메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 231, Issue 1-3, 2006, Pages 1-17

The influence of wildfire, logging and residual tree density on bird communities in the northern Rocky Mountains

Author keywords

Biological legacies; Bird community; Disturbance; Fire; Forest management; Residual trees; Rocky Mountains

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATOLOGY; FORESTRY; HARVESTING;

EID: 33745900260     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.053     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 0031741215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes
    • Angelstam P. Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes. J. Veg. Sci. 9 (1998) 593-602
    • (1998) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.9 , pp. 593-602
    • Angelstam, P.1
  • 2
    • 0028579009 scopus 로고
    • Woodpecker assemblages in natural and managed boreal and hemiboreal forest-a review
    • Angelstam P., and Mikusinski G. Woodpecker assemblages in natural and managed boreal and hemiboreal forest-a review. Ann. Zool. Fennica 31 (1994) 157-172
    • (1994) Ann. Zool. Fennica , vol.31 , pp. 157-172
    • Angelstam, P.1    Mikusinski, G.2
  • 3
    • 0033133816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timber supply implications of natural disturbance management
    • Armstrong G.W., Cumming S.G., and Adamowicz W.L. Timber supply implications of natural disturbance management. For. Chron. 75 (1999) 497-504
    • (1999) For. Chron. , vol.75 , pp. 497-504
    • Armstrong, G.W.1    Cumming, S.G.2    Adamowicz, W.L.3
  • 4
    • 0028572834 scopus 로고
    • The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservation management
    • Attiwill P.M. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservation management. For. Ecol. Manage. 63 (1994) 247-300
    • (1994) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.63 , pp. 247-300
    • Attiwill, P.M.1
  • 5
    • 33745878455 scopus 로고
    • Forest Practices Code of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada
    • BC Ministry of Forests. Biodiversity Guidelines (1995), Forest Practices Code of British Columbia, Victoria, BC, Canada
    • (1995) Biodiversity Guidelines
    • BC Ministry of Forests1
  • 6
    • 0032897789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest management guidelines based on natural disturbance dynamics: stand and forest-level considerations
    • Bergeron Y., Harvey B., Leduc A., and Gauthier S. Forest management guidelines based on natural disturbance dynamics: stand and forest-level considerations. For. Chron. 75 (1999) 49-54
    • (1999) For. Chron. , vol.75 , pp. 49-54
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Harvey, B.2    Leduc, A.3    Gauthier, S.4
  • 7
    • 0035058709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural fire frequency for the eastern Canadian boreal forest: consequences for sustainable forestry
    • Bergeron Y., Gauthier S., Kalfa V., Lefort P., and Lesieur D. Natural fire frequency for the eastern Canadian boreal forest: consequences for sustainable forestry. Can. J. For. Res. 31 (2001) 383-391
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.31 , pp. 383-391
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Gauthier, S.2    Kalfa, V.3    Lefort, P.4    Lesieur, D.5
  • 8
    • 0036091786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest
    • Bergeron Y., Leduc A., Harvey B.D., and Gauthier S. Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fennica 36 (2002) 81-95
    • (2002) Silva Fennica , vol.36 , pp. 81-95
    • Bergeron, Y.1    Leduc, A.2    Harvey, B.D.3    Gauthier, S.4
  • 9
    • 0030619911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding bird abundance in an urbanizing landscape in coastal southern California
    • Bolger D.T., Scott T.A., and Rotenberry J.D. Breeding bird abundance in an urbanizing landscape in coastal southern California. Conserv. Biol. 11 (1997) 406-421
    • (1997) Conserv. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 406-421
    • Bolger, D.T.1    Scott, T.A.2    Rotenberry, J.D.3
  • 10
    • 0008586834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Townsend's solitaire (Myadestes townsendi)
    • Poole A., and Gill F. (Eds), The Academy of Natural Sciences/The American Ornithologists' Union, Philadelphia, PA/Washington, DC
