six additional cases of laboratory infection of tularaemia in man. Public Health Rep 41 (1926) 1341-1355
79. Sjostedt A. Virulence determinants and protective antigens of Francisella tularensis. Curr Opin Microbiol 6 (2003) 66-71
80. Tarnvik A. Nature of protective immunity to Francisella tularensis. Rev Infect Dis 11 (1989) 440-451
81. Fortier A.H., Green S.J., Polsinelli T., et al. Life and death of an intracellular pathogen: Francisella tularensis and the macrophage. Immunol Ser 60 (1994) 349-361
82. Sjostedt A. Intracellular survival mechanisms of Francisella tularensis, a stealth pathogen. Microbes Infect 15 (2005) 15
83. Larsson P., Oyston P.C., Chain P., et al. The complete genome sequence of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia. Nat Genet 37 (2005) 153-159
84. Twine S., Bystrom M., Chen W., et al. A mutant of Francisella tularensis strain SCHU S4 lacking the ability to express a 58-kilodalton protein is attenuated for virulence and is an effective live vaccine. Infect Immun 73 (2005) 8345-8352
85. Giddens W.R., Wilson Jr. J.W., Dienst Jr. F.T., et al. Tularemia; an analysis of one hundred forty-seven cases. J La State Med Soc 109 (1957) 93-98
86. Sanders C.V., and Hahn R. Analysis of 106 cases of tularemia. J La State Med Soc 120 (1968) 391-393
87. Syrjala H., Karvonen J., and Salminen A. Skin manifestations of tularemia: a study of 88 cases in northern Finland during 16 years (1967-1983). Acta Derm Venereol 64 (1984) 513-516
88. Syrjala H. Peripheral blood leukocyte counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in tularemia caused by the type B strain of Francisella tularensis. Infection 14 (1986) 51-54
89. Guerrant R.L., Humphries Jr. M.K., Butler J.E., et al. Tickborne oculoglandular tularemia: case report and review of seasonal and vectorial associations in 106 cases. Arch Intern Med 136 (1976) 811-813
90. Tarnvik A., Sandstrom G., and Sjostedt A. Infrequent manifestations of tularaemia in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 29 (1997) 443-446
91. Kaiser A.B., Rieves D., Price A.H., et al. Tularemia and rhabdomyolysis. JAMA 253 (1985) 241-243
92. Klotz S.A., Penn R.L., and Provenza J.M. The unusual presentations of tularemia: bacteremia, pneumonia, and rhabdomyolysis. Arch Intern Med 147 (1987) 214
93. Tancik C.A., and Dillaha J.A. Francisella tularensis endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 30 (2000) 399-400
94. Tarnvik A., and Berglund L. Tularaemia. Eur Respir J 21 (2003) 361-373
95. Stralin K., Eliasson H., and Back E. An outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 1027-1029
96. Johansson A., Berglund L., Eriksson U., et al. Comparative analysis of PCR versus culture for diagnosis of ulceroglandular tularemia. J Clin Microbiol 38 (2000) 22-26
97. Duenas A.I., Ortega M., Garrote I., et al. [Laboratory diagnosis and serologic course in patients with tularemia]. Med Clin (Barc) 114 (2000) 407-410
98. Schmitt P., Splettstosser W., Porsch-Ozcurumez M., et al. A novel screening ELISA and a confirmatory Western blot useful for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of tularemia. Epidemiol Infect 133 (2005) 759-766
99. Provenza J.M., Klotz S.A., and Penn R.L. Isolation of Francisella tularensis from blood. J Clin Microbiol 24 (1986) 453-455
100. Sjostedt A., Eriksson U., Berglund L., et al. Detection of Francisella tularensis in ulcers of patients with tularemia by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 35 (1997) 1045-1048
101. Eliasson H., Sjostedt A., and Back E. Clinical use of a diagnostic PCR for Francisella tularensis in patients with suspected ulceroglandular tularaemia. Scand J Infect Dis 37 (2005) 833-837
102. Syrjala H., Herva E., Ilonen J., et al. A whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation test for the diagnosis of human tularemia. J Infect Dis 150 (1984) 912-915
103. Gaines H., and Biberfeld G. Measurement of lymphoproliferation at the single-cell level by flow cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 134 (2000) 243-255
104. Morner T. The use of FA-technique for detecting Francisella tularensis in formalin fixed material: a method useful in routine post mortem work. Acta Vet Scand 22 (1981) 296-306
