Lead Pollution from Shooting and Angling, and a Common Regulative Approach

Environmental Policy and Law

Volumn 33, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 143-149

  Thomas, Vernon G ^a   Guitart, Raimon ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745831744     PISSN: 0378777X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Anderson, William L. (1992) Legislation and lawsuits in the United States and their effects on nontoxic shot regulations. In: Pain, Deborah J. (ed.) (1992b: 56-60).
2. Anderson, William L., Havera, Stephen P. and Zercher, Bradley W. (2000) Ingestion of lead and nontoxic shotgun pellets by ducks in the Mississippi flyway. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 848-857.
3. Beintema, Nienke (2001) 3rd international update report on lead poisoning in waterbirds. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wetlands International.
4. Bell, D.V., Odin, N. and Torres, E. (1985) Accumulation of angling litter at game and coarse fisheries in South Wales, U.K. Biological Conservation 34: 369-379.
5. Birkhead, M.E. (1982) Causes of mortality in the mute swan (Cygnus olor) on the River Thames. Journal of Zoology (London) 199: 59-73.
6. Caccia, Charles L. (1995) Recommendations 74 and 75. In: It?s About Our Health: Towards Pollution Prevention. Report of the House of Commons Standing.Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development. Ottawa, ONT, Canada. Public Works and Government Services, p. 129.
7. California Condor Recovery Team (2001) Exposure to Lead of California Condors, Gymnogyps californianus, Reintroduced to the Wild. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Los Angeles, CA, USA. Los Angeles Zoo.
8. Carey, L.S. (1977) Lead shot appendicitis in northern native people. Journal of the Canadian Association of Radiologists 28: 171-174.
9. Commoner, Barry (1990) Making Peace with the Planet. Pantheon Books, New York, NY, USA.
10. Delany, S., Greenwood, J.J.D. and Kirby, J. (1992) National mute swan survey 1990, Peterborough, UK. Report to the Joint Nature Conservancy Committee.
11. Eisler, R. (1988) Lead Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC, USA.
12. Guitart, Raimon, Manosa, S., Thomas, Vernon G. and Mateo, Rafael (1999) Perdigones y pesos de plomo: Ecotoxicología y efectos para la fauna. Review Toxicologia 16: 3-11. (In Spanish with English summary).
13. Guitart, Raimon, Serratosa, Jordi and Thomas, Vernon G. (2002) Lead poisoned waterfowl in Spain: A significant threat for human consumers. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 12(4): 301-309.
14. Hillman, F.E. (1967) A rare case of chronic lead poisoning: polyneuropathy traced to lead shot in the appendix. Industrial Medicine and Surgery July 36: 488-492.
15. Johansen, P., Asmund, G. and Riget, F. (2001) Lead contamination of seabirds harvested with lead shot-implications to human diet in Greenland. Environmental Pollution 112: 501-504.
16. Jørgensen, S.S. and Willems, M. (1987) The fate of lead in soils: The transformation of lead pellets in shooting range soils. Ambio 16(1): 11-15.
17. Kendall, R.J., Lacher, T.E., Bunck, C., Daniel, B., Driver, C., Grue, C.E., Leighton, F., Stansley, W., Watanabe, P.G. and Whitworth, M. (1996) An ecological risk assessment of lead shot exposure in non-waterfowl avian species: upland game birds and raptors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(1): 4-20.
18. Klaassen, C.D. (1996) Heavy metals and heavy-metal antagonists. In:The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Hardman, J.G., Goodman Gilman, A. and Limbird, L.E. (eds) New York, NY, USA, McGraw-Hill, pp. 1649-1671.
19. Lanphear, Bruce P. (1998) The paradox of lead poisoning prevention. Science 281(5383): 1617-1618.
20. Lumeij, J.T. (1985) Clinicopathological aspects of lead poisoning in birds: A review. Veterinary Quarterly 7: 133-138.
21. Ma, W.C. (1989) Effect of soil pollution with metallic lead pellets on lead bioaccumulation and organ/body weight alterations in small mammals. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18: 617-622.
22. Madsen, H.H.T., Skjodt, T., Jorgensen, P.J. and Grandjean, P. (1998) Blood lead levels in patients with lead shot retained in the appendix. Acta Radiologica 29: 745-746.
23. Manahan, Stanley E. (1989) Toxicological Chemistry: A Guide to Toxic Substances in Chemistry. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, USA.
24. Mateo, Rafael, Martínez-Vilalta, A. and Guitart, Raimon (1997) Lead shot pellets in the Ebro Delta, Spain: Densities in sediments and prevalence of exposure in waterfowl. Environmental Pollution 96: 335-341.
