Amae in Japan and the United States: An exploration of a "culturally unique" emotion

Emotion

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 279-295

  Niiya, Yu ^a   Ellsworth, Phoebe C ^a   Yamaguchi, Susumu ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Amae; Culture; Favor; Hypocognized emotion

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; EMOTION; EXPERIENCE; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH; FEMALE; FRIEND; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; JAPAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; READING; SELF CONCEPT; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AFFECT; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ATTITUDE; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CULTURE; EXPRESSED EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; JAPAN; MALE; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRES; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SOCIAL PERCEPTION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33745944917     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.279     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Bruner, J. S., & Tagiuri, R. (1954). In L. Gardner (Ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology. Boston: Addison Wesley.
2. Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 12-24.
3. Darwin, C. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. (Original work published in 1872)
4. Doi, T. (1973). The Anatomy of Dependence. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
5. Doi, T. (1992). On the concept of Amae. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 7-11.
6. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124-129.
7. Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts.
8. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
9. Johnson, F. A. (1993). Dependency and Japanese socialization: Psychoanalytic and anthropological investigations into Amae. New York: New York University Press.
10. Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Oatley, K. (1989). The language of emotions: An analysis of a semantic field. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 81-123.
11. Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Oatley, K. (1992). Basic emotions, rationality, and folk theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 201-223.
12. Keltner, D., Ekman, P., & Gonzaga, G. C. (2003). Part IV: Expression of emotion. In R. J. Davidson & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences (pp. 411-559). London: Oxford University Press.
13. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93-124.
14. Kumagai, H. (1981). A Dissection of intimacy: A Study of "bipolar posturing" in Japanese social interaction: Amaeru and Amayakasu, indulgence and deference. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 5, 249-272.
15. Lee, J. W., Jones, P. S., Mineyama, Y., & Zhang, X. E. (2002). Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale. Research in Nursing and Health, 25, 295-206.
16. Leu, J. (2004). Emotional dialecticism vs. optimism: Cultural models of emotion regulation among Chinese, Japanese, and Americans. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, MI.
17. Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., Heider, K., & Friesen, W. V. (1992). Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in Minangkanau of West Sumatra. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 972-988.
18. Levy, R. I. (1973). Tahitians: Mind and experience in the Society Islands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. Levy, R. I. (1984). Emotion, knowing, and culture. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion (pp. 214-237). New York: Cambridge University Press.
20. Lutz, C. (1985). Ethnopsychology compared to what? Explaining behavior and consciousness among the Ifaluk. In G. White & J. Kirkpatrick (Eds.) Person, self, and experience: Exploring Pacific ethnopsycholgies. (pp. 35-79). Berkeley: University of California Press.
21. Lutz, C. (1987). Goals, events, and understanding in Ifaluk emotion theory. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural Models in Language and Thought (pp. 290-312). New York: Cambridge University Press.
22. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
23. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior. In S. Kitayama and H. R. Markus (Eds.). Emotion and culture (pp. 89-130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
24. Maruta, T. (1992). Does an American puppy Amaeru? A Comment on Dr. Doi's paper. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 12-17.
25. Masamura, T. (1998). Himitsu to haji: Nihon shakai no communication kouzou [Secret and Shame: Communication structure in the Japanese society]. Tokyo: Keisou Shobou.
26. Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and emotion. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. (pp. 171-194). London: Oxford University Press.
27. Mauro, R., Sato, K., & Tucker, J. (1992). The role of appraisal in human emotions: A Cross-cultural study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 301-317.
28. Menon, U., & Shweder, R. A. (1994). Kali's tongue: Cultural psychology and the power of shame in Orissa, India. In S. Kitayama &. H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and Culture. (pp. 241-284). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
29. Mesquita, B. (2001). Culture and emotion: Different approaches to the question. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current Issues and Future Directions (pp. 214-250). New York: Guilford Press.
30. Mesquita, B., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2001). The role of culture in appraisal. In K. R. Scherer & A. Schorr (Eds.), Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research. (pp. 233-248). London: Oxford University Press.
31. Mesquita, B., Frijda, N. H., & Scherer, K. R. (1997). Culture and emotion. In P. Dansen & T. S. Saraswathi (Eds.). Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 255-297). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
32. Mizuta, I., Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P., & Hiruma, N. (1996). A cross-cultural study of preschoolers' attachment: Security and sensitivity in Japanese and U.S. dyads. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 141-159.
33. Morsbach, H., & Tyler, W. J. (1986). A Japanese emotion: Amae. In Rom Harre (Ed.). The Social Construction of Emotions. New York: Basil Blackwell.
34. Niiya, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Murakami, F., & Harihara, M. (2001). When being inappropriate is appropriate: The acceptability of Amae in the Japanese context. Paper presented at the Conference of Asian Association of Social Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.
35. Niiya, Y., Yamaguchi, S. Murakami, F., & Harihara, M. (2000). Converging evidence on the meaning of amae among Japanese. Paper presented at the International Congress of the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Pultusk, Poland.
36. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
37. Okonogi, K. (1992). Amae as seen in diverse interpersonal interactions. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 18-25.
38. Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J., & Pott, M. (2000). Attachment and culture: Security in the United States and Japan. American Psychologist, 55, 1093-1104.
39. Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and three moral codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 574-586.
40. Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S., (2004). Cognitive contents of happiness in the US and Japan. Unpublished Manuscript, Stanford University.
41. Van Bezooijen, R., Otto, S. A., & Heenan, T. A. (1983). Recognition of vocal expressions of emotion: A three-nation study to identify universal characteristics. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 387-406.
42. Wallbott, H. G., & Scherer, K. R. (1988). How universal and specific is emotional experience?: Evidence from 27 countries on five continents. In Klaus R Scherer (Ed.) Facets of Emotion: Recent Research. Hillsdale, England: Erlbaum.
43. Williamson, G. M., & Clark, M. S. (1989). Providing help and desired relationship type as determinants of changes in moods and self-evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 722-734.
44. Yamaguchi, S. (1999). Nichijougo to shiteno Amae kara kangaeru [Thinking Amae from everyday usage of the word]. In O. Kitayama (Ed.), Amae ni tsuite kangaeru [Thinking about Amae]. Tokyo: Seiwa Shoten.
45. Yamaguchi, S. (2001). Culture and control orientations. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. London: Oxford University Press.
46. Yamaguchi, S. (2004). Further clarifications of the concept of Amae in relation to dependence and attachment. Human Development, 47, 28-33.
47. Young-Bruehl, E., & Bethelard, F. (2000). Cherishment: A Psychology of the Heart. New York: Free Press.