Water relations of chelonian eggs and embryos: is wetter better?

American Zoologist

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 289-303

  Packard, Gary C ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33746011962     PISSN: 00031569     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icb/39.2.289     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Ackerman, R. A. 1991. Physical factors affecting the water exchange of buried reptile eggs. In D. C. Deeming and M. W. J. Ferguson (eds.), Egg incubation: Its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles, pp. 193-211. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
2. Ackerman, R. A., R. C. Seagrave, R. Dmi'el, and A. Ar. 1985. Water and heat exchange between parchment-shelled reptile eggs and their surroundings. Copeia 1985:703-711.
3. Bobyn, M. L. and R. J. Brooks. 1994. Incubation conditions as potential factors limiting the northern distribution of snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina. Can. J. Zool. 72:28-37.
4. Brodie, E. D. Ill and F. J. Janzen. 1996. On the assignment of fitness values in statistical analyses of selection. Evolution 50:437-442.
5. Brooks, R. J., M. L. Bobyn, D. A. Galbraith, J. A. Layfield, and E. G. Nancekivell. 1991. Maternal and environmental influences on growth and survival of embryonic and hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). 'Can. J. Zool. 69:26672676.
6. Cagle, F. R. 1950. The life history of the slider turtle, Pseudemys scripta troostii (Holbrook). Ecol. Monogr. 20:31-54.
7. Cagle, K. D., G. C. Packard, K. Miller, and M. J. Packard. 1993. Effects of the microclimate in natural nests on development of embryonic painted turtles, Clirysemys picta. Funct. Ecol. 7:653-660.
8. Cohen, A. 1991. Dummy variables in stepwise regression. Am. Statist. 45:226-228.
9. Dixon, W. J. and R. Jennrich. 1988. Stepwise regression. In W. J. Dixon (ed.), BMDP statistical software manual, pp. 357-388. University of California Press, Berkeley.
10. Draper, N. R. and H. Smith. 1966. Applied regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
11. Ernst, C. H., R. W. Barbour, and J. E. Lovich. 1994. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
12. Ewert, M. A. 1985. Embryology of turtles. /;; C. Gans, E Billett, and P. F. A. Maderson (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 14, pp. 75-267. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
13. Feder, M. E., S. L. Satel, and A. G. Gibbs. 1982. Ré sistance of the shell membrane and mineral layer to diffusion of oxygen and water in flexibleshelled eggs of the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Respir. Physiol. 49:279-291.
14. Georges, A. 1992. Thermal characteristics and sex determination in field nests of the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta (Chelonia: Carettochelydidae), from northern Australia. Aust. J. Zool. 40: 511-521.
15. Gettinger, R. D., G. L. Paukstis, and W. H. N. Gutzke. 1984. Influence of hydric environment on oxygen consumption by embryonic turtles Chelydra ser-pentina and Trionyx spiniferus. Physiol. Zoo]. 57: 468-473.
16. Gutzke, W. H. N. and G. C. Packard. 1985. Hatching success in relation to egg size in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Can. J. Zool. 63:67-70.
17. Gutzke, W. H. N. and G. C. Packard. 1986. Sensitive periods for the influence of the hydric environment on eggs and hatchlings of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Physiol. Zool. 59:337-343.
18. Gutzke, W. H. N., G. C. Packard, M. J. Packard, and T. J. Boardman. 1987. Influence of the hydric and thermal environments on eggs and hatchlings of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Herpetologica 43:393-404.
19. Hirsch, K. F. 1983. Contemporary and fossil chelonian eggshells. Copeia 1983:382-397.
20. Hotaling, E. C., D. C. Wilhoft, and S. B. McDowell. 1985. Egg position and weight of hatchling snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina, in natural nests. J. Herpetol. 19:534-536.
21. Iverson, J. B. and M. A. Ewert. 1991. Physical characteristics of reptilian eggs and a comparison with avian eggs. In D. C. Deeming and M. W. J. Ferguson (eds.), Egg incubation: Its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles, pp. 87100. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
22. James, F. C. and C. E. McCulloch. 1990. Multivariate analysis in ecology and systematics: Panacea or Pandora's box? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21:129166.
