Persistent organochlorine pollutants in children working at a waste-disposal site and in young females with high fish consumption in Managua, Nicaragua

Ambio

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 109-116

  Cuadra, Steven N ^a,b,c   Linderholm, Linda ^d   Athanasiadou, Maria ^d   Jakobsson, Kristina ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE NICARAGUA   (Nicaragua)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^d STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON;

CHILD HEALTH; FISH; HEALTH IMPACT; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; ORGANOCHLORINE; WASTE DISPOSAL; WOMENS HEALTH; WORKPLACE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHILD; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FISH; FOOD CHAIN; HUMAN; MALE; NICARAGUA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POLLUTION; SOIL POLLUTANT; WATER POLLUTANT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; CHILD; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FISHES; FOOD CHAIN; HUMANS; HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED; MALE; NICARAGUA; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; SOIL POLLUTANTS; WASTE PRODUCTS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

CENTRAL AMERICA; CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; GERMANY; MANAGUA [NICARAGUA]; NICARAGUA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33745894969     PISSN: 00447447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[109:POPICW]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. UNEP. 2001. Final Act of the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. United Nations Environment Programme, Stockholm, Sweden. (http://www.pops.int/documents/ meetings/dipeon/ meetingdoclist_en.htm), Accessed in: September 6, 2004.
2. Whylie, P., Albaiges, J., Barra, R., Bouwman, H., Dyke, P., Wania, F. and Wong, M. 2003. Global Report 2003. Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances. United Nations Environment Programme, Chemicals (UNEP Chemicals), Geneva, Switzerland, 207 pp. (http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/default. htm)
3. Smith, D. 1999. Worldwide trends in DDT levels in human breast milk. Int J. Epidemiol. 28, 179-188.
4. Jaga, K. and Dharmani, C. 2003. Global surveillance of DDT and DDE levels in human tissues. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. 16, 7 20.
5. Allsopp, M. and Erry, B. 2000. POPs in Latin America. A Review of persistent organic pollutant levels in Latin America. Greenpeace, 93 pp. (http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/ press/reports/pops-in-latin-america-a-revie)
6. Barra, R., Colombo, J.C., Gamboa, N., Eguren, G. and Jardim, W. 2002. Eastern and Western South America Regional Report. Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances. United Nations Environment Programme, Chemicals (UNEP Chemicals), Geneva, Switzerland, 102 pp. (http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/ regreports/ regreports_copy(1).htm)
7. Castillo, L.E., Whylie, P., Gonzalez, R., Singh, J., Nieto, O., Ruepert, C., Dierksmeier, G. and Espinoza, J. 2002. Central America and the Caribbean Regional Report. Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances. United Nations Environment Programme, Chemicals (UNEP Chemicals), Geneva, Switzerland, 145 pp. (http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/regreports/regreports_copy(1). htm)
8. Zapata Moran, A.L., Santamaria Rios, M.M., Alvarez Irias, M., Salazar Vanegas, S. and Muller, U. 1996. Organochlorine pesticide residues in cow's milk, Nicaragua. Bol. Oficina. Sanit. Panam. 120, 483-490.
9. Carvalho, F.P., Montenegro-Guillen, S., Villeneuve, J., Cattini, C., Bartocci, J., Lacayo, M. and Cruz, A. 1999. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in coastal lagoons of the pacific coast of Nicaragua. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36, 132-139.
10. Castilho, J.A., Fenzl, N., Guillen, S.M. and Nascimento, F.S. 2000. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in the Atoya River basin. Chinandega, Nicaragua. Environ. Pollut. 110, 523-533.
11. Carvalho, F.P., Montenegro-Guillen, S., Villeneuve, J.-P., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I., Bartocci, J., Lacayo-Romero, M. and Cruz-Granja, A. 2003. Toxaphene residues from cotton fields in soils and in the coastal environment of Nicaragua. Chemosphere 53, 627-636.