    • Bowen R.V. Townsend's solitaire (Myadestes townsendi). In: Poole A., and Gill F. (Eds). The Birds of North America, No. 269 (1997), The Academy of Natural Sciences/The American Ornithologists' Union, Philadelphia, PA/Washington, DC
    • (1997) The Birds of North America, No. 269
    • Bowen, R.V.1
  • 11
    • 0031848794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating species richness: the importance of heterogeneity in species detectability
    • Boulinier T., Nichols J.D., Sauer J.R., Hines J.E., and Pollock K.H. Estimating species richness: the importance of heterogeneity in species detectability. Ecology 79 (1998) 1018-1028
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 1018-1028
    • Boulinier, T.1    Nichols, J.D.2    Sauer, J.R.3    Hines, J.E.4    Pollock, K.H.5
  • 15
    • 0033863325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Succession of boreal forest spider assemplages following wildfire and harvesting
    • Buddle C.M., Spense J.R., and Langor D.W. Succession of boreal forest spider assemplages following wildfire and harvesting. Ecography 23 (2000) 424-436
    • (2000) Ecography , vol.23 , pp. 424-436
    • Buddle, C.M.1    Spense, J.R.2    Langor, D.W.3
  • 16
    • 0028978883 scopus 로고
    • Forest-dwelling vertebrate faunas and natural fire regimes in British Columbia: patterns and implications for conservation
    • Bunnell F.L. Forest-dwelling vertebrate faunas and natural fire regimes in British Columbia: patterns and implications for conservation. Conserv. Biol. 9 (1995) 636-644
    • (1995) Conserv. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 636-644
    • Bunnell, F.L.1
  • 17
    • 0001808592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing to sustain vertebrate richness in forests of the Pacific Northwest: relationships within stands
    • Bunnell F.L., Kremsater L.L., and Wind E. Managing to sustain vertebrate richness in forests of the Pacific Northwest: relationships within stands. Environ. Rev. 7 (1999) 97-146
    • (1999) Environ. Rev. , vol.7 , pp. 97-146
    • Bunnell, F.L.1    Kremsater, L.L.2    Wind, E.3
  • 18
    • 0028561454 scopus 로고
    • Woody vegetation responses to fire versus clear-cutting logging; a comparative survey in the central Canadian boreal forest
    • Carleton T.J., and MacLellan P. Woody vegetation responses to fire versus clear-cutting logging; a comparative survey in the central Canadian boreal forest. Ecoscience 1 (1994) 141-152
    • (1994) Ecoscience , vol.1 , pp. 141-152
    • Carleton, T.J.1    MacLellan, P.2
  • 19
    • 0032750612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon
    • Cissel J.H., Swanson F.J., and Weisberg P.J. Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 9 (1999) 1217-1231
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 1217-1231
    • Cissel, J.H.1    Swanson, F.J.2    Weisberg, P.J.3
  • 20
    • 0000113111 scopus 로고
    • Songbird population response to silvicultural practices in the central Appalachian hardwoods
    • Crawford H.S., Hooper R.G., and Titterington R.W. Songbird population response to silvicultural practices in the central Appalachian hardwoods. J. Wildl. Manage. 45 (1981) 680-692
    • (1981) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.45 , pp. 680-692
    • Crawford, H.S.1    Hooper, R.G.2    Titterington, R.W.3
  • 21
    • 0023555952 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of residual vegetation associated with large fires in Alberta
    • Eberhart K.E., and Woodard P.M. Distribution of residual vegetation associated with large fires in Alberta. Can. J. For. Res. 17 (1987) 1207-1212
    • (1987) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 1207-1212
    • Eberhart, K.E.1    Woodard, P.M.2
  • 24
    • 0002987003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable retention harvest systems
    • Kohm K.A., and Franklin J.F. (Eds), Island Press, Washington, DC
    • Franklin J.F., Berg D.R., Thornburgh D.A., and Tappeiner J.C. Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable retention harvest systems. In: Kohm K.A., and Franklin J.F. (Eds). Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century (1997), Island Press, Washington, DC 111-139
    • (1997) Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century , pp. 111-139
    • Franklin, J.F.1    Berg, D.R.2    Thornburgh, D.A.3    Tappeiner, J.C.4
  • 25
    • 0030613978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern Ponderosa Pine forests
