Respiratory system involvement in systemic vasculitides

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 24, Issue 2 SUPPL. 41, 2006, Pages

  Manganelli, Paolo ^a   Fietta, Pieranna ^a   Carotti, Marina ^b   Pesci, Alberto ^c   Salaffi, Fausto ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PARMA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated systemic vasculitides; Chest radiograph; High resolution computed tomography; Respiratory system involvement; Systemic vasculitides

Indexed keywords

ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; HEMOGLOBIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY; PREDNISONE; STEROID;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA; ANEMIA; AORTA ARCH SYNDROME; ASTHMA; CAPILLARITIS; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CLINICAL FEATURE; COUGHING; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HEMOPTYSIS; HUMAN; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG HEMORRHAGE; LUNG INFILTRATE; MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS; MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME; NOSE POLYP; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SINUSITIS; SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

ANTIBODIES, ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC; CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME; HUMANS; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS; TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; VASCULITIS; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

EID: 33745712637     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. FAUCI AS, HAYNES BF, KATZ P: The spectrum of vasculitis. Clinical, pathologic, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89: 660-76.
2. GROSS WL: Immunopathogenesis of vasculitis. In KLIPPEL JH and DIEPPE PA (Eds): Rheumatology, 2nd ed., Mosby, London, 1998: 7.19.1-19.8.
3. LANGFORD CA: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies should not be used to guide treatment in Wegener's granulomatosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004; 22 (Suppl. 36): S3-S6.
4. SPECKS U: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: are they pathogenic? Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004; 22 (Suppl.36): S7-S12.
5. JENNETTE JC, FALK RJ: Small-vessel vasculitis. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1512-23.
6. JENNETTE JC, FALK RJ, ANDRASSY K et al.: Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an International Consensus Conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 187-92.
7. HUNDER GG, AREND WP, BLOCH DA et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis. Introduction. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 1065-67.
8. LARSON TS, HALL S, HEPPER NGG, HUNDER GG: Respiratory tract symptoms as a clue to giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 594-7.
9. MACHADO EBV, MICHET CJ, BALLARD DJ et al.: Trends in incidence and clinical presentation of temporal arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1985. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 745-9.
10. QUILICHINI R, CHAFFANJON P, MIRO I, AUBERT L: Maladie de Horton: forme tussigène. Nouv Presse Méd 1981; 10: 2831. (French).
11. RODAT O, BUZELIN F, WEBER M et al.: Bronchopulmonary manifestations of Horton's disease. A propos of a case. Rev Méd Interne 1983; 4: 225-30. (French).
12. MANGANELLI P, TAGLIAFERRI A, TROISE RIODA W: Temporal arteritis with involvement of the respiratory system: a case report. Reumatismo 1989; 41: 277-81. (Italian).
13. RISCHMUELLER M, DAVIES RP, SMITH MD: Three-year follow-up of a case of giant cell arteritis presenting with a chronic cough and upper limb ischaemic symptoms. J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 800-2.
14. OLOPADE CO, SEKOSAN M, SCHRAUF-NAGEL DE: Giant cell arteritis manifesting as chronic cough and fever of unknown origin. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 1048-50.
15. LIM KH, LIAM CK, VASUDEVAN AE, WONG CM: Giant cell arteritis presenting as chronic cough and prolonged fever. Respirology 1999; 4: 299-31.
16. WALSH SJ, McCLELLAND JJ, OWENS CG, CALLENDER ME: Fever and dry cough in a patient with a prostetic heart valve. An interesting presentation of temporal arteritis. Rheumatology 2001; 40: 714-5.
17. HAMILTON CR Jr, SHELLEY WM, TUMULTY PA: Giant cell arteritis: including temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Medicine 1971; 50: 1-27.
18. RAMOS A, LAGUNA P, CUERVAS V: Pleural effusion in giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 957.
19. GUR H, EHRENFELD M, IZSAK E: Pleural effusion as a presenting manifestation of giant cell arteritis. Clin Rheumatol 1996; 15: 200-3.
