Exclusion for democracy

Political Theory

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 463-487

  Tebble, Adam James ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Assimilation; Identity; Liberalism; Multiculturalism; Nationalism

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745767288     PISSN: 00905917     EISSN: 15527476     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0090591706288519     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Seyla Benhabib, Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 4;
2. The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002) vii-viii, chap. 3;
3. John Dryzek,Democracy in Capitalist Times (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) 4;
4. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) 14;
5. Anne Phillips, The Politics of Presence, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) 8-9:
6. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
7. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Democracy and Capitalism: Property, Community and the Contradictions of Modern Social Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1987) 10-11.
8. For an identity-based account of recruitment to the German National Socialist Workers Party before it attained government, see Brian Ault, "Joining the Nazi Party before 1930: Material Interests or Identity Politics?", Social Science History 26, no. 2, May 1, 2002, 273-310.
9. See also George L. Mosse, "Mass Politics and the Political Liturgy of Nationalism," in ed. Eugene Kamenka, Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea (London: Edward Arnold, 1976) 38-54.
10. Proposition 187 denied all but essential public services to illegal immigrants and had a high degree of support from American blacks as well as whites. In the 2002 presidential election in France, many Jews voted for Jean-Marie Le Pen because of their perception that his far-right Front National party would deal more vigorously with Muslim immigrants, whom they blamed for a rise in anti-Semitic attacks, a perception shared by many in Flanders' Jewish community who have increasingly come to support the anti-immigration Vlaams Belang (VB) party. In 2004 Londoner Patricia Richardson was the first Jewish candidate to stand for the British National Party, which is committed to the voluntary repatriation of all nonwhite immigrants. David Cohen, "Why I'm in the BNP," Evening Standard (London), March 26, 2004.
11. Prominent Jewish journalist Peter Sichrovsky was the Party General Secretary of Austrian right-wing Freiheitspartei Österreichs (FPÖ) until September 2002. On the statement on same-sex marriage by Gerolf Annemans, head of the VB in the Belgian National Assembly, see Elizabeth Bryant, 'The Battle over Same-Sex Marriage," San Francisco Chronicle, March 15, 2004.
12. Trevor Phillips, Head of the UK Commission for Racial Equality, made this suggestion in an interview with The Times of London, April 3, 2004.
13. On community concern about immigrant intimidation see David King and Dan Box, "Revenge attacks in Sydney race war," The Australian, December 12, 2005.
14. The view being outlined here has also been called "hard liberalism." See Nick Cohen, "Come on You Liberals," The Observer (London), November 4, 2001.
15. "Multiculturalism" is understood here to capture a range of theories that, despite clear intramural differences, do share the idea that the culturally diverse nature of society is of normative significance.
16. John Dryzek, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 57;
17. Brian Barry, Culture and Equality (Oxford: Polity Press, 2000) 3-5;
18. David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 1;
19. Nancy Fraser, "From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a "Postsocialist" Age," in Nancy Fraser Justice, Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition (New York: Routledge, 1996) 11-39.
20. To be sure, both Benhabib and Young trace this concern to before the collapse of Communism. See Seyla Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, vii-viii;
21. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1.
22. An important exception to this trend occurred in Spain, where the center-right government was ousted by the center-left days after 3/11.
23. David Miller, "Communitarianism: Left, Right and Centre," in David Miller, Citizenship and National Identity (Oxford: Polity Press, 2000), 102.
24. In 2005 European far-right parties agreed to form a pan-European block to contest the 2009 EU elections. See Paul Belien, "FarRight Parties in Europe Join Forces," http://www.brusselsjournal.com, November 11, 2005;
25. "Treffen der europäischen Rechten in Wien: Rund um FPÖ - 'Wiener Erklärung' verfasst," http://www.networld.at, November 11, 2005.
26. Young, Inclusion for Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 252.
27. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, 8.
28. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, Ibid., 54.