    • Fule P.Z., Covington W.W., and Moore M.M. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern Ponderosa Pine forests. Ecol. Appl. 7 (1997) 895-908
    • (1997) Ecol. Appl. , vol.7 , pp. 895-908
    • Fule, P.Z.1    Covington, W.W.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 26
    • 0038336563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics under fire exclusion and logging in a Rocky Mountain watershed, 1856-1996
    • Gallant A.L., Hansen A.J., Councilman J.S., Monte D.K., and Betz D.W. Vegetation dynamics under fire exclusion and logging in a Rocky Mountain watershed, 1856-1996. Ecol. Appl. 13 (2003) 385-403
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl. , vol.13 , pp. 385-403
    • Gallant, A.L.1    Hansen, A.J.2    Councilman, J.S.3    Monte, D.K.4    Betz, D.W.5
  • 27
    • 0030758856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity and abundance of landbirds in a northeastern industrial forest
    • Hagan J.M., McKinley P.S., Meehan A.L., and Grove S.L. Diversity and abundance of landbirds in a northeastern industrial forest. J. Wildl. Manage. 61 (1997) 718-735
    • (1997) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.61 , pp. 718-735
    • Hagan, J.M.1    McKinley, P.S.2    Meehan, A.L.3    Grove, S.L.4
  • 29
    • 0029661024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird communities in commercially thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir stands of western Oregon
    • Hagar J.C., McComb W.C., and Emmingham W.H. Bird communities in commercially thinned and unthinned Douglas-fir stands of western Oregon. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 24 (1996) 353-366
    • (1996) Wildl. Soc. Bull. , vol.24 , pp. 353-366
    • Hagar, J.C.1    McComb, W.C.2    Emmingham, W.H.3
  • 31
    • 0028984282 scopus 로고
    • Bird habitat relationships in natural and managed forests in the west Cascades of Oregon
    • Hansen A.J., McComb W.C., Vega R.M., Raphael M.G., and Hunter M. Bird habitat relationships in natural and managed forests in the west Cascades of Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 5 (1995) 555-569
    • (1995) Ecol. Appl. , vol.5 , pp. 555-569
    • Hansen, A.J.1    McComb, W.C.2    Vega, R.M.3    Raphael, M.G.4    Hunter, M.5
  • 32
    • 0036156459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand-landscape integration in natural disturbance-based management of the southern boreal forest
    • Harvey B.D., Leduc A., Gauthier S., and Bergeron Y. Stand-landscape integration in natural disturbance-based management of the southern boreal forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 155 (2002) 369-385
    • (2002) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.155 , pp. 369-385
    • Harvey, B.D.1    Leduc, A.2    Gauthier, S.3    Bergeron, Y.4
  • 34
    • 0346269251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of birds to thinning young Douglas-fir forests
    • Hayes J.P., Weikel J.M., and Huso M.P. Response of birds to thinning young Douglas-fir forests. Ecol. Appl. 13 (2003) 1222-1232
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl. , vol.13 , pp. 1222-1232
    • Hayes, J.P.1    Weikel, J.M.2    Huso, M.P.3
  • 35
    • 0033178333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forests: harvest and wildfire effects over thirty years
    • Hobson K.A., and Schieck J. Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forests: harvest and wildfire effects over thirty years. Ecol. Appl. 9 (1999) 849-863
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 849-863
    • Hobson, K.A.1    Schieck, J.2
  • 37
    • 0003336716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana)
    • Poole A., and Gill F. (Eds), The Academy of Natural Sciences/The American Ornithologists' Union, Philadelphia, PA/Washington, DC
    • Hudon J. Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana). In: Poole A., and Gill F. (Eds). The Birds of North America, No. 432 (1999), The Academy of Natural Sciences/The American Ornithologists' Union, Philadelphia, PA/Washington, DC
    • (1999) The Birds of North America, No. 432
    • Hudon, J.1
  • 38
    • 33745924029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huff, M.H., Raley, C.M., 1991. Regional patterns of diurnal breeding bird communities in Oregon and Washington. In: Ruggerio, L., Aubry, K.B., Carey, A.B., Huff, M.H., (Eds.), Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests. PNW-GTR-285. USDA Forest Service General Report, Portland, OR, pp. 177-206.