23. Janzen, F. J. 1993. Personal Communication. Department of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
24. Janzen, F. J. 1993. An experimental analysis of natural selection on body size of hatchling turtles. Ecology 74:332-341.
25. Janzen, F. J., G. C. Packard, M. J. Packard, T. J. Boardman, and J. R. zumBrunnen. 1990. Mobilization of lipid and protein by embryonic snapping turtles in wet and dry environments. J. Exp. Zool. 255: 155-162.
26. Janzen, F. J., J. C. Ast, and G. L. Paukstis. 1995. Influence of the hydric environment and clutch on eggs and embryos of two sympatric map turtles. Funct. Ecol. 9:913-922.
27. Leshein, A. and R. Dmi'el. 1986. Water loss from Trionyx trinngiiis eggs incubating in natural nests. Herpetol. J. 1:115-117.
28. Miller, K. and G. C. Packard. 1992. The influence of substrate water potential during incubation on the metabolism of embryonic snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Physiol. Zool. 65:172-187.
29. Miller, K., G. C. Packard, and M. J. Packard. 1987. Hydric conditions during incubation influence locomotor performance of hatchling snapping turtles. J. Exp. Biol. 127:401-412.
30. Morris, K. A., G. C. Packard, T. J. Boardman, G. L. Paukstis, and M. J. Packard. 1983. Effect of the hydric environment on growth of embryonic snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Herpetologica 39:272-285.
31. Packard, G. C. 1991. Physiological and ecological importance of water to embryos of oviparous reptiles. In D. C. Deeming and M. W. J. Ferguson (eds.), Egg incubation: Its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles, pp. 213-228. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
32. Packard, G. C., K. Miller, and M. J. Packard. 1993. Environmentally induced variation in body size of turtles hatching in natural nests. Oecologia 93: 445_448.
33. Packard, G. C., K. Miller, M. J. Packard, and G. E Birchard. 1998. Environmentally induced variation in body size and condition in hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentind). Can. J. Zool. (In press.)
34. Packard, G. C. and M. J. Packard. 1980. Evolution of the cleidoic egg among reptilian antecedents of birds. Amer. Zool. 20:351-362.
35. Packard, G. C. and M. J. Packard. 1988a. The physiological ecology of reptilian eggs and embryos. In C. Gans and R. B. Huey (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 16, pp. 523-605. Alan R. Liss, New York.
36. Packard, G. C. and M. J. Packard. l9S8b. Water relations of embryonic snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) exposed to wet or dry environments at different times in incubation. Physiol. Zool. 61: 95-106.
37. Packard, G. C. and M. J. Packard. 1989. Control of metabolism and growth in embryonic turtles: A test of the urea hypothesis. J. Exp. Biol. 147:203216.
38. Packard, G. C. and M. J. Packard. 1990. Growth of embryonic softshell turtles is unaffected by uremia. Can. J. Zool. 68:841-844.
39. Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard, and L. Benigan. 1991. Sexual differentiation, growth, and hatching success by embryonic painted turtles incubated in wet and dry environments at fluctuating temperatures. Herpetologica 47:125-131.
40. Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard, and G. E Birchard. 1989. Sexual differentiation and hatching success by painted turtles incubating in different thermal and hydric environments. Herpetologica 45:385392.
41. Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard, and T. J. Boardman. 1981. Patterns and possible significance of water exchange by flexible-shelled eggs of painted turtles. Physiol. Zool. 54:165-178.
42. Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard, and T. J. Boardman. 1982. An experimental analysis of the water relations of eggs of Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingif). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 75:23-34.
43. Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard, T. J. Boardman, K. A. Morris, and R. D. Shuman. 1983. Influence of water exchanges by flexible-shelled eggs of painted turtles Chrysemys picta on metabolism and growth of embryos. Physiol. Zool. 56:217-230.
44. Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard, and W. H. N. Gutzke. 1985a. Influence of hydration of the environment on eggs and embryos of the terrestrial turtle Terrapene ornata. Physiol. Zool. 58:564-575.
45. Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard, K. Miller, and T. J. Boardman. 1987. Influence of moisture, temperature, and substrate on snapping turtle eggs and embryos. Ecology 68:983-993.
46. Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard, K. Miller, and T. J. Boardman. 1988. Effects of temperature and moisture during incubation on carcass composition of hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). J. Comp. Physiol. B 158:117-125.
47. Packard, G. C, G. L. Paukstis, T. J. Boardman, and W. H. N. Gutzke. 1985i. Daily and seasonal variation in hydric conditions and temperature inside nests of common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Can. J. Zool. 63:2422-2429.
48. Packard, G. C., T. L. Taigen, M. J. Packard, and T. J. Boardman. 1981fr. Changes in mass of eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus) incubated under hydric conditions simulating those of natural nests. J. Zool. 193:81-90.
49. Packard, G. C., T. L. Taigen, M. J. Packard, and R. D. Shuman. 1979. Water-vapor conductance of testudinian and crocodilian eggs (class Reptilia). Respir. Physiol. 38:1-10.
50. Packard, M. J. and K. F. Hirsch. 1986. Scanning electron microscopy of eggshells of contemporary reptiles. Scanning Electron Microsc. 1986/IV: 1581-1590.
51. Packard, M. J. and G. C. Packard. 1986. Effect of water balance on growth and calcium mobilization of embryonic painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Physiol. Zool. 59:398-405.
52. Packard, M. J. and G. C. Packard. 1989. Environmental modulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in embryonic snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). J. Comp. Physiol. B 159:501-508.
53. Packard, M. J. and G. C. Packard. 1991. Sources of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus for embryonic softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus). J. Exp. Zool. 258:151-157.
54. Packard, M. J., G. C. Packard, and T. J. Boardman. 1982. Structure of eggshells and water relations of reptilian eggs. Herpetologica 38:136-155.
55. Ratterman, R. J. and R. A. Ackerman. 1989. The water exchange and hydric microclimate of painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) eggs incubating in field nests. Physiol. Zool. 62:1059-1079.
56. Rowe, J. \V., L. Holy, R. E. Ballinger, and D. StanleySamuelson. 1995. Lipid provisioning of turtle eggs and hatchlings: Total lipid, phospholipid, triacylglycerol and triacylglycerol fatty acids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 112:323-330.
57. SAS Institute Inc. 1996. SAS/STAT software: Changes and enhancements through release 6.11. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
58. Thompson, M. B. 1983. The physiology and ecology of the eggs of the pleurodiran tortoise Emydura inacqitarii (Gray), 1831. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Adelaide, South Australia.
59. Thompson, M. B. 1988. Nest temperatures in the pleurodiran turtle, Emydura macquarii. Copeia 1988: 996-1000.
60. Tucker, J. K., N. I. Filoramo, G. L. Paukstis, and F. J. Janzen. 1998. Response of red-eared slider, Trachetnys scripla elegans, eggs to slightly differing water potentials. J. Herpetol. 32:124-128.
61. Webb, G. J. W., D. Choquenot, and P. J. Whitehead. 1986. Nests, eggs, and embryonic development of Careltochelys insculpta (Chelonia: Carettocheli-dae) from northern Australia. J. Zool. (B) 1:521-550.
62. Wilhoft, D. C. 1986. Eggs and hatchling components of the snapping turtle (Chelydrci serpentina). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84A:483-486.
63. Wilhoft, D. C, E. Hotaling, and P. Franks. 1983. Effects of temperature on sex determination in em-bryos of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. J. Herpetol. 17:38-42.
64. Woodall, P. F. 1984. The structure and some functional aspects of the eggshell of the broad-shelled river tortoise Chelodina expansa (Testudinata: Chelidae). Aust. J. Zool. 32:7-14.