Leaf hydraulics

Annual Review of Plant Biology

Volumn 57, Issue , 2006, Pages 361-381

  Sack, Lawren ^a   Holbrook, N Michele ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aquaporins; Cavitation; Embolism; Stomata; Xylem

Indexed keywords

GAS; METABOLISM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT LEAF; REVIEW;

GASES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANT LEAVES;

EID: 33745942858     PISSN: 15435008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144141     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Aasamaa K, Niinemets Ü, Sober A. 2005. Leaf hydraulic conductance in relation to anatomical and functional traits during Populus tremula leaf ontogeny. Tree Physiol. 25:1409-18
2. Aasamaa K, Sober A. 2001. Hydraulic conductance and stomatal sensitivity to changes of leaf water status in six deciduous tree species. Biol. Plant. 44:65-73
3. Aasamaa K, Sober A, Rahi M. 2001. Leaf anatomical characteristics associated with shoot hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance and stomatal sensitivity to changes of leaf water status in temperate deciduous trees. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28:765-74
4. Aldea M, Hamilton JG, Resti JP, Zangerl AR, Berenbaum MR, DeLucia EH. 2005. Indirect effects of insect herbivory on leaf gas exchange in soybean. Plant Cell Environ. 28:402-11
5. Altus DP, Canny MJ, Blackman DR. 1985. Water pathways in wheat leaves. 2. Water-conducting capacities and vessel diameters of different vein types, and the behavior of the integrated vein network. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 12:183-99
6. 18O between veins and the sites of evaporation within leaves? Plant Cell Environ. 27:107-21
7. Becker P, Tyree MT, Tsuda M. 1999. Hydraulic conductances of angiosperms versus conifers: similar transport sufficiency at the whole-plant level. Tree Physiol. 19:445-52
8. Bohn S, Andreotti B, Douady S, Munzinger J, Couder Y. 2002. Constitutive property of the local organization of leaf venation networks. Phys. Rev. E 65
9. Boyce CK. 2005. Patterns of segregation and convergence in the evolution of fern and seed plant leaf morphologies. Paleobiology 31:117-40
10. Boyce CK. 2005. The evolutionary history of roots and leaves. In Vascular Transport in Plants, ed. NM Holbrook and MA Zwieniecki, pp. 479-99. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic
11. Boyce CK, Knoll AH. 2002. Evolution of developmental potential and the multiple independent origins of leaves in Paleozoic vascular plants. Paleobiology 28:70-100
12. Boyer JS. 1974. Water transport in plants: mechanism of apparent changes in resistance during absorption. Planta 117:187-207
13. Boyer JS. 1977. Regulation of water movement in whole plants. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 31:455-70
14. Boyer JS. 1985. Water transport. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36:473-516
15. Boyer JS, Silk WK. 2004. Hydraulics of plant growth. Funct. Plant Biol. 31:761-73
16. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM. 2003. Changes in leaf hydraulic conductance during leaf shedding in seasonally dry tropical forest. New Phytol. 158:295-303
17. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM. 2003. Stomatal closure during leaf dehydration, correlation with other leaf physiological traits. Plant Physiol. 132:2166-73
18. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM. 2004. Diurnal depression of leaf hydraulic conductance in a tropical tree species. Plant Cell Environ. 27:820-27
19. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM. 2004. Stomatal protection against hydraulic failure: a comparison of coexisting ferns and angiosperms. New Phytol. 162:663-70
20. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM. 2005. Leaf physiology does not predict leaf habit; examples from tropical dry forest. Trees Struct. Funct. 19:290-95
21. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM. 2005. Water stress deforms tracheids peripheral to the leaf vein of a tropical conifer. Plant Physiol. 137:1139-46
22. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM, Edwards EJ, Gutierrez MV. 2003. Relations between stomatal closure, leaf turgor and xylem vulnerability in eight tropical dry forest trees. Plant Cell Environ. 26:443-50
23. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM, Gutierrez MV. 2002. Hydraulic and photosynthetic coordination in seasonally dry tropical forest trees. Plant Cell Environ. 25:1435-44
24. Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA, Palma B. 2005. Leaf hydraulic capacity in ferns, conifers and angiosperms: impacts on photosynthetic maxima. New Phytol. 165:839-46
25. Bucci SJ, Scholz FG, Goldstein G, Meinzer FC, Sternberg LDL. 2003. Dynamic changes in hydraulic conductivity in petioles of two savanna tree species: factors and mechanisms contributing to the refilling of embolized vessels. Plant Cell Environ. 26:1633-45
26. Buckley TN, Mott KA, Farquhar GD. 2003. A hydromechanical and biochemical model of stomatal conductance. Plant Cell Environ. 26:1767-85
27. Canny MJ. 1990. What becomes of the transpiration stream? New Phytol. 114:341-68
28. Choat B, Lahr EC, Melcher PJ, Zweiniecki MA, Holbrook NM. 2005. The spatial pattern of air seeding thresholds in mature sugar maple trees. Plant Cell Environ. 28(9):1082
29. Cholewa E, Vonhof MJ, Bouchard S, Peterson CA, Fenton B. 2001. The pathways of water movement in leaves modified into tents by bats. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 72:179-91
30. Cochard H. 2002. Xylem embolism and drought-induced stomatal closure in maize. Planta 215:466-71
31. Cochard H, Bodet C, Ameglio T, Cruiziat P. 2000. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy observations of vessel content during transpiration in walnut petioles. Facts or artifacts? Plant Physiol. 124:1191-202
32. Cochard H, Coll L, Le Roux X, Ameglio T. 2002. Unraveling the effects of plant hydraulics on stomatal closure during water stress in walnut. Plant Physiol. 128:282-90
33. Cochard H, Froux F, Mayr FFS, Coutand C. 2004. Xylem wall collapse in water-stressed pine needles. Plant Physiol. 134:401-8
34. Cochard H, Nardini A, Coll L. 2004. Hydraulic architecture of leaf blades: Where is the main resistance? Plant Cell Environ. 27:1257-67
35. Comstock J, Mencuccini M. 1998. Control of stomatal conductance by leaf water potential in Hymenoclea salsola (T & G), a desert subshrub. Plant Cell Environ. 21:1029-38
36. Comstock JP. 2002. Hydraulic and chemical signalling in the control of stomatal conductance and transpiration. J. Exp. Bot. 53:195-200
37. Cowan IR. 1972. Electrical analog of evaporation from, and flow of water in plants. Planta 106:221-26
38. Davies WJ. 1986. Transpiration and the water balance of plants. In Plant Physiology, ed. FC Steward, pp. 49-154. Orlando, FL: Academic
39. Davies WJ, Wilkinson S, Loveys B. 2002. Stomatal control by chemical signalling and the exploitation of this mechanism to increase water use efficiency in agriculture. New Phytol. 153:449-60
40. Ehleringer JR, Cook CS. 1984. Photosynthesis in Encelia farinosa Gray in response to decreasing leaf water potential. Plant Physiol. 75:688-93
41. Engelbrecht BMJ, Velez V, Tyree MT. 2000. Hydraulic conductance of two co-occuring neotropical understory shrubs with different habitat preferences. Ann. For. Sci. 57:201-8