29. See also Young, Inclusion for Democracy, 255.
30. Bikhu Parekh, "The Incoherence of Nationalism," in Ronald Beiner, ed., Theorizing Nationalism (New York: SUNY Press, 1999), 324.
31. For Scruton's position see Roger Scruton, The Meaning of Conservatism (London: MacMillan, 1980), chapters 2 and 3;
32. "In Defence of the Nation," in Roger Scruton, ed., The Philosopher on Dover Beach, (London: St. Martin's Press, 1990) 299-328;
33. "The First Person Plural," in Beiner, Theorizing Nationalism, 279-93.
34. Scruton, "The First Person Plural," 291.
35. Scruton, "The First Person Plural," Ibid., emphasis added.
36. Scruton, "The First Person Plural,", Ibid., 287.
37. See also Scruton, "In Defence of the Nation," 299, 311-12, 322;
38. The Meaning of Conservatism, 186.
39. Scruton, The Meaning of Conservatism, 32-6, 40-43.
40. "In Defence of the Nation," 316-23;
41. "The First Person Plural," 290-91.
42. Miller, On Nationality, 124.
43. Scruton, "The First Person Plural," 279.
44. Scruton, "In Defence of the Nation," 310.
45. Scruton, The Meaning of Conservatism, 38-39, 170-75.
46. Miller, On Nationality, 125.
47. Miller, On Nationality, Ibid., 127.
48. Scruton, The Meaning of Conservatism, 68-69.
49. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, 14-15.
50. On the link between multiculturalism in its varying forms and democracy see Anne Phillips, The Politics of Presence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) chap. 2;
51. Melissa Williams, Voice, Trust and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999) chap. 1;
52. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990) 183-91;
53. Inclusion and Democracy, chap. 4.
54. David Miller, On Nationality.
55. See also Margaret Canovan, Nationhood and Political Theory (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar 1996);
56. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
57. Miller, On Nationality, 8.
58. Miller, On Nationality, Ibid., 22.
59. Miller, On Nationality, Ibid., 25.
60. To be sure, Scruton explicitly rejects the biological view as well. See Roger Scruton, "In Defence of the Nation," 304-5;
61. "The First Person Plural," 289.
62. Miller, On Nationality, 131.
63. See also Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, 7-8, 16.
64. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, Ibid., 133-4.
65. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, Ibid., 129, emphasis added;
66. "Communitarianism: Left, Right and Centre," 103-4.
67. Miller, On Nationality, 132-5.
68. Miller, On Nationality, Ibid., 82-98.
69. Miller, On Nationality, Ibid., 89.
70. Miller, On Nationality, Ibid., 150, 194-5.
71. Miller, On Nationality, Ibid., 96.
72. Miller, On Nationality, Ibid., 130.
73. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, 50.
74. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) 208-10.
75. James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), 89-91.
76. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, 220.
77. Kymlicka, for example, does accept that minority nationalisms can be deeply illiberal and claims that nonminority nationalisms can be defended in liberal nationalist terms. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship, 222-9, 246.
78. Phillips, The Politics of Presence;
79. Williams, Voice, Trust and Memory;
80. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference and Inclusion and Democracy.
81. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, 148.
82. Paul Stokes, "Immigrants should be forced to learn English says Labour MP," The Daily Telegraph (London), July 09, 2001;
83. Anne Cryer, "A Lesson from Keighley," National Post (Toronto), August 10, 2005.
84. Patrick Wintour, "Faith schools warned," The Guardian (London), October 15, 2005.
85. On the Dutch burka ban, see Mark Mardell, "Dutch MPs to decide on burqa ban," http://www.bbc.co.uk, January 16, 2006.
86. Bernard Stasi, Commission de réflexion sur l'application du principe de laïcité dans la république, December 11, 2003, §§3.3.1,3.3.2.1,4.2.2.1.