  • 39
    • 0027458229 scopus 로고
    • Natural fire regimes as spatial models for managing boreal forests
    • Hunter Jr. M.L. Natural fire regimes as spatial models for managing boreal forests. Biol. Conserv. 32 (1993) 115-120
    • (1993) Biol. Conserv. , vol.32 , pp. 115-120
    • Hunter Jr., M.L.1
  • 40
    • 0028995050 scopus 로고
    • Composition of bird communities following stand-replacement fires in northern Rocky Mountain (U.S.A.) conifer forests
    • Hutto R.L. Composition of bird communities following stand-replacement fires in northern Rocky Mountain (U.S.A.) conifer forests. Conserv. Biol. 9 (1995) 1041-1058
    • (1995) Conserv. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 1041-1058
    • Hutto, R.L.1
  • 42
    • 0033494314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing bird assemblages in successional black spruce stands originating from fire and logging
    • Imbeau L., Savard J.-P.L., and Gagnon R. Comparing bird assemblages in successional black spruce stands originating from fire and logging. Can. J. Zool. 77 (1999) 1850-1860
    • (1999) Can. J. Zool. , vol.77 , pp. 1850-1860
    • Imbeau, L.1    Savard, J.-P.L.2    Gagnon, R.3
  • 43
    • 0003118015 scopus 로고
    • Tree surfaces as foraging substrates for insectivorous birds
    • Dickson J.G., Connor R.N., Fleet R.A., Kroll J.C., and Jackson J.A. (Eds), Academic Press, New York
    • Jackson J.A. Tree surfaces as foraging substrates for insectivorous birds. In: Dickson J.G., Connor R.N., Fleet R.A., Kroll J.C., and Jackson J.A. (Eds). The Role of Insectivorous Birds in Forest Ecosystems (1979), Academic Press, New York 69-93
    • (1979) The Role of Insectivorous Birds in Forest Ecosystems , pp. 69-93
    • Jackson, J.A.1
  • 46
    • 0032700229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the usefulness of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems
    • Landres P., Morgan P., and Swanson F.J. Evaluating the usefulness of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecol. Appl. 9 (1999) 1179-1188
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 1179-1188
    • Landres, P.1    Morgan, P.2    Swanson, F.J.3
  • 48
    • 0031423540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing stand structure as part of ecologically sustainable forest management in Australian mountain ash forests
    • Lindenmayer D.B., and Franklin J.F. Managing stand structure as part of ecologically sustainable forest management in Australian mountain ash forests. Conserv. Biol. 11 (1997) 1053-1068
    • (1997) Conserv. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 1053-1068
    • Lindenmayer, D.B.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 49
    • 0001476488 scopus 로고
    • On bird species diversity
    • MacArthur R.H., and MacArthur J.W. On bird species diversity. Ecology 42 (1961) 594-598
    • (1961) Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 594-598
    • MacArthur, R.H.1    MacArthur, J.W.2
  • 50
    • 33745900137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marcot, B.G., 1984. Habitat relationships of birds in young-growth Douglas-fir in northwestern California. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
  • 51
    • 0031956718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residual patches and their contribution to forest-bird diversity on northern Minnesota aspen clearcuts
    • Merrill S.B., Cuthbert F.J., and Oehlert G. Residual patches and their contribution to forest-bird diversity on northern Minnesota aspen clearcuts. Conserv. Biol. 12 (1998) 190-199
    • (1998) Conserv. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 190-199
    • Merrill, S.B.1    Cuthbert, F.J.2    Oehlert, G.3
  • 53
    • 0023511165 scopus 로고
    • Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia
    • Pojar J., Klinka K., and Meidinger D.V. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 22 (1987) 119-154
    • (1987) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.22 , pp. 119-154
    • Pojar, J.1    Klinka, K.2    Meidinger, D.V.3
  • 54
    • 0023556996 scopus 로고
    • Breeding bird populations during twenty-five years of post-fire succession in the Sierra Nevada
    • Raphael M.G., Morrison M.L., and Yoder-Williams M.P. Breeding bird populations during twenty-five years of post-fire succession in the Sierra Nevada. Condor 89 (1987) 614-626
    • (1987) Condor , vol.89 , pp. 614-626
    • Raphael, M.G.1    Morrison, M.L.2    Yoder-Williams, M.P.3
  • 55
    • 0000083769 scopus 로고
    • A variable circular-plot method for estimating bird numbers
    • Reynolds R.T., Scott J.M., and Nussbaum R.A. A variable circular-plot method for estimating bird numbers. Condor 82 (1980) 309-313
    • (1980) Condor , vol.82 , pp. 309-313
    • Reynolds, R.T.1    Scott, J.M.2    Nussbaum, R.A.3
  • 56
    • 0030616823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green-tree retention: Consequences for timber production in forests of the western Cascades, Oregon
    • Rose C.R., and Muir P.S. Green-tree retention: Consequences for timber production in forests of the western Cascades, Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 7 (1997) 209-217
    • (1997) Ecol. Appl. , vol.7 , pp. 209-217
    • Rose, C.R.1    Muir, P.S.2
  • 57
    • 0022190288 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance regimes in temperate forests
    • Pickett S.T.A., and White P.S. (Eds), Academic Press, Inc.