42. Esau K. 1965. Plant Anatomy. New York: Wiley. 2nd ed.
43. Farquhar GD, Raschke K. 1978. Resistance to transpiration of sites of evaporation within the leaf. Plant Physiol. 61:1000-5
44. Field CB, Ball JT, Berry JA. 2000. Photosynthesis: principles and field techniques. In Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation, ed. RW Pearcy, JR Ehleringer, HA Mooney, PW Rundel, pp. 209-53. Dordrecht: Kluwer
45. Franks PJ, Brodribb T. 2005. Stomatal control and water transport in the xylem. In Vascular Transport in Plants, ed. NM Holbrook and MA Zwieniecki, pp. 69-89. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic
46. Fredeen AL, Sage RF. 1999. Temperature and humidity effects on branchlet gas-exchange in white spruce: an explanation for the increase in transpiration with branchlet temperature. Trees Struct. Funct. 14:161-68
47. Gascó A, Nardini A, Salleo S. 2004. Resistance to water flow through leaves of Coffea arabica is dominated by extravascular tissues. Funct. Plant Biol. 31:1161-68
48. Goldstein G, Andrade JL, Meinzer FC, Holbrook NM, Cavelier J, et al. 1998. Stem water storage and diurnal patterns of water use in tropical forest canopy trees. Plant Cell Environ. 21:397-406
49. Hacke U, Sauter JJ. 1996. Drought-induced xylem dysfunction in petioles, branches, and roots of Populus balsamifera L. and Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Plant Physiol. 111:413-17
50. Hacke UG, Stiller V, Sperry JS, Pittermann J, McCulloh KA. 2001. Cavitation fatigue. Embolism and refilling cycles can weaken the cavitation resistance of xylem. Plant Physiol. 125:779-86
51. 50a. Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA, eds. 2005. Vascular Transport in Plants. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic. 564 pp.
52. Hüve K, Remus R, Lüttschwager D, Merbach W. 2002. Water transport in impaired leaf vein systems. Plant Biol. 4:603-11
53. Jones HG. 1992. Plants and Microclimate. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 428 pp. 2nd ed.
54. Kaldenhoff R, Eckert M. 1999. Features and function of plant aquaporins. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 52:1-6
55. Katul G, Leuning R, Oren R. 2003. Relationship between plant hydraulic and biochemical properties derived from a steady-state coupled water and carbon transport model. Plant Cell Environ. 26:339-50
56. Kikuta SB, LoGullo MA, Nardini A, Richter H, Salleo S. 1997. Ultrasound acoustic emissions from dehydrating leaves of deciduous and evergreen trees. Plant Cell Environ. 20:1381-90
57. Kitajima K, Mulkey SS, Samaniego M, Wright SJ. 2002. Decline of photosynthetic capacity with leaf age and position in two tropical pioneer tree species. Am. J. Bot. 89:1925-32
58. Kuppers M. 1984. Carbon relations and competition between woody species in a central European hedgerow. 2. Stomatal responses, water-use, and hydraulic conductivity in the root-leaf pathway. Oecologia 64:344-54
59. Larson PR. 1984. The role of subsidiary trace bundles in stem and leaf development of the Dicotyledoneae. In Contemporary Problems in Plant Anatomy, ed. RA White, WC Dickison, pp. 109-43. London: Academic
60. LaRue CD. 1931. The water supply of the epidermis of leaves. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 12:131-39
61. Lersten NR. 1997. Occurrence of endodermis with a casparian strip in stem and leaf. Bot. Rev. 63:265-72
62. Lichtenthaler HK. 1985. Differences in morphology and chemical composition of leaves grown at different light intensities and qualities. In Control of Leaf Growth, ed. NR Baker, WJ Davies, CK Ong, pp. 201-21. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
63. Linton MJ, Nobel PS. 2001. Hydraulic conductivity, xylem cavitation, and water potential for succulent leaves of Agave deserti and Agave tequilana. Int. J. Plant Sci. 162:747-54