20. GARCIA-ALFRANCA F, SOLANS R, SIMEÓN C, GÓMEZ-LOZANO A, PÉREZ-BOCANEGRA C, BOSCH JA: Pleural effusion as a form of presentation of temporal arteritis. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37: 802-3.
21. KARACHALIOS G, CHARALABOPOULOS A, CHARALABOPOULOS K: Pleural effusion in temporal arteritis. In Vivo 2003; 17: 151-2.
22. KARAM GH, FULMER JD: Giant cell arteritis presenting as interstitial lung disease. Chest 1982; 82: 781-4
23. KRAMER MR, MELZER E, NESHER G, SONNENBLICK M: Pulmonary manifestations of temporal arteritis. Eur J Respir Dis 1987; 71: 430-3.
24. MICHET BA, AREND WP, HUNDER GG: Clinical differentiation between giant cell (temporal) arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 106-11.
25. AMATO MBP, BARBAS CSV, DELMONTE VC, CARVALHO CRR: Concurrent Churg-Strauss syndrome and temporal arteritis in a young patient with pulmonary nodules. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 1539-42.
26. VIDAL E, LIOZON F, ROGUES A-M, CRANSAC M, BERDHA J-F, LIOZON E: Concurrent temporal arteritis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1312-4.
27. NISHINO H, DeREMEE RA, RUBINO FK, PARISI JE: Wegener's granulomatosis associated with vasculitis of the temporal artery: report of five cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68: 115-21.
28. LE THI HUONG D, ANDREU MR, DUHAUT P, GODEAU P, PIETTE JC: Intra-alveolar haemorrhage in temporal arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 189-90.
29. EVANS JM, BOWLES CA, BJORNSSON J, MULLANY CJ, HUNDER GG: Thoracic aortic aneurysm and rupture in giant cell arteritis. A descriptive study of 41 cases. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1539-47.
30. NUENNINGHOFF DM, HUNDER GG, CHRISTIANSON TJK, McCLELLAND RL, MATTESON EL: Mortality of large-artery complications (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis. A population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 3532-7.
31. LADANYI M, FRASER RS: Pulmonary involvement in giant cell arteritis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987; 111: 1178-89.
32. BLOCKMANS D, KNOCKAERT D, BOBBAERS H: Giant cell arteritis can be associated with T4-lymphocytic alveolitis. Clin Rheumatol 1999; 18: 330-3.
33. NEIDHART B, KOSECK R, BACHMANN LM, STEY C: Exertional dyspnea as initial manifestation of Takayasu's arteritis - A case report and literature review. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2001; 1: 3.
34. SHARMA S, KAMALAKAR T, RAJANI M, KRISHAN TALWAR K, SHRIVASTAVA S: The incidence and patterns of pulmonary artery involvement in Takayasu's arteritis. Clin Radiol 1990; 42: 177-81.
35. FERRETTI G, DEFAYE P, THONY F, RANCHOUP Y, COULOMB M: Initial isolated Takayasu's arteritis of the right pulmonary artery: MR appearances. Eur Radiol 1996; 6: 429-32.
36. BRUGIERE O, MAL H, SLEIMAN C, GROUSSARD O, MELLOT F, FOURNIER M: Isolated pulmonary arteries involvement in a patient with Takayasu's arteritis. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 767-70.
37. HAQUE U, HELLMANN D, TRAILL T, VENBRUX A, STONE J: Takayasu's arteritis involving proximal pulmonary arteries and mimicking thromboembolic disease. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 450-3.
38. YAMADA I, SHIBUYA H, MATSUBARA O et al.: Pulmonary artery disease in Takayasu's arteritis: angiographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159: 263-9.
39. PARK JH, CHUNG JW, IM J-GI, KIM SK, PARK YB, HAN MC: Takayasu's arteritis: evaluation of mural changes in the aorta and pulmonary artery with CT angiography. Radiology 1995; 196: 89-93.
40. TANIGAWA K, EGUCHI K, KITAMURA Y et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging detection of aortic and pulmonary artery wall thickening in the acute stage of Takayasu's arteritis. Improvement of clinical and radiologic findings after steroid therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 476-80.
