Congolese refugee livelihoods in Nairobi and the prospects of legal, local integration

Refugee Survey Quarterly

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 93-108

  Campbell, Elizabeth H ^a   D'Arc Kakusu, Jean ^b   Musyemi, Iddi ^c  

^a BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PORTLAND COMMUNITY COLLEGE   (United States)

^c Nairobi Law Firm   (Kenya)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; REFUGEE;

AFRICA; CENTRAL AFRICA; CONGO; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; NAIROBI [KENYA]; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 33745700305     PISSN: 10204067     EISSN: 1471695X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/rsq/hdi0128     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Al-Sharmani, M. 2004, "Refugee Livelihoods: Livelihood and Diasporic Identity Constructions of Somali Refugees in Cairo," UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 104, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
2. Awori, M. 2004, "Remarks by the Vice President and Minister for Home Affairs Hon. A.A. Moody Awori, EBS MP During the Official Opening of the Joint Strategic Planning Workshop for the 2005 Kenya Refugee Programme Held at the Hotel Intercontinental, Nairobi, 16-17th February 2004-9:00 a.m," pp. 1-20.
3. Banki, S. 2004, "Refugee Integration in the Intermediate Term: A Study of Nepal, Pakistan, and Kenya." UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 108, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
4. BBC News 2002, "Kenya Warned Against Crackdown on Ethiopian, Somali Refugees," 10 June.
5. Crisp, J. 2000, "Africa's Refugees: Patterns, Problems and Policy Challenges," UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 28, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
6. Crisp, J. 2003, "No Solutions in Sight: The Problem of Protracted Refugee Situations in Africa," UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 75, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
7. Crisp, J. 2004, "The Local Integration and Local Settlement of Refugees: A Conceptual and Historical Analysis." UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 102, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
8. Dryden-Peterson, S. & Hovil, L. 2003, "Local Integration as a Durable Solution: Refugees, Host Populations and Education in Uganda," UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 93, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
9. East African Standard 2003a, "Court Orders 3 Somali Teenagers Remanded," 31 July.
10. East African Standard 2003b, "Illegal Immigrants Blamed Over Insecurity," 3 February.
11. Ferris, E. 1993, Beyond Borders: Refugees, Migrants and Human Rights in the Post-Cold War Era, WCC Publications, Geneva
12. Ferris, E. 1996, "Refugees: New Approaches to Traditional Solutions," Forced Migration On-Line, Available at http://fmo.eh.ox.ac.uk/fmo/.
13. Gammeltoft, P. 2002, "Remittances and Other Financial Flows to Developing Countries," International Migration, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 181-209.
14. Githongo, G. 2003, "Those Magnificent Somalis in Their Flying Informal Networks," The East African Standard, 28 July.
15. Goetz, N. 2003, "Towards Self-Sufficiency and Integration: An Historical Evaluation of Assistance Programs for Rwandese Refugees in Burundi, 1962-1965, UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 87, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
16. Hake, A. 1977, African Metropolis: Nairobi's Self-Help City, Sussex University Press, London.
17. Harrell-Bond, B. 2000, "Are Refugee Camps Good for Children?" UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 29, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
18. Horst, C. 2006, Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya, Berghahn Books: Oxford and New York.
19. Human Rights Watch 2002, Hidden in Plain View: Refugees Living Without Protection in Nairobi and Kampala, Human Rights Watch, New York.
20. Jacobsen, K. 2001, "The Forgotten Solution: Local Integration for Refugees in Developing Countries." UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 45, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