12. Cruz-Granja, A.C., Dorea, J.G. and Lacayo-Romero, M.L. 1997. Organochlorine pesticides in adipose tissue of Nicaraguan mothers. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 60, 139-147.
13. Dorea, J.G., Cruz-Granja, A.C., Lacayo-Romero, M.L. and Cuadra-Leal, J. 2001. Perinatal metabolism of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in Nicaraguan mothers. Environ. Res. 86, 229-237.
14. Romero, M.L., Dorea, J.G. and Granja, A.C. 2000. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in milk of Nicaraguan mothers. Arch. Environ. Health. 55, 274-279.
15. Montenegro Guillén, S. 1991. Limnology of Lake Xolotlán, Nicaragua: an overview. Hydrobiol. Bull. 25, 105-109.
16. Calero, S., Fomsgaard, I., Lacayo, M.L., Martínez, V. and Rugama, R. 1992. Preliminary study of 15 organochlorine pesticides in Lake Xolotlán, Nicaragua. Chemosphere 24, 1413-1419.
17. Calero, S., Fomsgaard, I., Lacayo, M.L., Martínez, V. and Rugama, R. 1993. Toxaphene and other organochlorine pesticides in fish and sediments from Lake Xolotlán, Nicaragua. Int J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 53, 297-305.
18. ISAT-Mexico 2001. Situational Diagnostic on Use of DDT and Malaria Control: Regional Report for México and Central America. Institute of Health, Environment and Work of Mexico (ISAT-Mexico) / Pan-American Health Organization (PHO), Mexico. 58 pp. (In Spanish) (http://www.cec.org/pubs_docs/ documents/index. cfm?varlan=english&ID=610)
19. MOVIMONDO Molisv-PHO/WHO 2000. Diagnosis of Pesticides Use in Vector Control in Managua. Pan-American Health Organization (PHO)-Nicaragua, Managua, 34 pp. (In Spanish) (http://www.ops.org.ni/Plaguicidas/pprincipal.htm), (http://www.ops.org.ni/Plaguicidas/Documentos/autodiagnostico_vectores.doc)
20. Borge y Asociados 2000. Diagnostic Study on the Generation of Alternative or Complementary Incomes, Opportunities and Potentialities of and for the Children of Acahualinea. Centro Nicaraguense de Promoción de la Juventud y La Infancia "Dos Generaciones," Managua, 72 pp. (In Spanish)
21. IDESO-UCA 2001. Base Line Study of the Program "Progressive Elimination of Child Labour at the Managua Waste Disposal Site La Chureca." Institute of Surveys and Opinion Polls-Central American University (IDESO-UCA), Managua, 183 pp. (In Spanish)
22. ILO. 1999. Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention.1999. International Labour Organization, Geneva. (http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm), Accessed in: September 7, 2004.
23. Calero Silva, M. 2003. National Report on the Results of the Child and Adolescent Labour Survey in Nicaragua. International Labour Organization/ International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (ILO/IPEC), Managua, 105 pp. (http://www.ipec.oit.or.cr/ipec/region/paises/nicaragua.shtml)
24. Hovander, L., Athanasiadou, M., Asplund, L., Jensen, S. and Klasson Wehler, E. 2000. Extraction and cleanup methods for analysis of phenolic and neutral organohalogens in plasma. J. Anal. Toxicol. 24, 696-703.
25. Longnecker, M.P., Rogan, W.J. and Lucier, G. 1997. The human health effects of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBS (polychlorinated biphenyls) and an overview of organochlorines in public health. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 18, 211 244.
26. Rogan, W.J. and Ragan, N.B. 2003. Evidence of effects of environmental chemicals on the endocrine system in children. Pediatrics. 112, 247-252.
27. Toft, G., Hagmar, L., Giwercman, A. and Bonde, J.P. 2004. Epidemiological evidence on reproductive effects of persistent organochlorines in humans. Reprod. Toxicol. 19, 5-26.