87. See also Katha Pollitt, "Whose Culture?" in Susan Moller Okin, ed., Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999) 29-30.
88. Miller, On Nationality, 130.
89. Paul Waugh and Flora Stubbs, "Hate mob attacks Galloway," Evening Standard (London), April 20, 2005.
90. "Tatchell flees Muslim abuse," The Pink Paper (London), May 05, 2000.
91. The Guardian (London), July 05, 2002.
92. A similar argument was made in Denmark when experts in criminal law condemned as contrary to the "Danish sense of democracy" an immigrant family's apparent agreement to leave Copenhagen as compensation for their son's shooting of another immigrant. An earlier suggestion by a leading Islamic cleric for the family to hand over blood money was dismissed by the immigration minister as "medieval." See Thomas BuchAndersen, "Arson highlights Danish tensions," http://www.bbc.co.uk, June 8, 2005.
93. Ray Furlong, "German 'Muslim test' stirs anger," http://www.bbc.co.uk, February 10, 2006.
94. Nicola Smith, "Holland launches the immigrant quiz," The Sunday Times (London), March 12, 2006.
95. Nicholas Sarkozy interview with Le Journal du Dimanche available at http://www.interieur.gouv.fr.
96. John Garnaut, "Costello to violent Muslims: get out," The Sydney Morning Herald, February 24, 2006;
97. See also former Australian senator John Stone, "One nation, one culture," The Australian (Sydney), July 22, 2005.
98. "Accept free speech or quit," Metro (London), February 27, 2006.
99. This view, of course, is not entirely without precedent in political theory. See Bruce Ackerman, Social Justice in the Liberal State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 94.
100. Melissa Williams, Voice, Memory and Trust, 15-18;
101. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, chap. 2.
102. Andrew Sparrow, "Portillo leads revolt over race pledge," The Daily Telegraph (London), April 21, 2001.
103. Philip Johnston, "CRE puts race onus on candidates," The Daily Telegraph (London), April 21, 2001.
104. A similar event occurred in Australia when approximately 2,000 supporters of the antimulticultural and anti-immigration Pauline Hanson's One Nation Party had their names and home addresses published by the Australia-Israel and Jewish Affairs Council four months prior to the 1998 general election. See Australia/Israel Review (Melbourne), Australia-Israel and Jewish Affairs Council, July 1998.
105. Lydall, Ross, "Jewish Move Sparks Criticism," Evening Standard (London), August 2, 2002.
106. Lydall Ross, "Nation's First Religious Boundary," Evening Standard (London), February 24, 2003. An eruv is a notional boundary within which Orthodox Jews can perform tasks otherwise banned on the Sabbath.
107. Dominic Casciani, "Jewish eruv set for London," http://www.bbc.co.uk, August 09, 2002, emphasis added;
108. Lydall Ross, "Jewish Move Sparks Criticism," Evening Standard (London), August 02, 2002.
109. Martin Wainwright, "Tourist town considers what's in a name," The Guardian (London), January 28, 1999.
110. The BNP, which at one stage was the official opposition on one local council in England's northwest, gained more than 800,000 votes at the European Elections of 2004. At the 2005 UK general election its performance in the 118 seats where it stood candidates would have translated into more than 1,000,000 votes had it stood nationwide. On white working-class resentment see Minister Hodge's comments in Patrick Wintour, "Faith schools warned," The Guardian (London), October 15, 2005.
111. On this, see Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, 86-91;
112. Doriane Lamblet Coleman, "Individualizing Justice through Multiculturalism; The Liberals' Dilemma," Columbia Law Review, 96, no. 5, (June 1996) 1093-1167;
113. Susan Moller Okin, Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?, 18-20.
114. Although it is not clear from Benhabib's discussion whether the cultural defense strategy was solely responsible for them.
115. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture, 88.
