Clinical implications and recommendations arising from emdr research findings

Journal of Trauma Practice

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 61-81

  Maxfield, Louise ^a  

^a LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Clinical implications; Complex PTSD; EMDR; Eye movement and desensitization reprocessing; Posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD; Research; Trauma; Treatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745722551     PISSN: 15362922     EISSN: 15362930     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J189v02n01_04     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Andrade, J., Kavanagh, D., & Baddeley, A. (1997). Eye-movements and visual imagery:A working memory approach to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 209-223.
3. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), Recent advances in learning and motivation. New York: Academic Press.
4. Bohart, A. C.,&Greenberg, L. S. (2002). EMDR and experiential psychotherapy. In F.Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach. Washington, DC:American Psychological Association Books.
5. Boudewyns, P. A., & Hyer, L. A. (1996). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3, 185-195.
6. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L.,&Muraoka, M. Y. (1998).Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 3-24.
7. Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D. H., Beutler, L. E., Calhoun, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P. et al. (1998). Update on empirically validated therapies. The Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3-16.
8. Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D. H., Beutler, L. E., Calhoun, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P. et al. (1998). Update on empirically validated therapies. The Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3-16.
9. Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. G. (2002). Brief-treatment for elementary school children with disaster-related PTSD: A field study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 99-112.
10. Chemtob, C. M., Tolin, D. F., van der Kolk, B. A., & Pitman, R. K. (2000). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In E. B. Foa, T. M. Keane,&M. J. Friedman (Eds.), Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (pp. 139-155, 333-335). New York: Guilford Press.
11. De Jongh, A., Ten Broeke, E., & Renssen, M. R. (1999). Treatment of specific phobias with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Protocol, empirical status, and conceptual issues. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 69-85.
12. De Jongh, A., van den Oord, H. J. M., & Ten Broeke, E. (in press). Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of specific phobias: Four single-case studies on dental phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychology.
13. Devilly, G. J., & Spence, S. H. (1999). The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive behavioural trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 131-157.
14. Devilly, G. J., Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (1998). Statistical and reliable change with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Treating trauma with a veteran population. Behavior Therapy, 29, 435-455.
15. Edmond, T., Rubin, A., & Wambach, K. G. (1999). The effectiveness of EMDR with adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Social Work Research, 23, 103-116.
16. Feske, U. (1998). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 171-181.
17. Fishman, D. B. (2000, May 3). Transcending the efficacy versus effectiveness debate. Prevention and Treatment, 3, Article 8.
18. Foa, E. B., & McNally, R. J. (1996). Mechanisms of change in exposure therapy. In R.M.Rapee (Ed.), Current controversies in the anxiety disorders (pp. 329-343). New York: Guilford.
19. Foa, E. B., & Meadows, E. A. (1997). Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 449-480.
20. Goldfried, M. R., & Wolfe, B. E. (1998). Toward a more clinically valid approach to therapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 143-150.
21. Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377- 391.
22. Ironson, G. I., Freund, B., Strauss, J. L., & Williams, J. (2002). A comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A pilot study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology,58, 113-128.
23. Kaslow, F., Nurse, A. R.,&Thompson, P. (2002).EMDRfacilitated couple and family therapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.
24. Kavanagh, D. J., Freese, S., Andrade, J.,&May, J. (2001). Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 267-280.
25. Korn, D. L., & Leeds, A. M. (in press). Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology.
26. Lee, C., Gavriel, H., Drummond, P., Richards, J., & Greenwald, R. (2002). Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A comparison of stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Clinical Psychology.
27. Lipke, H. (2000). EMDR and psychotherapy integration. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
28. Lyons, J. A.,&Keane, T. M. (1989). Implosive therapy for the treatment of combat-related PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 137-152.
29. Marcus, S. V., Marquis, P., & Sakai, C. (1997). Controlled study of treatment of PTSD using EMDR in an HMO setting. Psychotherapy, 34, 307-315.
30. Marks, I. M., Lovell, K., Noshirvani, H., Livanou, M., & Thrasher, S. (1998). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 317-325.
31. Maxfield, L. (in press). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. In C. R.Figley (Ed.), Brief treatments for the traumatized. New York: Greenwood.
32. Maxfield, L., & Hyer, L. A. (2002). The relationship between efficacy and methodology in studies investigating EMDR treatment of PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 23-41.
33. Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Mandel, F. S., Kaplan, S., & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 3-16.
34. Persons, J. B., & Silberschatz, G. (1998). Are results of randomized controlled trials useful to psychotherapists? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 126-135.