41. KISSIN EY, MERKEL PA: Diagnostic imaging in Takayasu arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16: 31-7.
42. YAMADA I, NAKAGAWA T, HIMENO Y, KOBAYASHI Y, NUMANO F, SHIBUYA H: Takayasu arteritis: diagnosis with breath-hold-contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 11: 481-7.
43. UMEHARA I, SHIBUYA H, NAKAGAWA T, NUMANO F: Comprehensive analysis of perfusion scintigraphy in Takayasu's arteritis. Clin Nucl Med 1991; 16: 352-7.
44. VANOLI M, CASTELLANI M, BACCHIANI G et al.: Non-invasive assessment of pulmonary artery involvement in Takayasu's disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999; 17: 215-8.
45. LUPI-HERRERA E, SÁNCHEZ-TORRES G, MARCUSHAMER J, MISPERETA J, HORWITZ S, VELA JE: Takayasu's arteritis. Clinical study of 107 cases. Am Heart J 1977; 93: 94-103.
46. KUMAR S, SHERMAN CB: Unusual pulmonary manifestations of Takayasu's arteritis. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 1661-3.
47. KOYABU S, ISAKA N, YADA T, KOMISHI T, NAKANO T: Severe respiratory failure caused by recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage in Takayasu's arteritis. Chest 1993; 104: 1905-6.
48. ÇILLI A, ÖZDEMIR T, ÖǦÜŞ C: Takayasu's arteritis presenting with bilateral parenchymal consolidations and severe respiratory failure. Respiration 2001; 68: 628-30.
49. DZIADZIO M, GHATTAS L, SCARPELLI M, POMPONIO G, GABRIELLI A: A case of Takayasu's arteritis with parenchymal pulmonary involvement associated with spondylarthropathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 21: 413-4.
50. MATSUBARA O, YOSHIMURA N, TAMURA A et al.: Pathological features of the pulmonary artery in Takayasu arteritis. Heart Vessels Suppl 1992; 7: 18-25.
51. HOTCHI M: Pathological studies on Takayasu arteritis. Heart Vessels 1992; (Suppl. 7): S11-S17.
52. LIE JT: Isolated pulmonary Takayasu arteritis: clinicopathologic characteristics. Mod Pathol 1996; 9: 469-74.
53. KREIDSTEIN SH, LYTWYN A, KEYSTONE EC: Takayasu arteritis associated with interstitial pneumonia and coronary vasculitis: expanding the spectrum. Report of a case. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 1175-8.
54. GREENE NG, BAUGHMAN RP, KIM CK: Takayasu's arteritis associated with interstitial lung disease and glomerulonephritis. Chest 1986; 89: 605-6.
55. PRAKASH UBS: Vasculitis syndromes. In Textbook of pulmonary disease, 6th ed. BAIUM GL, CRAPPO JL, CELLI BR, et al. (Eds). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven 1998; 1043-5.
56. LEIB ES, RESTIVO C, PAULUS HE: Immuno-suppressive and corticosteroid therapy of polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 1979; 67: 941-7.
57. NICK J, TUDER R, MAY R, FISHER J: Polyarteritis nodosa with pulmonary vasculitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 450-3.
58. GUO X, GOPALAN R, UGBARUGBA S et al.: Hepatitis B-related polyarteritis nodosa complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage. Chest 2001; 119: 1608-10.
59. MENON Y, SINGH R, CUCHACOVIVH R, ESPINOZA LR: Pulmonary involvement in hepatitis B-related polyarteritis nodosa. Chest 2002; 122: 1497-8.
60. MATSUMOTO T, HOMMA S, OKADA M et al.: The lung in polyarteritis nodosa: A pathologic study of 10 cases. Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 717-24.
61. UMEZAWA T, SAJI T, MATSUO N, ODAGIRI K: Chest x-ray findings in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Radiol 1989; 20: 48-51.
62. FALCINI F, CIMAZ R, CALABRI GB et al.: Kawasaki's disease in northern Italy: A multicenter retrospective study of 250 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20: 421-6.