116. Naomi Toy and Lorna Knowles, "Pack rapists' racial taunts," The Sydney Morning Herald, August 24, 2001;
117. Miranda Devine, "Racist rapes; finally the truth comes out," The Sun-Herald (Sydney), July 14, 2002;
118. Paul Sheehan, "Racist to deny the truth of rape," The Sydney Morning Herald, April 19, 2003;
119. Miranda Devine, "Betraying the rape victims," The Sun-Herald (Sydney), November 30, 2003.
120. Natasha Wallace, "Gang rapists told age, culture no defence," The Sydney Morning Herald, March 02, 2004.
121. For a discussion of the special claims of religion see Amy Gutman, Identity in Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003) chap. 4.
122. The repeal option appears to be what has happened in Denmark, where the Supreme Court upheld a supermarket's right to dismiss a Muslim employee for wearing a headscarf to work. The Court held that her doing so violated the supermarket's right to ensure that the appearance of its employees conformed to its policy of "political and religious neutrality." See "Denmark rejects headscarf plea," http://www.bbc.co.uk, January 21, 2005. Presumably, if a court in an identity liberal regime followed this example, it would also uphold a business's right to permit or mandate the wearing of headscarves.
123. See Charles Taylor, "Multiculturalism: the politics of recognition," Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, Charles Taylor and Amy Gutmann, eds. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991) 25-73.
124. For a discussion of cultural survival from a democratic perspective see Gutman, Identity in Democracy, 73-80.
125. On the cultural survival of national minorities see Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship;
126. cf. Politics in the Vernacular.
127. On community leadership complicity in self-segregation see "Community Pride, Not Prejudice: Making Diversity Work in Bradford," Bradford Vision, July 2001, §2.5.2.
128. On self-segregation see Community Cohesion: A Report of the Independent Review Team, Community Cohesion Unit, UK Home Office, 2003.
129. See also Young on integration and "differentiated solidarity" in Inclusion and Democracy, 216-28.
130. Tania Branigan and Vikram Dodd, "Writer in hiding as violence closes Sikh play," The Guardian (London), December 21, 2004.
131. On this see "House Complains Cabinet Too Soft On 'Street Terror'," Netherlands Info Service, http://www.nisnews.nl, February 17, 2006.
132. For the effects of the informal enforcement of nonliberal norms upon female children of immigrants in France's banlieues see Sheherezade Faramazzi, "Young female immigrants in France at risk," The Guardian (London), November 17, 2005.
133. See also Country Reports on Human Rights 2004: France, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour, U.S. State Department, February 28, 2005, §5.
134. For minority-related homophobic violence in Europe see Cathy Young, "Making excuses for bigotry," The Boston Globe, May 16, 2005;
135. "Homophobic Violence in Immigrant Communities," International Lesbian and Gay Association, http://www.ilga.org/, September 24, 2004.
136. See also Elena Shore, "Ethnic Communities Speak out against Gay Marriage," Pacific News Service, http://news. pacificnews.org/news/, June 08, 2004.
137. See also a 2006 opinion poll that found that 40 percent of British Muslims believed that sharia law should be introduced in those areas where they were in a majority. Patrick Hennessy and Melissa Kite, "Poll reveals 40% of Muslims want sharia law in UK," The Sunday Telegraph (London), February 19, 2006.
138. David King and Dan Box, "Revenge attacks in Sydney race war," The Australian (Sydney), December 12, 2005.
139. See also Roger Maynard, "Battle on beach as mob vows to defend 'Aussie way of life'," The Times (London), December 12, 2005.
140. Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy, 220-21.
141. The distinction between conservative and liberal varieties of nationalism has been drawn in numerous ways. See Margaret Canovan, Nationhood and Political Theory, 6-9;
142. Will Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular, 243-45;
143. John Plamenatz, "Two types of Nationalism," in Eugene Kamenka, ed., Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea (London: Edward Arnold, 1976) 22-36;
144. Andrew Vincent, Nationalism and Particularity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 87-88.