Civic transformation and inequality in the contemporary United States

Social Inequality

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 729-767

  Skocpol, Theda ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745594909     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (94)

1. Alesina, Alberto, and Eliana La Ferrara. 2000. "Participation in Heterogeneous Communities." Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(3): 847-904.
2. Almond, Gabriel A., and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
3. Babchuk, Nicholas, and Alan Booth. 1969. "Voluntary Association Membership: A Longitudinal Analysis." American Sociological Review 34(February): 31-45.
4. Baumgartner, Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Baumgartner, Frank R., and Jack L. Walker. 1988. "Survey Research and Membership in Voluntary Associations." American Journal of Political Science 32(4): 908-28.
6. Baumgartner, Frank R., and Jack L. Walker 1990. "Response to Smith's 'Trends in Voluntary Group Membership: Comments on Baumgartner and Walker': Measurement Validity and the Continuity of Results in Survey Research." American Journal of Political Science 34(3): 662-70.
7. Beem, Christopher. 1999. The Necessity of Politics: Reclaiming American Public Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Bennett, Michael J. 1996. When Dreams Came True: The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.
9. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1977. Lobbying for the People: The Political Behavior of Public Interest Groups. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
10. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1997. The Interest Group Society, 3rd ed. New York: Longman.
11. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1999. The New Liberalism and the Rising Power of Citizen Groups. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
12. Bosso, Christopher J. 1991. "Adaptation and Change in the Environmental Movement." In Interest Group Politics, 3rd ed., edited by Allen J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
13. Bosso, Christopher J. 1995. "The Color of Money: Environmental Groups and the Pathologies of Fund Raising." In Interest Group Politics, 4th ed., edited by Allen J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
14. Brady, Henry E., Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Laurel Elms. 2000. "Who Bowls? Class, Race, and Participatory Inequality-1973-1994. " Unpublished draft. University of California, Berkeley.
15. Brady, Henry E., Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Laurel Elms 2002. "Who Bowls? The (Un)Changing Stratification of Participation." In Understanding Public Opinion, 2nd ed., edited by Barbara Norrander and Clyde Wilcox. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
16. Bryce, James. 1895. The American Commonwealth, 3rd ed., vol. 2. New York: Macmillan.
17. Burns, Nancy, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 2001. The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
18. Bushee, Frederick A. 1945. "Social Organization in a Small City." American Journal of Sociology 51(3): 217-26.
19. Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2003. How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Political Activism and the American Welfare State. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
20. Charles, Jeffrey A. 1993. Service Clubs in American Society: Rotary, Kiwanis, and Lions. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
21. Conway, M. Margaret, and Joanne Connor Green. 1998. "Political Action Committees and Campaign Finance." In Interest Group Politics, 5th ed., edited by Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
22. Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. 2003a. "Civic Engagement and Community Heterogeneity: An Economist's Perspective." Perspectives on Politics 1(1): 103-11.
23. Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn 2003b. "Understanding the American Decline in Social Capital, 1952 to 1998." Kyklos 56(1): 17-46.
24. Costain, Ann N. 1981. "Representing Women: The Transition from Social Movement to Interest Group." Western Political Quarterly 34(March): 100-13.
25. Crenson, Matthew A., and Benjamin Ginsberg. 2002. Downsizing Democracy: How America Sidelined Its Citizens and Privatized Its Public. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
26. Dunlap, Riley E., and Angela G. Mertig, eds. 1992. American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970 to 1990. New York: Taylor and Francis.
27. Encyclopedia of Associations, vol. 1, National Associations. 1959-1999. Detroit: Gale Research Co.
28. Fiorina, Morris P. 1999. "Extreme Voices: A Dark Side of Civic Engagement." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, edited by Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, D.C., and New York: Brookings Institution and Russell Sage Foundation.
29. Foundation Center. 2002. Statistics on Foundations. Available at: http://fdcenter.org/fcstats.
30. Gamm, Gerald, and Robert D. Putnam. 1999. "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840 to 1940, " Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29(4): 511-57.
31. Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. 2000. "The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment." American Political Science Review 94 (3): 653-63.
32. Gitlin, Todd. 1995. The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America Is Wracked by Culture Wars. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt.
