Phytochemicals in fruit and vegetables: Health promotion and postharvest elicitors

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 267-278

  Schreiner, Monika ^a   Huyskens Keil, Susanne ^b  

^a Inst Veg Orn Crops G Erfurt   (Germany)

^b HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Gamma irradiation; Gas composition; Heat treatment; Ripening stage; Signaling molecules; Temperature; UV treatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745516184     PISSN: 07352689     EISSN: 15497836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07352680600671661     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Agudo, A., Slimani, N., Ocke, M. C., Naska, A., Miller, A. B., Kroke, A., Bamia, C., Karalis, D., Vineis, P., Palli, D., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Peeters, P. H. M., Engeset, D., Hjartaker, A., Navarro, C., Garcia, C. M., Wallstrom, P., Zhang, J. X., Welch, A. A., Spencer, E., Stripp, C., Overvad, K., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Casagrande, C., and Riboli, E. 2002. Consumption of vegetables, fruit and other plant foods in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts from 10 European countries. Public Health Nutr. 5(6B): 1179-1196.
2. Awad, M. A., and de Jager, A. 2002. Formation of flavonoids, especially anthocyanin and chlorogenic acid in 'Jonagold' apple skin: Influences of growth regulators and fruit maturity. Sci. Hort. 93: 257-266.
3. Bazzano, L. A., He, J., Ogden, G. L., Loria, C., Vupputuri, S., Meyers, L., and Whelton, P. K. 2001. Legume consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women. Arch. Intern. Med. 26: 2573-2578.
4. Bazzano, L., He, J., Ogden, G., Vupputuri, S., Loria, C., Meyers, L., and Whelton, P. 2002. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: The first national Health and nutrition examination survey epidemiologic follow-up study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76: 93-99.
5. Ben-Yehoshua, S. 2003. Effects of postharvest heat and UV application on decay, chilling injury and resistance against pathogens of citrus and other fruit and vegetables. Acta Hort. 599: 159-167.
6. Ben-Yehoshua, S., Peretz, J., Rodov, V., Nafussi, B., Yekutieli, O., Weiseblum, A., and Regev, R. 2000. Postharvest application of hot water treatment in citrus fruit: The road from the laboratory to the packinghouse. Acta Hort. 518: 19-23.
7. Block, G., Patterson, B., and Subar, A. 1992. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer preventation: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr. Cancer 18: 1-29.
8. Boeing, H., Barth, C., Kluge, S., and Walter, D. 2004. Tumorentstehung - hemmende und fördernde Ernährungsfaktoren. In: Ernährungsbericht 2004. pp. 235-282. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Ed., DGE Medien-Service, Bonn.
9. Bondaryk, P. R. 1994. Potent effect of jasmonates on indole glucosinolates in oilseed rape and mustard. Phytochem. 35: 301-305.
10. Brodl, M. R. 1989. Regulation of the synthesis of normal cellular proteins during heat shock. Physiol. Pantarum 75: 439-441.
11. Burri, B. J. 1997. Beta-carotene and human health: A review of current research. Nutr. Res. 17: 547-580.
12. Charles, M. T., Corcuff, R., Roussel, D., and Arul, J. 2003. Effect of maturity and storage conditions on rishitin accumulation and disease resistance to Botrytis cinerea in UV-C treated tomato fruit. Acta Hort. 599: 573-576.
13. Charles, M. T., Kalantari, S., Corcuff, R., and Arul, J. 2005. Postharvest Quality and Sensory Evaluation of UV-Treated Tomato Fruit. Acta Hort. 682: 537-554.
14. Chong, C., and Berard, L. 1983. Changes in glucosinolates during refrigerated storage of cabbage. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108: 688-691.
15. Cisneros-Zevallos, L. 2003. The use of controlled postharvest abiotic stresses as atool for enhancing the nutraceutical content and adding-value of fresh fruits and veghetables. J. Food Sci. 68: 1560-1565.
16. Civello P. M., Vicente A. R., Martinez G.A., and Chaves, A. R. 2001. Refrigerated storage of heat treated strawberry fruit. Acta Hort. 553: 551-553.
17. Cordenunsi, B. R., Genovese, M. I., do Nascimento, J. R., Hassimotto, N. M., dos Santos, R. J., and Lajolo, F. M. 2005. Effects of temperature on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of three strawberry cultivars. Food Chem. 91: 113-121.
18. Costa, L., Civello, P., Chaves, A., and Martinez, G. 2005. Hot air treatment decreases chlorophyll catabolism during postharvest senescence of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var italica) heads. J. Sci. Food Agric. 85: 1154-1160.
19. Darezzo, H., Benedetti, B., Deliza, R., Cenci, S., and Goncalves, E. 2003. Evaluation of quality attributes of fresh-cut lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) stored in different controlled atmospheres. Acta Hort. 600: 213-219.