63. VOYNOW JA, SCHANBERG L, SPORN T, KREDICH D: Pulmonary complications associated with Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 2002; 140: 786-7.
64. UZIEL Y, HASHKES PJ, KASSEM E, GOTTESMAN G, WALACH B: "Unresolving pneumonia" as the main manifestation of atypical Kawasaki disease. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88: 940-2.
65. FREEMAN AF, CRAWFORD SE, FINN LS et al.: Inflammatory pulmonary nodules in Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 36: 102-6.
66. ROWLEY AH, SHULMAN ST, MASK CA et al.: IgA plasma cell infiltration of proximal respiratory tract, pancreas, kidney and coronary artery in acute Kawasaki disease. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1183-91.
67. FAUCI AS, HAYNES BF, KATZ P, WOLFF SM: Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 76-85.
68. ROFFMAN GS, KERR GS, LEAVITT RY et al.: Wegener's granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 488-98.
69. DAUM TE, SPECKS U, COLBY TV et al.: Tracheobronchial involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 522-6.
70. LANGFORD CA, SNELLER MC, HALLAHAN CW et al.: Clinical features and therapeutic management of subglottic stenosis in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 1754-60.
71. BAMBERY P, SAKHUJA V, BEHERA D, DEODHAR SD: Pleural effusions in Wegener's granulomatosis: report of five patients and a brief review of the literature. Scand J Rheumatol 1991; 20: 445-7.
72. SCHWARTZ MI, BROWN KK: Small vessel vasculitis of the lung. Thorax 2000; 55:502-10.
73. BOSCH X, LÓPEZ-SOTO A, MIRAPEIX E, FONT J, INGELMO M, URBANO-MÁRQUEZ A: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated alveolar capillaritis in patients presenting with pulmonary hemorrhage. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118: 517-22.
74. Ter MAATEN JC, FRANSSEN CFM, GANS ROB, van SCHIJNDEL RJM, HOORNTJE SJ: Respiratory failure in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Chest 1996; 110: 357-62.
75. ROSENBERG DM, WEINBERGER SE, FULMER JD, FLYE MW, FAUCI AS, CRYSTAL RG: Functional correlates of lung involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Use of pulmonary function tests in staging and follow-up. Am J Med 1980; 69: 387-94.
76. CLARK T, HOFFMAN GS: Pulmonary artery involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 22 (Suppl. 32): S124-S126.
77. ABERLE DR, GAMSU G, LYNCH D: Thoracic manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis: diagnosis and course. Radiology 1990; 174: 703-9.
78. PAPIRIS SA, MANOUSSAKIS MN, DROSOS AA, KONTOGIANNIS D, CONSTANTOPOULOS SH, MOUTSOPOULOS H.M: Imaging of thoracic Wegener's granulomatosis: the computed tomographic appearance. Am J Med 1992; 93: 529-36.
79. SEO JB, IM JG, CHUNG JW et al.: Pulmonary vasculitis: the spectrum of radiological findings. Br J Radiol 2000; 73: 1224-31.
80. CORDIER JF, VALEYRE D, GUILLEVIN L, LOIRE R, BRECHOT JM: Pulmonary Wegener's granulomatosis: a clinical and imaging study of 77 cases. Chest 1990; 97: 906-12.
81. ROCKALL AG, RICKARDS D, SHAW PJ: Imaging of the pulmonary manifestations of systemic disease. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77: 621-38.
82. KUHLMAN JE, HRUBAN RH, FISHMAN EK: Wegener's granulomatosis: CT features of parenchymal lung disease. J Comput Ass Tomog 1991; 15: 948-52.
83. PRIMACK SL, HARTMAN TE, LEE KS, MÜLLER NL: Pulmonary nodules and the CT halo sign. Radiology 1994; 190: 513-15.
84. LEE SK, KIM TS, FUJIMOTO K et al.: Thoracic manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis: CT findings in 30 patients. Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 43-51.
85. GEORGE TM, CASH JM, FARVER C et al.: Mediastinal mass and hilar adenopathy. Rare thoracic manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 1992-7.