35. Power, K. G., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D., Swanson, V., & Karatzias, A. (in press). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring, versus waiting list in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy.
36. Richards, D. A., Lovell, K., & Marks, I. M. (1994). Post-traumatic stress disorder:Evaluation of a behavioral treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 669-680.
37. Rogers, S., Silver, S., Goss, J., Obenchain, J., Willis, A., & Whitney, R. (1999). A single session, controlled group study of flooding and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in treating posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam war veterans:Preliminary data. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 119-130.
38. Rothbaum, B. O. (1997). A controlled study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disordered sexual assault victims. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61, 317-334.
39. Scheck, M. M., Schaeffer, J. A., & Gillette, C. S. (1998). Brief psychological intervention with traumatized young women: The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of Traumatic Stress,11, 25-44.
40. Shapiro, F. (1989). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress Studies, 2, 199-223.
41. Shapiro, F. (1991). Stray thoughts. EMDR Network Newsletter, 1, 1-3.
42. Shapiro, F. (1999). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 35-67.
43. Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
44. Shapiro, F. (2002). EMDR twelve years after its introduction: Past and future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1-22.
45. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Clinical implications of an integrated psychotherapy treatment. Directions in Clinical and Counselling Psychology, 11, 59-71.
46. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2002a). EMDR: In the blink of an eye. Psychologist, 15, 120-124.
47. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2002b). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). In G. Zimmar, M. Hersen & W. Sledge (Eds.), Encyclopedia of psychotherapy. New York: Academic Press.
48. Shapiro, F., & Maxfield, L. (2002c). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Information processing in the treatment of trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 933-948.
49. Sharpley, C. F., Montgomery, I. M., & Scalzo, L. A. (1996). Comparative efficacy of EMDR and alternative procedures in reducing the vividness of mental images. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 25, 37-42.
50. Siegel, D. J. (2002). The developing mind and the resolution of trauma: Some ideas about information processing and an interpersonal neurobiology of psychotherapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.
51. Silver, S., & Rogers, S. (2001). Light in the heart of darkness: EMDR and the treatment of war and terrorism survivors. Norton.
52. Smyth, N., & Poole, D. (2002). EMDR and cognitive behavior therapy. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.
53. Solomon, M., & Neborsky, R. J. [Eds.] (2001). Short term therapy for long term change. New York: Norton.
54. Solomon, R. M., & Kaufman, T. E. (2002). Peer support workshop for treatment of traumatic stress of railroad personnel. Paper submitted for publication.
55. Sprang, G. (2001). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of traumatic stress and complicated mourning: Psychological and behavioral outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice, 11, 300-320.
56. Stickgold, R. (2002). EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 61-75.
57. Tarrier, N., Pilgrim, H., Sommerfield, C., Faragher, M. R., Graham, E., & Barrowclough, C. (1999). A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 67, 13-18.
58. Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (Suppl. 1), 53-77.
59. United Kingdom Department of Health. (2001). Treatment choice in psychological therapies and counselling evidence based clinical practice guideline. London: Author. WEB: http://www.doh.gov.uk/mentalhealth/treatmentguideline
60. van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., & Kindt, M. (2001). Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 121-130.
61. van der Kolk, B. A. (2002). Beyond the talking cure: Somatic experience and subcortical imprints in the treatment of trauma. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.
62. van der Kolk, B.A., Pelcovitz, D., Roth, S., Mandel, F., McFarlane, A., & Herman, J. (1996). Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: The complexity of adaptation to trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 83-93.
63. Van Etten, M. L., & Taylor, S. (1998). Comparative efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 5, 126-144.
64. Vaughan, K., Wiese, M., Gold, R., & Tarrier, N. (1994). Eye-movement desensitisation:Symptom change in post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 533-541.
65. Wachtel, P. L. (2002).EMDRand psychoanalysis. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books.
66. Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. H. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 928-937.
67. Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., & Tinker, R. H. (1997). Fifteen-month follow-up of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for PTSD and psychological trauma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 1047-1056.
68. Wilson, S. A., Becker, L. A., Tinker, R.H., & Logan, C. R. (2001). Stress management with law enforcement personnel. A controlled outcome study of EMDR versus a traditional stress management program. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 179-200.
69. Wolpe, J. (1990). The practice of behavior therapy (4th ed.). New York: Pergamon Press.
70. Young, J. E., Zangwill, W. M., & Behary, W. E. (2002). Combining EMDR and schema-focused therapy: The whole may be greater than the sum of the parts. In F. Shapiro (Ed.), EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach. Washington, DC:American Psychological Association Books.