28. de Boer, J. and Wester, P.G. 1993. Determination of toxaphene in human milk from Nicaragua and in fish and marine mammals from the northeastern Atlantic and the North Sea. Chemosphere. 27, 1879 1890.
29. Saleh, M.A. 1991. Toxaphene: chemistry, biochemistry, toxicity and environmental fate. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 118, 1-85.
30. ATSDR. 1996. Toxicological Profile for Toxaphene. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/ tp94.html), Accessed in: November 20, 2003.
31. de Geus, H.J., Wester, P.G., Schelvis, A., de Boer, J. and Brinkman, U.A. 2000. Toxaphene: a challenging analytical problem. J. Environ. Monit. 2, 503-511.
32. HSDB. 2000. Toxaphene. Hazardous Substances Data-Bank, National Library of Medicine. (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~V4tXmR:1), Accessed in: August 11, 2005.
33. Anonymous 2002. Toxaphene. Rep. Carcinog. 10, 243-244.
34. Turusov, V., Rakitsky, V. and Tomatis, L. 2002. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): ubiquity, Persistence, and Risks. Environ. Health Perspect. 110, 125-128.
35. MINSA-Nicaragua 2001. Situational Diagnostic on Use of DDT and Malaria Control in Nicaragua. Final Report. Ministry of Health, Republic of Nicaragua: Direction of Vector-transmitted Diseases, Managua, 78 pp. (In Spanish)
36. Heudorf, U., Angerer, J. and Drexler, H. 2003. Current internal exposure to pesticides in children and adolescents in Germany: blood plasma levels of pentachlorophenol (PCP), lindane (gamma-HCH), and dichloro(diphenyl)ethylene (DDE), a biostable metabolite of dichloro(diphenyl)trichloroethane (DDT). Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 206, 485-491.
37. Kommission "Human-Biomonitoring" des Umweltbundesamtes. 2003. Updating reference values for PCB-138, -153, -180 in whole blood and reference values for HCB, β-HCH and DDE in whole blood. Bundesgesundheitsbl- Gesundheitsforsch-Gesundheitsschutz. 46, 161-168. (In German)
38. Wilhelm, M., Ewers, U. and Schulz, C. 2003. Revised and new reference values for some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in blood for human biomonitoring in environmental medicine. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 206, 223-229.
39. Link, B., Gabrio, T., Zoellner, I., Piechotowski, I., Paepke, O., Herrmann, T., Felder-Kennel, A., Maisner, V., et al. 2005. Biomonitoring of persistent organochlorine pesticides, PCDD/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in blood of children from South West Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg) from 1993 to 2003. Chemosphere. 58, 1185-1201.
40. CDC 2005. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 467 pp. (http://www.cdc.gov/ exposurereport/)
41. WHO 1993. Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Terphenyls. Environmental Health Criteria 140. International Program on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, (http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc140.htm)
42. Kimbrough, R.D. and Krouskas, C.A. 2003. Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and health effects: a critical synopsis. Toxicol. Rev. 22, 217-233.
43. Rylander, L., Stromberg, U., Dyremark, E., Ostman, C., Nilsson-Ehle, P. and Hagmar, L. 1998. Polychlorinated biphenyls in blood plasma among Swedish female fish consumers in relation to low birth weight. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147, 493-502.
44. Sjodin, A., Hagmar, L., Klasson-Wehler, E., Bjork, J. and Bergman, A. 2000. Influence of the consumption of fatty Baltic Sea fish on plasma levels of halogenated environmental contaminants in Latvian and Swedish men. Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 1035-1041.
45. Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L., Agramunt, M.C., Bocio, A. and Müller, L. 2002. Biological monitoring of metals and organic substances in hazardous-waste incineration workers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 75, 500-506.
46. Fangstrom, B., Athanasiadou, M., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P. and Bergman, A. 2002. Hydroxylated PCB metabolites and PCBs in serum from pregnant Faroese women. Environ. Health Perspect. 110, 895-899.