    • Runkle J. Disturbance regimes in temperate forests. In: Pickett S.T.A., and White P.S. (Eds). The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (1985), Academic Press, Inc. 17-33
    • (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , pp. 17-33
    • Runkle, J.1
  • 59
    • 0030936045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biased detection of bird vocalizations affects comparisons of bird abundance among forested habitats
    • Schieck J. Biased detection of bird vocalizations affects comparisons of bird abundance among forested habitats. Condor 99 (1997) 179-190
    • (1997) Condor , vol.99 , pp. 179-190
    • Schieck, J.1
  • 60
    • 0033780243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests
    • Schieck J., and Hobson K.A. Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests. Can. J. For. Res. 30 (2000) 1281-1295
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 1281-1295
    • Schieck, J.1    Hobson, K.A.2
  • 61
    • 0034628455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird communities are affected by amount and dispersion of vegetation in mixedwood boreal forest harvest areas
    • Schieck J., Stuart-Smith A.K., and Norton M. Bird communities are affected by amount and dispersion of vegetation in mixedwood boreal forest harvest areas. For. Ecol. Manage. 126 (2000) 239-254
    • (2000) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.126 , pp. 239-254
    • Schieck, J.1    Stuart-Smith, A.K.2    Norton, M.3
  • 62
    • 0344887117 scopus 로고
    • Insect communities and faunas of a Rocky Mountain subalpine sere
    • Schimpf D.J., and MacMahon J.A. Insect communities and faunas of a Rocky Mountain subalpine sere. Gr. Basin Nat. 45 (1985) 37-60
    • (1985) Gr. Basin Nat. , vol.45 , pp. 37-60
    • Schimpf, D.J.1    MacMahon, J.A.2
  • 63
    • 0031788853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest
    • Schulte L.A., and Niemi G.J. Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest. J. Wildl. Manage. 62 (1998) 1418-1429
    • (1998) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.62 , pp. 1418-1429
    • Schulte, L.A.1    Niemi, G.J.2
  • 64
    • 0037099769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarity of small mammal abundance in post-fire and clearcut forests
    • Simon N.P.P., Stratton C.B., Forbes G.J., and Schwab F.E. Similarity of small mammal abundance in post-fire and clearcut forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 165 (2002) 163-172
    • (2002) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.165 , pp. 163-172
    • Simon, N.P.P.1    Stratton, C.B.2    Forbes, G.J.3    Schwab, F.E.4
  • 65
    • 0004249246 scopus 로고
    • W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY
    • Sokal R.S., and Rohlf F.J. Biometry (1981), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY
    • (1981) Biometry
    • Sokal, R.S.1    Rohlf, F.J.2
  • 66
    • 0030619056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical power analysis in wildlife research
    • Steidl R.J., Hayes J.P., and Schauber E. Statistical power analysis in wildlife research. J. Wildl. Manage. 61 (1997) 270-279
    • (1997) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.61 , pp. 270-279
    • Steidl, R.J.1    Hayes, J.P.2    Schauber, E.3
  • 67
    • 33745906137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stuart-Smith, A.K., 2002. Songbird communities in burned and logged stands with variable tree retention in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. PhD Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 140 pp.
  • 68
    • 33745881261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stuart-Smith, A.K., Hendry, R., 1998. Residual trees left by fire. BC Ministry of Forests Enhanced Forest Management Pilot Project Report Number 7. Invermere, BC. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/drm/Pilot/Fireresidual/fireresidualIndex.htm.