86. REUTER M, SCHNABEL A, WESNER F et al.: Pulmonary Wegener's granulomatosis. Correlation between high-resolution CT findings and clinical scoring of disease activity. Chest 1998; 114: 500-6.
87. KOMÓCSI A, REUTER M, HELLER M, MURAKÖZI H, GROSS WL, SCHNABEL A: Active disease and residual damage in treated Wegener's granulomatosis: an observational study using pulmonary high resolution computed tomography. Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 36-42.
88. TRAVIS WD, HOFFMAN GS, LEAVITT RY, PASS HI, FAUCI AS: Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener's granulomatosis. Review of 87 open lung biopsies from 67 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 19: 315-33.
89. GAUDIN PB, ASKIN FB, FALK RJ, JENNETTE JC: The pathologic spectrum of pulmonary lesions in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for anti-proteinase 3 and anti-myeloperoxidase, Am J Clin Pathol 1995; 104: 7-16.
90. HOFFMAN GS, SECHLER JMG, GALLIN JI et al.: Bronchoalveolar lavage analysis in Wegener's granulomatosis. A method to study disease pathogenesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 401-7.
91. SCHNABEL A, CSERNOK E, GROSS WL: Activation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in the lower respiratory tract in Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 399-405.
92. SCHNABEL A, REUTER M, GLOECKNER K, MULLER-QUERNHEIM J, GROSS WL: Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile in Wegener's granulomatosis. Respir Med 1999; 93: 498-506.
93. CSERNOK E, TRABANDT A, MULLER A et al.: Cytokine profile in Wegener's granulomatosis: predominance of type 1 (Th1) in the granulomatous inflammation. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 742-50.
94. SCHNABEL A, REUTER M, CSERNOK E, RICHTER C, GROSS WL: Subclinical alveolar bleeding in pulmonary vasculitides: correlation with indices of disease activity. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 118-24.
95. LANHAM JC, ELKON KB, PUSEY CD, HUGHES GR: Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine 1984; 63: 65-81.
96. MASI AT, HUNDER GG, LIE JT et al.: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis). Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33: 1094-100.
97. ABRIL A, CALAMIA KT, COHEN MD: The Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatous angiitis): review and update. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2003; 33: 106-14.
98. GUILLEVIN L, COHEN P, GAYRAUD M, LHOTE F, JARROUSSE B, CASASSUS P: Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine 1999; 78: 26-37.
99. CHUMBLEY LC, HARRISON EC Jr, DEREMEE RA: Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Report and analysis of 30 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52: 477-84.
100. HAAS C, GENEAU C, ODINOT JM et al.: Allergic angiitis and granulomatosis: Churg-Strauss syndrome. Retrospective study of 16 cases. Ann Méd Interne 1991; 142: 335-42. (French).
101. KEOGH KA, SPECKS U: Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med 2003; 115: 284-90.
102. TAWIL A, DIAB K, ARAYSSI T: Leukotriene antagonists and the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002; 31: 218-27.
103. WELLER PF, PLAUT M, TAGGART V, TRONTELL A: The relationship of asthma and Churg-Strauss syndrome: NHI workshop summary report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 175-83.
104. LE GALL C, PRAM S, VIGNES S et al.: Inhaled corticosteroids and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a report of five cases. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 978-81.
105. COOPER SM, LIBMAN BS, LAZAROVICH M: Churg-Strauss syndrome in a group of patients receiving fluticasone for asthma. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 2651-2.
106. SOLANS R, BOSCH JA, PÉREZ-BOCANEGRA C et al.: Churg-Strauss syndrome: outcome and long-term follow-up of 32 patients. Rheumatology 2001; 40: 763-71.
107. CLUTTERBUCK EJ, PUSEY CD: Severe alveolar haemorrhage in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Eur J Respir Dis 1987; 71: 158-63.
108. LAI R-S, LIN S-L, LAI N-S, LEE P-C: Churg-Strauss syndrome presenting with pulmonary capillaritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27: 230-2.