25. Morehouse, Keith A. (1992) Crippling loss and shot type: The United States experience. In: Pain, Deborah J. (ed.) (1992b: 32-37).
26. National Research Council (1993) Measuring lead in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations. Committee on Measuring Lead in Critical Populations. Washington, DC, USA. National Academy Press.
27. Nevin, Rick (2000) How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy. Environmental Research Section A83: 1-22.
28. Norton, Michael R. and Thomas, Vernon G. (1994) Economic analyses of crippling losses of North American waterfowl and their policy implications for management. Environmental Conservation 21(4): 347-353.
29. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (1993) Risk Reduction Monograph No. 1: Lead. Paris, France. Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
30. Pain, Deborah J. (1992a) Lead poisoning of waterfowl: A review. In: Pain, Deborah J. (ed.) (1992b: 7-13).
31. Pain, Deborah J. (ed.) (1992b) Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl. Slimbridge, Gloucester, UK. International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau.
32. Pain, Deborah J. (1995) Lead in the environment. In:Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Hoffman, D.J., Rattner, B.A., Burton, G.A. Jr. and Cairns, J. Jr. (eds) Boca Raton, FL, USA. Lewis Publishers, pp. 356-391.
33. Samuel, Michael D. and Bowers, E. Frank (2000) Lead exposure in American black ducks after implementation of non-Toxic shot. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4): 947-953.
34. Scheuhammer, Anton M. and Norris, Stacey L. (1995) A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Lead Shotshell Ammunition and Lead Fishing Weights in Canada. Occasional Paper No. 88, Canadian Wildlife Service. Ottawa, ONT, Canada. Environment Canada.
35. Scheuhammer, Anton M., Rogers, C.A. and Bond, D. (1999) Elevated lead exposure in American woodcock (Scolopax minor) in eastern Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36: 334-340.
36. Scheuhammer, Anton M., Money, Stacey L., Kirk, D.A. and Donaldson, G. (2002) Lead fishing sinkers and jigs in Canada: Review of their use patterns and toxic impacts on wildlife. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper No. 108. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
37. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) In: Earth Summit ?92. London, UK. The Regency Press Corporation, pp. 11-13.
38. The Royal Society of Canada (1986) Lead in the Canadian Environment: Science and regulation. The Commission on Lead in the Environment. Ottawa, ONT, Canada. Royal Society of Canada.
39. Thomas, Valerie M. and Orlova, Anna O. (2000) Soviet and post-Soviet environmental management: lessons from a case study on lead pollution. Ambio 30(2): 104-111.
40. Thomas, Vernon G. (1995) Why the U.S. and Canada aren?t adopting nontoxic shot and fishing sinkers. International Environmental Affairs 7(4): 364-378.
41. Thomas, Vernon G. (1997a) Attitudes and issues preventing lead bans on toxic lead shot and sinkers in North America and Europe. Environmental Values 6: 185-199.
42. Thomas, Vernon G. (1997b) The environmental and ethical implications of lead shot contamination of rural lands in North America. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10: 41-54.
43. Thomas, Vernon G. and Owen, Myrfyn (1996) Preventing lead toxicosis of European waterfowl by regulatory and non-regulatory means. Environmental Conservation 23(4): 358-364.
44. Tsuji, Leonard J.S. and Nieboer, Evert (1997) Lead pellet ingestion in First Nation Cree of the western James Bay region of northern Ontario, Canada: implications for a nontoxic shot alternative. Ecosystem Health 3(1): 54-61.
45. Twiss, Merilyn P. and Thomas, Vernon G. (1998) Preventing fishing-sinker-induced lead poisoning of common loons through Canadian policy and regulative reform. Journal of Environmental Management 53: 49-59.
46. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994) Lead fishing sinkers; response to citizens? petition and proposed ban. Federal Register 59(46), 11122-11143.
47. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1986) Use of Lead Shot for Hunting Migratory Birds. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 1986. Office of Migratory Bird Management, Department of the Interior. Washington, DC, USA. U.S. Govt. Printing Office.
48. Wendt, J. Stephen and Kennedy, Judith A. (1992) Policy considerations regarding the use of lead pellets for waterfowl hunting in Canada. In: Pain, Deborah, J. (ed.) (1992b: 61-67).
49. World Health Organisation (1989) Lead-Environmental Aspects. Environmental Health Criteria 85. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organisation.