  • 70
    • 0043196699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of residual tree density on predation of artificial and natural songbird nests
    • Stuart-Smith A.K., and Hayes J.P. Influence of residual tree density on predation of artificial and natural songbird nests. For. Ecol. Manage. 183 (2003) 159-176
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.183 , pp. 159-176
    • Stuart-Smith, A.K.1    Hayes, J.P.2
  • 72
    • 0022843649 scopus 로고
    • Canonical correspondence analyses: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analyses
    • ter Braak C.J. Canonical correspondence analyses: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analyses. Ecology 67 (1986) 1167-1179
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1167-1179
    • ter Braak, C.J.1
  • 74
    • 0035658948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residual tree retention ameliorates short-term effects of clear-cutting on some boreal songbirds
    • Tittler R., Hannon S.J., and Norton M.R. Residual tree retention ameliorates short-term effects of clear-cutting on some boreal songbirds. Ecol. Appl. 11 (2001) 1656-1666
    • (2001) Ecol. Appl. , vol.11 , pp. 1656-1666
    • Tittler, R.1    Hannon, S.J.2    Norton, M.R.3
  • 75
    • 0020870171 scopus 로고
    • Density as a misleading indicator of habitat quality
    • Van Horne B. Density as a misleading indicator of habitat quality. J. Wildl. Manage. 47 (1983) 893-901
    • (1983) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.47 , pp. 893-901
    • Van Horne, B.1
  • 76
    • 0002379762 scopus 로고
    • The line intersect method in forest fuel sampling
    • Van Wagner C. The line intersect method in forest fuel sampling. For. Sci. 14 (1968) 20-26
    • (1968) For. Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 20-26
    • Van Wagner, C.1
  • 77
    • 33745880924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Van Wagner, C.E., 1995. Analysis of fire history for Banff, Jasper, and Kootenay National Parks. Report to Parks Canada, Banff, AB.
  • 78
    • 0001648965 scopus 로고
    • Habitat fragmentation and pairing success in the ovenbird (Seirus aurocapillus)
    • Villard M.-A., Martin P.R., and Drummond C.G. Habitat fragmentation and pairing success in the ovenbird (Seirus aurocapillus). Auk 110 (1993) 759-768
    • (1993) Auk , vol.110 , pp. 759-768
    • Villard, M.-A.1    Martin, P.R.2    Drummond, C.G.3
  • 79
    • 85051610288 scopus 로고
    • The impact of plant stress on herbivore population dynamics
    • Bernayas E.A. (Ed), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
    • Waring G.L., and Cobb N.S. The impact of plant stress on herbivore population dynamics. In: Bernayas E.A. (Ed). Plant-Insect Interactions, vol. 4 (1992), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 167-226
    • (1992) Plant-Insect Interactions, vol. 4 , pp. 167-226
    • Waring, G.L.1    Cobb, N.S.2
  • 80
    • 0000698966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian boreal forest ecosystem structure and function in a changing climate: impact on fire regimes
    • Weber W.G., and Flannigan M.D. Canadian boreal forest ecosystem structure and function in a changing climate: impact on fire regimes. Environ. Rev. 5 (1997) 145-166
    • (1997) Environ. Rev. , vol.5 , pp. 145-166
    • Weber, W.G.1    Flannigan, M.D.2
  • 81
    • 0032983010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The foraging ecology of cavity-nesting birds in young forests of the northern Coast Range of Oregon
    • Weikel J.M., and Hayes J.P. The foraging ecology of cavity-nesting birds in young forests of the northern Coast Range of Oregon. Condor 101 (1999) 58-66
    • (1999) Condor , vol.101 , pp. 58-66
    • Weikel, J.M.1    Hayes, J.P.2
  • 83
    • 0000043771 scopus 로고
    • Avian community organization and habitat structure
    • Willson M.F. Avian community organization and habitat structure. Ecology 55 (1974) 1017-1029
    • (1974) Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 1017-1029
    • Willson, M.F.1
  • 84
    • 0000752430 scopus 로고
    • Similarity indices, sample size and diversity
    • Wolda H. Similarity indices, sample size and diversity. Oecologia 50 (1981) 296-302
    • (1981) Oecologia , vol.50 , pp. 296-302
    • Wolda, H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.