Metabolic syndrome, new onset diabetes, and new end points in cardiovascular trials

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 469-475

  Haffner, Steve M ^a   Ruilope, Luis ^b   Dahlöf, Björn ^c   Abadie, Eric ^d   Kupfer, Stuart ^f   Zannad, Faiez ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

^c SAHLGRENSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^d AFSSAPS   (France)

^e Ctr Hospitalier Univ de Nancy   (France)

^f TAKEDA PHARMACEUTICALS   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular; Diabetes; Hypertension; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; ATORVASTATIN; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE PLUS NADOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CHLORTALIDONE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LISINOPRIL; MOXONIDINE; PERINDOPRIL; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRANDOLAPRIL; TRANDOLAPRIL PLUS VERAPAMIL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN; VERAPAMIL;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIURETIC THERAPY; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LONG TERM CARE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICROALBUMINURIA; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREDICTION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX RATIO; TREATMENT DURATION; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; UNITED STATES; ANIMAL; FOLLOW UP;

ANIMALS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLINICAL TRIALS; CORONARY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X;

EID: 33745699562     PISSN: 01602446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000211729.30927.4d     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, et al. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes. 2003;52:1210-1214.
2. Alberti G. Introduction to the metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2005;7:D3-D5.
3. Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, et al. National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110:1251-1257.
4. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:683-689.
5. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:229-234.
6. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Haffner SM, et al. Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1129-1134.
7. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.
8. Report of a WHO Consultation. In: Alwan A, King H, eds. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization, Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance; 1999:1-59.
9. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J. International Diabetes Federation (2005). The metabolic syndrome - a new worldwide definition (Comment). Lancet. 2005;366:1059-1062.
10. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735-2752.
11. Han TS, Williams K, Sattar N, et al. Analysis of obesity and hyperinsulinemia in the development of metabolic syndrome: San Antonio Heart Study. Obes Res. 2002;10:923-931.
12. Savage DB, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in humans and possible links with inflammation. Hypertension. 2005;45:828-833.
13. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, et al. The Metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28:2289-2304.
14. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937-952.
15. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:537-544.
16. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343-1350.
17. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler S, et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393-403.
18. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al. STOP-NIDDM Trail Research Group. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:2072-2077.
19. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK, et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacologic treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women. Diabetes. 2002;51:2796-2804.
20. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288: 2709-2716.
21. Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, et al. San Antonio Heart Study. National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110:1251-1257.
22. Juutilainen A, Kortelainen S, Lehto S, et al. Gender difference in the impact of type 2 diabetes on coronary heart disease risk. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2898-2904.
23. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149-1158.
24. Lorenzo C, Okoloise M, Williams K, et al. San Antonio Heart Study. The metabolic syndrome as predictor of type 2 diabetes: the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3153-3159.
25. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572.
26. Cifkova R, Erdine S, Fagard R, et al. ESH/ESC Hypertension Guidelines Committee. Practice guidelines for primary care physicians: 2003 ESH/ESC hypertension guidelines. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1779-1786.
27. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. VALUE trial group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363:2022-2031.
28. Dahlf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359:995-1003.
29. Dzau V, Braunwald E. Resolved and unresolved issues in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease: a workshop consensus statement. Am Heart J. 1991;121:1244-1263.
30. Ibsen H, Wachtell K, Olsen MH, et al. LIFE substudy. Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcome on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy? A LIFE substudy. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1805-1811.
31. Devereux RB, Wachtell K, Gerdts E, et al. Prognostic significance of left ventricular mass change during treatment of hypertension. JAMA. 2004;292: 2350-2356.
32. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, et al. LIFE Study Investigators. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2004;292:2343-2349.
33. Swales P, Williams B. Calcium channel blockade in combination with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition or angiotensin II (AT(1)-receptor) antagonism in hypertensive diabetics and patients with renal disease and hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2002;3:79-89.
34. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351:1755-1762.
35. Sharma AM, Janke J, Gorzelniak K, et al. Angiotensin blockade prevents type 2 diabetes by formation of fat cells. Hypertension. 2002;40:609-611.
36. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981-2997.
37. Lindholm LH, Persson M, Alaupovic P, et al. Metabolic outcome during 1 year in newly detected hypertensives: results of the antihypertensive treatment and lipid profile in a North of Sweden efficacy evaluation (ALPINE study). J Hypertens. 2003;21:1563-1574.
38. Dahlf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359:995-1003.
39. Sever P, Dahlõf B, Poulter N, et al. ASCOT Steeering Committee, Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial website: http://www.ascotstudy.org/get_doc.php?id=86.
40. Turnbull F. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;362:1527-1535.
41. Lithell HO. Insulin resistance and diabetes in the context of treatment of hypertension. Blood Press. 1998;(Suppl. 3):28-31.
42. Opie LH, Schall R. Old antihypertensives and new diabetes. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1453-1458.
43. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. INVEST Investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The international verapamil-trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2805-2816.
44. Cooper-DeHoff R, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, et al. Reduced risk of new onset diabetes in hypertensive coronary heart disease patientstreated with a calcium antagonist vs a beta blocker regimen: the international verapamil/trandolapril study. Circulation. 2003;108:IV-750.
45. Cohen JD, Cooper -DeHoff RM, Bakris GL, et al. Increased systolic blood pressure is associated with new diabetes in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. Diabetes. 2004;53:A85.
46. Dunder K, Lind L, Zethelius B, et al. Increase in blood glucose concentration during antihypertensive treatment as a predictor of myocardial infarction: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2003;326:681-685.
47. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension. 2004;43:963-969.
48. Alderman MH, Cohen H, Madhavan S. Diabetes and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1999;33:1130-1134.
49. Eberly LE, Cohen JD, Prineas R, et al. Intervention Trial Research group. Impact of incident diabetes and incident nonfatal cardiovascular disease on 18-year mortality: the multiple risk factor intervention trial experience. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:848-854.
50. Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, et al. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:155-161.