105. Enderlin G., Morales L., Jacobs R.F., et al. Streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 19 (1994) 42-47
106. Mason W.L., Eigelsbach H.T., Little S.F., et al. Treatment of tularemia, including pulmonary tularemia, with gentamicin. Am Rev Respir Dis 121 (1980) 39-45
107. Mitchell C.L., and Cross J.T. Tularemia. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis 4 (2002) 429-435
108. Amsden J.R., Warmack S., and Gubbins P.O. Tick-borne bacterial, rickettsial, spirochetal, and protozoal infectious diseases in the United States: a comprehensive review. Pharmacotherapy 25 (2005) 191-210
109. Cross J.T., and Jacobs R.F. Tularemia: treatment failures with outpatient use of ceftriaxone. Clin Infect Dis 17 (1993) 976-980
110. Baker C.N., Hollis D.G., and Thornsberry C. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Francisella tularensis with a modified Mueller-Hinton broth. J Clin Microbiol 22 (1985) 212-215
111. Johansson A., Berglund L., Gothefors L., et al. Ciprofloxacin for treatment of tularemia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19 (2000) 449-453
112. Johansson A., Urich S.K., Chu M.C., et al. In vitro susceptibility to quinolones of Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis. Scand J Infect Dis 34 (2002) 327-330
113. Maurin M., Mersali N.F., and Raoult D. Bactericidal activities of antibiotics against intracellular Francisella tularensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 (2000) 3428-3431
114. Ikaheimo I., Syrjala H., Karhukorpi J., et al. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Francisella tularensis isolated from humans and animals. J Antimicrob Chemother 46 (2000) 287-290
115. Syrjala H., Schildt R., and Raisainen S. In vitro susceptibility of Francisella tularensis to fluoroquinolones and treatment of tularemia with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 10 (1991) 68-70
116. Russell P., Eley S.M., Fulop M.J., et al. The efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental tularaemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 41 (1998) 461-465
117. Chocarro A., Gonzalez A., and Garcia I. Treatment of tularemia with ciprofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 31 (2000) 623
118. Piercy T., Steward J., Lever M.S., and Brooks T.J. In vivo efficacy of fluoroquinolones against systemic tularaemia infection in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 13 (2005) 13
119. Sandstrom G. The tularaemia vaccine. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 59 (1994) 315-320
120. Saslaw S., Eigelsbach H.T., Prior J.A., et al. Tularemia vaccine study: II. Respiratory challenge. Arch Intern Med 107 (1961) 702-714
121. Dennis D.T., Inglesby T.V., Henderson D.A., et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 285 (2001) 2763-2773
122. Alibek K. Biohazard: the chilling true story of the largest covert biological weapons program in the world, told from the inside by the man who ran it (1999), Random House, New York
123. Cox C.S. Aerosol survival of Pasteurella tularensis disseminated from the wet and dry states. Appl Microbiol 21 (1971) 482-486
124. Cox C.S., and Goldberg L.J. Aerosol survival of Pasteurella tularensis and the influence of relative humidity. Appl Microbiol 23 (1972) 1-3
125. Ehrlich R., and Miller S. Survival of airborne Pasteurella tularensis at different atmospheric temperatures. Appl Microbiol 25 (1973) 369-372
126. SIPRI. The problem of chemical and biological warfare, vol. 2. CB weapons today (1973), Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm
127. Davis C.J. Nuclear blindness: an overview of the biological weapons programs of the former Soviet Union and Iraq. Emerg Infect Dis 5 (1999) 509-512
128. WHO. Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons (1970), World Health Organization, Geneva
129. Bossi P., Tegnell A., Baka A., et al. Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of tularaemia and bioterrorism-related tularaemia. Eur Surveill 9 (2004) E9-E10
130. Johansson A., Farlow J., Larsson P., et al. Worldwide genetic relationships among Francisella tularensis isolates determined by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Bacteriol 186 (2004) 5808-5818