21. Jacobsen, K. 2003, "Local Integration: The Forgotten Solution." Migration Information Source, Available at www.migrationinformation.org.
22. Jacobsen, K. 2005, The Economic Life of Refugees, Kumarian Press, Bloomfield, CT.
23. Jamal, A. 2003, "Camps and Freedoms: Long-Term Refugee Situations in Africa," Forced Migration Review, vol. 16, January, pp. 4-6.
24. Juma, M. 1995, "Kenya: NGO Coordination during the Somali Refugee Crisis, 1990-93," in Meeting Needs: NGO Coordination in Practice, ed. J. Bennett, Earthscan, London.
25. Kagwanja, P.M. 1998, "Investing in Asylum: Ethiopian Forced Migrants and the Matatu Industry in Nairobi," Les cahiers de I'IFRA, vol. 1, March/April, pp.51-69.
26. Kagwanja, P.M. 2002, "Strengthening Local Relief Capacity in Kenya," in Eroding Local Capacity: International Humanitarian Action in Africa, ed. M.K. Juma and A. Suhrke, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala.
27. Khalambe, T. 2004, "A Plan to Enact Refugee Law Likely to Affect Locals," The Nation, 27 March.
28. Kibreab, G. 1989, "Local Settlements in Africa: A Misconceived Option?" Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 468-490.
29. Kimbewe, W. 2003, "Shelve Refugee Law, It is Likely to Affect Many," The Nation, 17 December.
30. Kuhlman, T. 1991, "The Economic Integration of Refugees in Developing Countries." Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-20.
31. Kuhlman, T. 1994, "Organized versus Spontaneous Settlement of Refugees in Africa" in African Refugees: Development Aid and Repatriation, ed. H. Adelman and J. Sorenson, J (eds), Westview Press, Boulder.
32. Landau, L & Jacobsen, K. 2003, "Forced Migrants in the New Johannesburg." Forced Migration Working Paper Series #6, Available at www.wits.ac.za/fmsp.
33. Landau, L & Jacobsen, K. 2004, "Refugees in the New Johannesburg," Forced Migration Review, Vol. 19, January, pp, 44-46.
34. Little, P. 2003, Somalia: Economy without State, James Curry, Oxford.
35. Macchiavello, M. 2003, "Forced Migrants as an Under-Utilized Asset: Refugee Skills, Livelihoods, and Achievements in Kampala, Uganda," UNHCR, New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 95, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
36. Meru Njuri Ncheke Elders 2003, "The Position of Meru Njuri Ncheke Elders on the Somali Question," internal document submitted to UNHCR BO Office, 8 December.
37. Muriuki, M. 2004, "Forged Somali Passports Sold in Nairobi," The Nation, 22 September.
38. The Nation 2001, "Gunrunning is Out of Control, Admits State," 14 February.
39. The Nation 2002, "Over 1,000 'Illegal' Immigrants Netted in Police Swoop," 8 February.
40. The Nation 2004, "Report Calls for Control of Immigrants," 10 June.
41. Njeru, M. 2004, "Graft: Kenya Still Among the Worst," The Nation, 10 December.
42. Nzioka, F. 2005, "Call to have Refugees Pay Income Tax," The Nation, 27 May.
43. Rutinwa, B. 1999, "The End of Asylum? The Changing Nature of Refugee Policies in Africa," UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 5, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
44. Stavrou, A. 2002, Crime in Nairobi: Results of a City-Wide Victim Survey, UN HABITAT Nairobi.
45. UNHCR Branch Office Nairobi 2003, Annual Protection Report, internal document.
46. UNHCR Branch Office Nairobi 2004, "UNHCR in Kenya," internal document.
47. UNHCR Population Data Unit 2004, "Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries: January to June 2004," Available at www.unhcr.ch.
48. Van Hear, N. 2003a, "From Durable Solutions to Transnational Relations: Home and Exile among Refugee Diaspora," UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 83, Available at www.unhcr.ch.
49. Van Hear, N. 2003b, "Refugee Diasporas, Remittances, Development and Conflict." Migration Information Source, Available at (www.migrationinformation.org).
50. Verdirame, G. 1999, "Human Rights and Refugees: The Case of Kenya," Journal of Refugee Studies vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 54-77.
51. Verdirame, G. & Harrell-Bond, B. 2005, Rights in Exile: Janus-Faced Humanitarianism, Berghahn Books, Oxford and New York.