64. Lo Gullo MA, Nardini A, Trifilo P, Salleo S. 2003. Changes in leaf hydraulics and stomatal conductance following drought stress and irrigation in Ceratonia siliqua (carob tree). Physiol. Plant. 117:186-94
65. Lo Gullo MA, Nardini A, Trifilo P, Salleo S. 2005. Diurnal and seasonal variations in leaf hydraulic conductance in evergreen and deciduous trees. Tree Physiol. 25:505-12
66. Lo Gullo MA, Noval LC, Salleo S, Nardini A. 2004. Hydraulic architecture of plants of Helianthus annuus L. cv. Margot: evidence for plant segmentation in herbs. J. Exp. Bot. 55:1549-56
67. Martre P, Cochard H, Durand JL. 2001. Hydraulic architecture and water flow in growing grass tillers (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Plant Cell Environ. 24:65-76
68. Martre P, Durand JL, Cochard H. 2000. Changes in axial hydraulic conductivity along elongating leaf blades in relation to xylem maturation in tall fescue. New Phytol. 146:235-47
69. Martre P, Morillon R, Barrieu F, North GB, Nobel PS, Chrispeels MJ. 2002. Plasma membrane aquaporins play a significant role during recovery from water deficit. Plant Physiol. 130:2101-10
70. Matzner S, Comstock J. 2001. The temperature dependence of shoot hydraulic resistance: implications for stomatal behaviour and hydraulic limitation. Plant Cell Environ. 24:1299-307
71. McClendon JH. 1992. Photographic survey of the occurrence of bundle sheath extensions in deciduous dicots. Plant Physiol. 99:1677-79
72. Meidner H. 1976. Water vapor loss from a physical model of a substomatal cavity. J. Exp. Bot. 27:691-94
73. Meinzer FC. 2002. Co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport properties in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 25:265-74
74. Meinzer FC, Grantz DA. 1990. Stomatal and hydraulic conductance in growing sugarcane: stomatal adjustment to water transport capacity. Plant Cell Environ. 13:383-88
75. Mencuccini M. 2003. The ecological significance of long-distance water transport: short-term regulation, long-term acclimation and the hydraulic costs of stature across plant life forms. Plant Cell Environ. 26:163-82
76. Milburn JA. 1973. Cavitation in Ricinus by acoustic detection: induction in excised leaves by various factors. Planta 110:253-65
77. Mort KA, Buckley TN. 1998. Stomatal heterogeneity. J. Exp. Bot. 49:407-17
78. Murphy R, Smith JAC. 1998. Determination of cell water-relation parameters using the pressure probe: extended theory and practice of the pressure-clamp technique. Plant Cell Environ. 21:637-57
79. Nardini A. 2001. Are sclerophylls and malacophylls hydraulically different? Biol. Plant. 44:239-45
80. Nardini A, Gortan E, Salleo S. 2005. Hydraulic efficiency of the leaf venation system in sun- and shade-adapted species. Funct. Plant Biol. 32:953-61
81. Nardini A, Salleo S. 2000. Limitation of stomatal conductance by hydraulic traits: sensing or preventing xylem cavitation? Trees Struct. Funct. 15:14-24
82. Nardini A, Salleo S. 2003. Effects of the experimental blockage of the major veins on hydraulics and gas exchange of Prunus laurocerasus L. leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 54:1213-19
83. Nardini A, Salleo S, Andri S. 2005. Circadian regulation of leaf hydraulic conductance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv Margot). Plant Cell Environ. 6:750-59
84. Nardini A, Salleo S, Raimondo F. 2003. Changes in leaf hydraulic conductance correlate with leaf vein embolism in Cercis siliquastrum L. Trees Struct. Funct. 17:529-34
85. Nardini A, Tyree MT, Salleo S. 2001. Xylem cavitation in the leaf of Prunus laurocerasus and its impact on leaf hydraulics. Plant Physiol. 125:1700-9
86. Niinemets Ü. 2001. Global-scale climatic controls of leaf dry mass per area, density, and thickness in trees and shrubs. Ecology 82:453-69
87. Niinemets Ü, Sack L. 2006. Structural Determinants of Leaf Light Harvesting Capacity and Photosynthetic Potentials. Berlin: Springer Verlag. Progr. Bot. 67. p. 385-418