109. DELLA ROSSA A, BALDINI C, TAVONI A et al.: Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical and serological features of 19 patients from a single Italian centre. Rheumatology 2002; 41: 1286-94.
110. ERZURUM SC, UNDERWOOD GA, HAMILOS DL, WALDRON JA: Pleural effusion in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Chest 1989; 95: 1357-9.
111. HIRASAKI S, KAMEI T, IWASAKI Y et al.: Churg-Strauss syndrome with pleural involvement. Intern Med 2000; 39: 976-8.
112. MANGANELLI P, TROISE RIODA W, BUZIO C, PAVESI G, GEMIGNANI F: Churg-Strauss syndrome. Personal experience and review of the literature. Minerva Med 1994; 85: 387-93. (Italian).
113. CHOI YH, IM J-G, HAN BK, KIM J-H, LEE KY, MYOUNG NH: Thoracic manifestation of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Radiologic and clinical findings. Chest 2000; 117: 117-24.
114. WORTHY SA, MÜLLER NL, HANSELL DM, FLOWER CD: Churg-Strauss syndrome: the spectrum of pulmonary CT findings in 17 patients. AJR Am J Roengtenol 1998; 170: 297-300.
115. KATZENSTEIN AL: Diagnostic features and differential diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome in the lung. A review. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114: 767-72.
116. CHURG J, STRAUSS L: Allergic granulomatosis, allergic angiitis, and periarteritis nodosa. Am J Pathol 1951; 27: 277-94.
117. OLIVIERI D, PESCI A, BERTORELLI G: Eosinophilic alveolitis in immunologic interstitial lung disorders. Lung 1990; (Suppl.): 964-73.
118. WALLAERT B, GOSSET P, PRIN L, BART F, MARQUETTE C-H, TONNEL AB: Bronchoalveolar lavage in allergic granulomatosis and angiitis. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 413-7.
119. SCHNABEL A, CSERNOK E, BRAUN J, GROSS WL: Inflammatory cells and cellular activation in the lower respiratory tract in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Thorax 1999; 54: 771-8.
120. MANGANELLI P, GIACOSA R, FIETTA P, ZANETTI A, NERI MT: Familial vasculitides: Churg-Strauss syndrome and Wegener's granulomatosis in two first-degree relatives. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 618-21.
121. GUILLEVIN L, DURANT-GASSELIN B, CEVALLOS R et al.: Microscopic polyangiitis. Clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 421-30.
122. LAUQUE D, CADRANEL J, LAZOR R et al.: Microscopic polyangiitis with alveolar hemorrhage. A study of 29 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 2000; 79: 222-33.
123. SCHWARZ MI, MORTENSON RL, COLBY TV et al.: Pulmonary capillaritis. The association with progressive irreversible airflow limitation and hyperinflation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 507-11.
124. BRUGIERE O, RAFFY O, SLEIMAN C et al.: Progressive obstructive lung disease associated with microscopic polyangiitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 739-42.
125. BECKER-MEROK A, NESSENT JC, RITLAND N: Fibrosing alveolitis predating microscopic polyangiitis. Scand J Rheumatol 1999; 28: 254-6.
126. ESCHUN GM, MINK SN, SHARMA S: Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis as a presenting manifestation in perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody microscopic polyangiitis. Chest 2003; 123: 297-301.
127. GARCÍA-PURRÚA C, CALVIÑO MC, LLORCA J, COUSELO JM, GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA: Henoch-Schönlein purpura in children and adults: clinical differences in a defined population. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002; 32: 149-56.
128. KATHURIA S, CHEIFEC G: Fatal pulmonary Henoch-Schönlein syndrome. Chest 1982; 82: 654-6.
129. MARKUS HS, CLARK JV: Pulmonary haemorrhage in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Thorax 1989; 44: 525-6.
130. OLSON JC, KELLY KJ, PAN CG, WORTMANN DW: Pulmonary disease with hemorrhage in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 1177-81.
131. PALLER AS, KELLY K, SETHI R: Pulmonary hemorrhage: an often fatal complication of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Pediatr Dermatol 1997; 14: 299-302.