47. Sandau, C.D., Ayotte, P., Dewailly, E., Duffe, J. and Norstrom, R. J. 2000. Analysis of hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs (OH-PCBs) and other chlorinated phenolic compounds in whole blood from Canadian Inuit. Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 611-616.
48. Sjödin, A., Jones, R.S., Focant, J.-F., Lapeza, C., Wang, R.Y., McGahee, E.E. III, Zhang, Y., Turner, W.E., et al. 2004. Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 654-658.
49. Orloff, K.G., Dearwent, S., Metcalf, S., Kathman, S. and Turner, W. 2003. Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in a residential community. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44, 125-131.
50. Paumgartten, F.J.R., Cruz, C.M., Chahoud, I., Palavinskas, R. and Mathar, W. 2000. PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and other organochlorine compounds in human milk from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environ. Res. 83, 293-297.
51. Santos, F.E., Silva, R.d.S.e., Barreto, H.H.C., Inomata, O.N.K., Lemes, V.R.R., Atsuko Kussumi, T. and Rochaca, e.S.O.B. 2003. Levels of expoure to organochlorine pesticides in open-air dump dwellers. Rev. Saude. Publica. 37, 515-522. (In Portuguese, English summary)
52. Heudorf, U., Letzel, S., Peters, M. and Angerer, J. 2000. PCP in the blood plasma: current exposure of the population in Germany, based on data obtained in 1998. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 203, 135-139.
53. ATSDR. 2001. Toxicological Profile for Pentaclorophenol (PCP). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ toxprofiles/tp51.html), Accessed in: August 25, 2004.
54. INIEC. 2002. Nicaraguan Survey of Demography and Health 2001. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC), Managua Nicaragua. (In Spanish) (http://www.inec.gob.ni/endesa/endesa.htm) (http://www.inec.gob.ni/endesa/ resultados.htm), Accessed in: August 11, 2005.
55. Sidhu, K.S. 2003. Health benefits and potential risks related to consumption of fish or fish oil. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38, 336-344.
56. Perez-Maldonado, I.N., Diaz-Barriga, F., de la Fuente, H., Gonzalez-Amaro, R., Calderon, J. and Yanez, L. 2004. DDT induces apoptosis in human mononuclear cells in vitro and is associated with increased apoptosis in exposed children. Environ. Res. 94, 38-46.
57. Yanez, L., Ortiz-Perez, D., Batres, L.E., Borja-Aburto, V.H. and Diaz-Barriga, F. 2002. Levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and deltamethrin in humans and environmental samples in malarious areas of Mexico. Environ. Res. 88, 174-181.
58. Balluz, L., Moll, D., Diaz Martinez, M.G., Merida Colindres, J.E. and Malilay, J. 2001. Environmental pesticide exposure in Honduras following hurricane Mitch. Bull. World. Health Organ. 79, 288-295.
59. When concentration is given in whole blood or plasma serum f.w. basis, a plasma/serum l.w. equivalent can be estimated by two steps as follow: 1) from whole blood f.w. basis to plasma or serum f.w. basis: the concentration of the given compounds is divided by two: and 2) lipid correction: the plasma or serum concentration is dived by the lipid content. When the lipid content is not reported, it can be assumed that 1 g plasma contains 0.0060 g lipids (0.6% lipids). However, the lipid content varies from one population to another, especially in children in whom even lower lipid contents are expected.
60. To elaborate the waste-disposal-site map some materials were obtained as "Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries. The University of Texas at Austin."
61. We thank Dr. Danilo Hernandez Romero, Dr. Mario Jiménez, Dr. Gustavo Sequeira, Adolfo Salinas, the staffs from "Dos Generaciones" and "Chateles Project" and the local Health Centers during the field work for their cooperation, and the support from Professor Sören Jensen and Professor Åke Bergman. The map was elaborated by Emilie Stroh. The study was funded by the Swedish International Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing countries, SAREC, within the frame of a multidisciplinary cooperation program between Lund University and the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-Managua (UNAN-Managua).