88. Nonami H, Schulze ED. 1989. Cell water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor in the epidermis and mesophyll of transpiring leaves: combined measurements with the cell pressure probe and nanoliter osmometer. Planta 177:35-46
89. Orians CM, Smith SDP, Sack L. 2005. How are leaves plumbed inside a branch? Differences in leaf-to-leaf hydraulic sectoriality among six temperate deciduous tree species. J. Exp. Bot. 56:2267-73
90. Osborne CP, Beerling DJ, Lomax BH, Chaloner WG. 2004. Biophysical constraints on the origin of leaves inferred from the fossil record. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:10360-62
91. Pesacreta TC, Hasenstein KH. 1999. The internal cuticle of Cirsium horridulum (Asteraceae) leaves. Am. J. Bot. 86:923-28
92. Plymale EL, Wylie RB. 1944. The major veins of mesomorphic leaves. Am. J. Bot. 31:99-106
93. Raimondo F, Ghirardelli LA, Nardini A, Salleo S. 2003. Impact of the leaf miner Cameraria ohridella on photosynthesis, water relations and hydraulics of Aesculus hippocastanum leaves. Trees Struct. Funct. 17:376-82
94. Raschke K. 1970. Leaf hydraulic system: rapid epidermal and stomatal responses to changes in water supply. Science 167:189-9
95. Reich PB. 1984. Loss of stomatal function in aging hybrid poplar leaves. Ann. Bot. 53:691-98
96. Reich PB. 1984. Oscillations in stomatal conductance of hybrid poplar leaves in the light and dark. Physiol. Plant. 61:541-48
97. Reich PB, Walters MB, Ellsworth DS. 1997. From tropics to tundra: global convergence in plant functioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:13730-34
98. Roth-Nebelsick A, Uhl D, Mosbrugger V, Kerp H. 2001. Evolution and function of leaf venation architecture: a review. Ann. Bot. 87:553-66
99. Sack L, Cowan PD, Holbrook NM. 2003. The major veins of mesomorphic leaves revisited: tests for conductive overload in Acer saccharum (Aceraceae) and Quercus rubra (Fagaceae). Am. J. Bot. 90:32-39
100. Sack L, Cowan PD, Jaikumar N, Holbrook NM. 2003. The 'hydrology' of leaves: coordination of structure and function in temperate woody species. Plant Cell Environ. 26:1343-56
101. Sack L, Frole K. 2006. Leaf structural diversity is related to hydraulic capacity in tropical rainforest trees. Ecology 87:483-91
102. Sack L, Melcher PJ, Zwieniecki MA, Holbrook NM. 2002. The hydraulic conductance of the angiosperm leaf lamina: a comparison of three measurement methods. J. Exp. Bot. 53:2177-84
103. Sack L, Streeter CM, Holbrook NM. 2004. Hydraulic analysis of water flow through leaves of sugar maple and red oak. Plant Physiol. 134:1824-33
104. Sack L, Tyree MT. 2005. Leaf hydraulics and its implications in plant structure and function. In Vascular Transport in Plants, ed. NM Holbrook and MA Zwieniecki, pp. 93-114. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press
105. Sack L, Tyree MT, Holbrook NM. 2005. Leaf hydraulic architecture correlates with regeneration irradiance in tropical rainforest trees. New Phytol. 167:403-13
106. Salleo S, Lo Gullo MA, Raimondo F, Nardini A. 2001. Vulnerability to cavitation of leaf minor veins: any impact on leaf gas exchange? Plant Cell Environ. 24:851-59
107. Salleo S, Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA, Ghirardelli LA. 2002. Changes in stem and leaf hydraulics preceding leaf shedding in Castanea sativa L. Biol. Plant. 45:227-34
108. Salleo S, Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA. 1997. Is sclerophylly of Mediterranean evergreens an adaptation to drought? New Phytol. 135:603-12
109. Salleo S, Nardini A, Pitt F, Lo Gullo MA. 2000. Xylem cavitation and hydraulic control of stomatal conductance in laurel (Laurus nobilis L.). Plant Cell Environ. 23:71-79
110. Salleo S, Raimondo F, Trifilo P, Nardini A. 2003. Axial-to-radial water permeability of leaf major veins: a possible determinant of the impact of vein embolism on leaf hydraulics? Plant Cell Environ. 26:1749-58