33. Godwin, R. Kenneth. 1992. "Money, Technology, and Political Interests: The Direct Marketing of Politics." In The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed, edited by Mark P. Petracca. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
34. Godwin, R. Kenneth, and Robert Cameron Mitchell. 1984. "The Implications of Direct Mail for Political Organizations." Social Science Quarterly 65(3): 829-39.
35. Hausknecht, Murray. 1962. The Joiners: A Sociological Description of Voluntary Association Membership in the United States. New York: Bedminster Press.
36. Hayes, Michael T. 1986. "The New Group Universe." In Interest Group Politics, 2nd ed., edited by Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
37. Hero, Rodney E. 1998. Faces of Inequality: Social Diversity in American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
38. Hero, Rodney E. 2003. "Social Capital and Racial Inequality in America." Perspectives on Politics 1(1): 113-22.
39. Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in Forty-three Societies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
40. Jenkins, J. Craig. 1998. "Channeling Social Protest: Foundation Patronage of Contemporary Social Movements." In Private Action and the Public Good, edited by Walter W. Powell and Elisabeth S. Clemens. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
41. Jenkins, J. Craig, and Abigail Halcli. 1999. "Grassrooting the System? The Development and Impact of Social Movement Philanthropy, 1953 to 1990." In Philanthropic Foundations: New Scholarship, New Possibilities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
42. Johnson, Paul E. 1998. "Interest Group Recruiting: Finding Members and Keeping Them." In Interest Group Politics, 5th ed., edited by Allen J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
43. Joyce, Michael S., and William A. Schambra. 1996. "A New Civic Life." In To Empower People, 2nd ed., edited by Michael Novak. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press.
44. Judis, John B. 1992. "The Pressure Elite: Inside the Narrow World of Advocacy Group Politics." The American Prospect 9(Spring): 15-29.
45. Loomis, Burdett A., and Allan J. Cigler. 1998. "Introduction: The Changing Nature of Interest Group Politics." In Interest Group Politics, 5th ed., edited by Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
46. McCarthy, John D. 1987. "Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies." In Social Movements in an Organizational Society, edited by Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.
47. McFarland, Andrew S. 1984. Common Cause: Lobbying in the Public Interest. Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House Publishers.
48. Mettler, Suzanne. 2002. "Bringing the State Back into Civic Engagement: Policy Feedback Effects of the GI Bill for World War II Veterans." American Political Science Review 96(2): 351-65.
49. Minkoff, Debra C. 1995. Organizing for Equality: The Evolution of Women's and Racial-Ethnic Organizations in America, 1955 to 1985. New Brunswick, N.J.: Temple University Press.
50. Minkoff, Debra C. 1997. "Producing Social Capital: National Social Movements and Civil Society." American Behavioral Scientist 40(5): 606-19.
51. Minnis, Myhra S. 1953. "Cleavage in Women's Organizations: A Reflection of the Social Structure of a City." American Sociological Review 18(1): 47-53.
52. Mitchell, Robert Cameron, Angela C. Mertig, and Riley E. Dunlap. 1992. "Twenty Years of Environmental Mobilization: Trends Among National Environmental Organizations." In American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement, 1970 to 1990, edited by Riley E. Dunlap and Angela E. Mertig. New York: Taylor and Francis.
53. Morris, Charles R. 1996. The AARP: America's Most Powerful Lobby and the Clash of Generations. New York: Times Books.
54. Oliver, J. Eric. 2001. Democracy in Suburbia. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
55. Paget, Karen. 1990. "Citizen Organizing: Many Movements, No Majority." The American Prospect 2(Summer): 115-28.
56. Pettinico, George. 1996. "Civic Participation Is Alive and Well in Today's Environmental Groups." The Public Perspective 7(4): 27-30.
57. Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
58. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
59. Radcliff, Benjamin, and Patricia Davis. 2000. "Labor Organization and Electoral Participation in the Industrial Democracies." American Journal of Political Science 44(1): 132-41.