132. VATS KR, VATS A, DASSENKO D, SINAIKO AR: Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pulmonary hemorrhage: a report and literature review. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 530-4.
133. BESBAS N, DUZOVA A, TOPALOGLU R, OZALTIN F, OZEN S, BAKKALOGLU A: Pulmonary haemorrhage in a 6-year-old boy with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin Rheumatol 2001; 20: 293-6.
134. AL-HARBI NN: Henoch-Schönlein nephritis complicated with pulmonary hemorrhage but treated successfully. Pediatr Nephrol 2002; 17: 762-4.
135. McCARTHY R, ROSEN T, CHEN S-H, RAIMER SS: Adult Henoch-Schönlein purpura with fatal complications. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137: 19-21.
136. NADROUS HF, YU AC, SPECKS U, RYU JH: Pulmonary involvement in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 1151-7.
137. CHAUSSAIN M, de BOISSIEU D, KALIFA G et al.: Impairment of lung diffusion capacity in Schönlein-Henoch purpura. J Pediatr 1992; 121: 12-6.
138. CAZZATO S, BERNARDI F, CINTI C et al.: Pulmonary function abnormalities in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Eur Respir J 1999, 13: 597-601.
139. CAIRNS SA, MALLICK NP, LAWLER W, WILLIAMS G: Squamous cell carcinoma of bronchus presenting with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Br Med J 1978; 2: 474-5.
140. BLANCO R, GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, IBÁÑEZ D, ALBA C, PÉREZ DE LLANO LA: Henoch-Schönlein purpura as a clinical presentation of small cell lung cancer. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1997; 15: 545-7.
141. PERTUISET E, LIOTÉ F, LAUNAY-RUSS E, KEMICHE F, CERF-PAYRASTRE I, CHESNEAU A-M: Adult Henoch-Schönlein purpura associated with malignancy. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000; 29: 360-7.
142. BOMBARDIERI S, PAOLETTI P, FERRI C, DI MUNNO O, FORNAI E, GIUNTINI C: Lung involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Am J Med 1979; 66: 748-56.
143. VIEGI G, FORNAI E, FERRI C et al.: Lung function in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: a short-term follow-up. Clin Rheumatol 1989; 8: 331-8.
144. FERRI C, LA CIVITA L, FAZZI P et al.: Interstitial lung fibrosis and rheumatic disorders in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36: 360-5.
145. RODRIGUEZ-VIDIGAL FF, ROIG FIGUEROA V, PEREZ-LUCENA E et al.: Alveolar hemorrhage in mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus infection. An Med Interna 1998; 15: 661-3. (Spanish).
146. GOMEZ-TELLO V, ONORO-CANAVERAL JJ, de la CASA MONJE RM et al.: Diffuse recidivant alveolar hemorrhage in a patient with hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 319-22.
147. STAGG MP, LAUBER J, MICHALSKI JP: Mixed essential cryoglobulinemia and adult respiratory distress syndrome: a case report. Am J Med 1989; 87: 445-8.
148. SUZUKI R, MORITA H, KOMUKAI D et al.: Mixed cryoglobulinemia due to chronic hepatitis C with severe pulmonary involvement. Intern Med 2003; 42: 1210-4.
149. ZACKRISON LH, KATZ P: Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum 1993: 36: 1627-30.
150. MANGANELLI P, SALAFFI F, SUBJACO S et al.: Bronchoalveolar lavage in mixed cryoglobulinaemia associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 978-82.
151. GOREVIC PD, KASSAB HJ, LEVO Y et al.: Mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients. Am J Med 1980; 69: 297-308.
152. ROITHINGER FX, ALLINGER S, KIRCHGATTERER A et al.: A lethal course of chronic hepatitis C, glomerulonephritis, and pulmonary vasculitis unresponsive to interferon treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 1006-8
153. ROSSI SE, ERASMUS JJ, McADAMS HP, SPORN TA, GOODMAN PC: Pulmonary drug toxicity: radiologic and pathologic manifestations. Radiographics 2000; 20: 1245-59.