111. Santiago LS, Goldstein G, Meinzer FC, Fisher JB, Machado K, et al. 2004. Leaf photosynthetic traits scale with hydraulic conductivity and wood density in Panamanian forest canopy trees. Oecologia 140:543-50
112. Sapozhnikova VV, Kamensky VA, Kuranov RV, Kutis I, Snopova LD, Myakov AV. 2004. In vivo visualization of Tradescantia leaf tissue and monitoring the physiological and morphological states under different water supply conditions using optical coherence tomography. Planta 219:601-9
113. Schaffner AR. 1998. Aquaporin function, structure, and expression: are there more surprises to surface in water relations? Planta 204:131-39
114. Schultz HR, Matthews MA. 1993. Xylem development and hydraulic conductance in sun and shade shoots of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): evidence that low light uncouples water transport capacity from leaf area. Planta 190:393-406
115. Sheriff DW, Meidner H. 1974. Water pathways in leaves of Hedera helix L. and Tradescantia virginiana L. J. Exp. Bot. 25:1147-56
116. Siefritz F, Tyree MT, Lovisolo C, Schubert A, Kaldenhoff R. 2002. PIP1 plasma membrane aquaporins in tobacco: from cellular effects to function in plants. Plant Cell 14:869-76
117. Siso S, Camarero JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E. 2001. Relationship between hydraulic resistance and leaf morphology in broadleaf Quercus species: a new interpretation of leaf lobation. Trees Struct. Funct. 15:341-45
118. Sober A. 1997. Hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, and maximal photosynthetic rate in bean leaves. Photosynthetica 34:599-603
119. Sobrado MA. 1998. Hydraulic conductance and water potential differences inside leaves of tropical evergreen and deciduous species. Biol. Plant. 40:633-37
120. Sperry JS. 2004. Coordinating stomatal and xylem functioning-an evolutionary perspective. New Phytol. 162:568-70
121. Sperry JS, Hacke UG, Oren R, Comstock JP. 2002. Water deficits and hydraulic limits to leaf water supply. Plant Cell Environ. 25:251-63
122. Sperry JS, Hacke UG, Wheeler JK. 2005. Comparative analysis of end wall resistivity in xylem conduits. Plant Cell Environ. 28:456-65
123. Stiller V, Lafitte HR, Sperry JS. 2003. Hydraulic properties of rice and the response of gas exchange to water stress. Plant Physiol. 132:1698-706
124. Stratton L, Goldstein G, Meinzer FC. 2000. Stem water storage capacity and efficiency of water transport: their functional significance in a Hawaiian dry forest. Plant Cell Environ. 23:99-106
125. Trifilo P, Gasco A, Raimondo F, Nardini A, Salleo S. 2003. Kinetics of recovery of leaf hydraulic conductance and vein functionality from cavitation-induced embolism in sunflower. J. Exp. Bot. 54:2323-30
126. Trifilo P, Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA, Salleo S. 2003. Vein cavitation and stomatal behaviour of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) leaves under water limitation. Physiol. Plant. 119:409-17
127. Tsuda M, Tyree MT. 2000. Plant hydraulic conductance measured by the high pressure flow meter in crop plants. J. Exp. Bot. 51:823-28
128. Tyree MT, Benis M, Dainty J. 1973. Water relations of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). 3. Temperature dependence of water exchange in a pressure bomb. Can. J. Bot. 51:1537-43
129. Tyree MT, Cheung YNS. 1977. Resistance to water flow in Fagus grandifolia leaves. Can. J. Bot. 55:2591-99
130. Tyree MT, Cruiziat P, Benis M, Lo Gullo MA, Salleo S. 1981. The kinetics of rehydration of detached sunflower leaves from different initial water deficits. Plant Cell Environ. 4:309-17
131. Tyree MT, Nardini A, Salleo S. 2001. Hydraulic architecture of whole plants and single leaves. In L'Arbre 2000 the Tree, ed. M Labrecque, pp. 215-21. Montreal: Isabelle Quentin Publ.