60. Ricci, David M. 1993. The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
61. Rich, Andrew, and R. Kent Weaver. 1998. "Advocates and Analysts: Think Tanks and the Politicization of Expertise." In Interest Group Politics, 5th ed., edited by Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
62. Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
63. Sandel, Michael J. 1996. Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
64. Schier, Steven. 2000. By Invitation Only: The Rise of Exclusive Politics in the United States. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
65. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Sr. 1944. "Biography of a Nation of Joiners." American Historical Review 50(1): 1-25.
66. Schlozman, Kay Lehman. 1990. "Representing Women in Washington: Sisterhood and Pressure Politics." In Women, Politics, and Change, edited by Louise A. Tilly and Patricia Gurin. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
67. Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and John C. Tierney. 1986. Organized Interests and American Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
68. Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady. 1999. "Civic Participation and the Equality Problem." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, edited by Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, D.C., and New York: Brookings Institution and Russell Sage Foundation.
69. Schudson, Michael. 1996. "What If Civic Life Didn't Die?" The American Prospect 25(March-April): 17-20.
70. Schudson, Michael 1998. The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
71. Scott, John C. Jr. 1957. "Membership and Participation in Voluntary Associations." American Sociological Review 22(3): 315-26.
72. Shaiko, Ronald G. 1999. Voices and Echoes for the Environment. New York: Columbia University Press.
73. Skerry, Peter. 1997. "The Strange Politics of Affirmative Action." Wilson Quarterly (Winter): 39-46.
74. Skocpol, Theda. 1996. Boomerang: Clinton's Health Security Effort and the Turn Against Government in U.S. Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.
75. Skocpol, Theda 1997. "The GI Bill and U.S. Social Policy, Past and Future." Social Philosophy and Policy 14(2): 95-115.
76. Skocpol, Theda 1999. "Advocates Without Members: The Recent Transformation of American Civic Life." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, edited by Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, D.C., and New York: Brookings Institution and Russell Sage Foundation.
77. Skocpol, Theda 2003. Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
78. Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson. 2000. "A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States." American Political Science Review 94(3): 527-46.
79. Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, Ziad Munson, Bayliss Camp, Michele Swers, and Jennifer Oser. 1999. "How Americans Became Civic." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, edited by Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, D.C., and New York: Brookings Institution Press and Russell Sage Foundation.
80. Skocpol, Theda, Ziad Munson, Andrew Karch, and Bayliss Camp. 2002. "Patriotic Partnerships: Why Great Wars Nourished American Civic Voluntarism." In Shaped by War and Trade: International Influences on American Political Development, edited by Ira Katznelsona and Martin Shefter. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
81. Skocpol, Theda, and Jennifer Lynn Oser. Forthcoming. "Organization Despite Adversity: The Origins and Development of African American Fraternal Associations." Social Science History.
82. Smith, Constance, and Anne Freedman. 1972. Voluntary Associations: Perspectives on the Literature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
83. Smith, Tom W. 1990. "Trends in Voluntary Group Membership: Comments on Baumgartner and Walker." American Journal of Political Science 34(3): 646-61.
84. Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1835-40/1969. Democracy in America, edited by J. P. Mayer and translated by George Lawrence. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor Books.
85. Tompkins, Jean Beattie. 1955. "Reference Groups and Status Values as Determinants of Behavior: A Study of Women's Voluntary Association Behavior." Ph.D. diss., State University of Iowa.
86. Verba, Sidney, and Norman H. Nie. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper & Row.
87. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
88. Veroff, Joseph, Elizabeth Douvan, and Richard A. Kulka. 1981. The Inner American: A Self-Portrait from 1957 to 1975. New York: Basic Books.
89. Walker, Jack L. Jr. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
90. Wilcox, Clyde. 1996. Onward Christian Soldiers? The Religious Right in American Politics. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
91. Wuthnow, Robert. 1994. Sharing the Journey: Support Groups and America's New Quest for Community. New York: Free Press.
92. Wuthnow, Robert 1998. Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
93. Wuthnow, Robert 1999. "Mobilizing Civic Engagement: The Changing Impact of Religious Involvement." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, edited by Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, D.C., and New York: Brookings Institution and Russell Sage Foundation.
94. Wuthnow, Robert 2002. "United States: Bridging the Privileged and the Marginalized?" In Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society, edited by Robert D. Putnam. New York: Oxford University Press.