132. Tyree MT, Nardini A, Salleo S, Sack L, El Omari B. 2005. The dependence of leaf hydraulic conductance on irradiance during HPFM measurements: any role for stomatal response? J. Exp. Bot. 56:737-44
133. Tyree MT, Sinclair B, Lu P, Granier A. 1993. Whole shoot hydraulic resistance in Quercus species measured with a new high-pressure flowmeter. Ann. Sci. For. 50:417-23
134. Tyree MT, Sobrado MA, Stratton LJ, Becker P. 1999. Diversity of hydraulic conductance in leaves of temperate and tropical species: possible causes and consequences. J. Trop. For. Sci. 11:47-60
135. Tyree MT, Yianoulis P. 1980. The site of water evaporation from sub-stomatal cavities, liquid path resistances and hydroactive stomatal closure. Ann. Bot. 46:175-93
136. Tyree MT, Zimmermann MH. 2002. Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap. Berlin: Springer
137. Van Fleet DS. 1950. The cell forms, and their common substance reactions, in the parenchyma-vascular boundary. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 77:340-53
138. Wagner WH. 1979. Reticulate veins in the systematics of modern ferns. Taxon 28:87-95
139. Warrit B, Landsberg JJ, Thorpe MR. 1980. Responses of apple leaf stomata to environmental factors. Plant Cell Environ. 3:13-22
140. Weatherley PE. 1963. The pathway of water movement across the root cortex and leaf mesophyll of transpiring plants. In The Water Relations of Plants, ed. AJ Rutter, FH Whitehead, pp. 85-100. New York: Wiley
141. Wei CF, Tyree MT, Steudle E. 1999. Direct measurement of xylem pressure in leaves of intact maize plants. A test of the cohesion-tension theory taking hydraulic architecture into consideration. Plant Physiol. 121:1191-205
142. Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, Ackerly DD, Baruch Z, et al. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428:821-27
143. Wylie RB. 1943. The role of the epidermis in foliar organization and its relations to the minor venation. Am. J. Bot. 30:273-80
144. Wylie RB. 1946. Relations between tissue organization and vascularization in leaves of certain tropical and subtropical dicotyledons. Am. J. Bot. 33:721-26
145. Wylie RB. 1951. Principles of foliar organization shown by sun-shade leaves from ten species of deciduous dicotyledonous trees. Am. J. Bot 38:355-61
146. Wylie RB. 1952. The bundle sheath extension in leaves of dicotyledons. Am. J. Bot. 39:645-51
147. Yang SD, Tyree MT. 1994. Hydraulic architecture of Acer saccharum and A. rubrum: comparison of branches to whole trees and the contribution of leaves to hydraulic resistance. J. Exp. Bot. 45:179-86
148. Zwieniecki MA, Boyce CK, Holbrook NM. 2004. Functional design space of single-veined leaves: role of tissue hydraulic properties in constraining leaf size and shape. Ann. Bot. 94:507-13
149. Zwieniecki MA, Boyce CK, Holbrook NM. 2004. Hydraulic limitations imposed by crown placement determine final size and shape of Quercus rubra L. leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 27:357-65
150. Zwieniecki MA, Hutyra L, Thompson MV, Holbrook NM. 2000. Dynamic changes in petiole specific conductivity in red maple (Acer rubrum L.), tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and northern fox grape (Vitis labrusca L.). Plant Cell Environ. 23:407-14
151. Zwieniecki MA, Melcher PJ, Boyce CK, Sack L, Holbrook NM. 2002. Hydraulic architecture of leaf venation in Laurus nobilis L. Plant Cell Environ. 25:1445-50