20. Day, B., Bankier, W., and Gonzalez, M. 1998. Novel modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for fresh prepared produce. Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, UK Research Summary Sheet 13.
21. Dekker, M., and Verkerk, R. 2003. Dealing with variability in food production chains: A tool to enhance the sensitivity of epidemiological studies on phytochemicals. Eur. J. Nutr. 42: 67-72.
22. Dillard, C., and German, J. 2000. Phytochemicals: Nutraceuticals and human health. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80: 1744-1756.
23. Dong, Y. H., Mitra, D., Koostra, A., Lister, C., and Lancaster, J. 1995. Postharvest stimulation of skin-coloor in Royal-Gala apple. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 120: 95-100.
24. Duyn, M., and Pivonka, E. 2000. Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption fort he dietetics professional: Selected literature. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 100: 1511-1521.
25. Egea, M. I., Murcia, M. A., Sanchez-Bel, P., and Martinez-Madrid, M. C. 2005. Effect of electron beam ionization on shelf life of apricot. Acta Hort. 682: 1211-1218.
26. Eichholz, I., Rohn, S., Kroh, L. W., and Huyskens-Keil, S. 2005. Influence of location and fertilization on the antioxidative activity of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Euro Food Chem.: in press.
27. Eichholzer, M., Lüthy, J., Gutzwiller, F., and Stähelin, H. B. 2001. The role of folate, antioxidant vitamins and other constituents in fruit and vegetables in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: The epidemiological evidence. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 71: 5-17.
28. Eichholzer, M., Stähelin, H. B., Gey, K. F., Ludin, E., and Bernasconi, F. 1996. Prediction of male cancer mortality by plasma levels of interacting vitamins: 17-year follow-up of the prospective Basel study. Int. J. Cancer 66: 145-150.
29. El-Ghaouth, A., Arul, J., Grenier, J., and Asselin, A. 1992. Antifungal activity of chitosan on two postharvest pathogens of strawberry fruit. Phytopathol. 82: 399-402.
30. El-Kereamy, A., Chervin, C., Roustan, J. P., Cheynier, V., Souquet, J. M., Moutounet, M., Raynal, J., Ford, C., Latche, A., Pech, J. C., and Bouzayen, M. 2003. Exogenous ethylene stimulates the long-term expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries. Physiol. Plant. 119: 175-182.
31. Erbersdobler, H. 2003. Wirkstoffe. In: Praxishandbuch Functional Food. pp. 1-14. Erbersdobler, H., and Meyer, A., Eds., B. Behr's Verlag GmbH & Co, Hamburg.
32. Erkan, M., Pekmezci, M., Karasahin, I., and Uslu, H. 2004. Heat treatment reduces chilling injury and maintain postharvest quality of 'Clemtine' mandarins (Citrus reticultata BLANCO). 5th International Postharvest Symposium, Volume of Abstracts p. 95. 6-11 June 2004, Verona, Italy.
33. Escalona, V., Aguayo, E., and Artes, F. 2003. Quality attributes and shelf life of minimally processed fennel. Acta Hort. 600: 343-346.
34. Fallik, E. 2004. Prestorage hot water treatements (immersion, rinsing and brushing) - a review. Postharvest Biol.Technol. 32: 125-134.
35. Farnsworth, E. 2004. Hormones and shifting ecology throughout plant development. Ecology 85: 5-15.
36. Faure Mlynski, M., Aharoni, N., Mayak, S., and Lers, A. 2005. Mode of action of heat treatment applied to sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) for reduction of chilling injury. 5th International Postharvest Symposium, Volume of Abstracts p. 50. 6-11 June 2004, Verona, Italy.
37. Flood, A., and Schatzkin, A. 2000. Colorectal cancer. Does it matter if you eat your fruit and vegetables? J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 1706-1707.
38. Forbes-Smith, M. 1999. Induced resistance for the biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables. Food Australia 51: 382-385.
39. Fox, A. J., Del Pozo-Insfran, D., Lee, J. H., Sargent, S. A., and Talcott, S. T. 2005. Ripening-induced chemical and antioxidant changes in bell peppers as affected by harvest maturity and postharvest ethylene exposure. HortSci. 40: 732-736.
40. Frenkel, C., and Garrison, S. A. 1976. Initiation of lycopene synthesis in tomato mutant rin as influenced by oxygen and ethylene interactions. Hort. Sci. 11: 20-21.
41. Gandini, S., Merzenich, H., Robertson, C., and Boyle, P. 2000. Meta analysis of studies on breast cancer risk and diet: The role of fruit and vegetable consumption and the intake of associated micronutrients. Eur. J. Cancer 36: 636-646.
42. Gaziano, J. M. 2000. Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Vitam. Horm. 58: 299-320.
43. Giovannucci, E. 1999. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: Review of the epidemiologic literature. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91: 317-331.
44. Giovannucci, E. 2003. Diet, body weight, and colorectal cancer: A summary of the epidemiologic evidence. J. Womans Health Gender-based Med. 12: 173-182.
45. Glawischnig, E., Hansen, B. G., Olsen, C. E., and Halkier, B. A. 2004. Camalexin is synthesized from indole-3-acetaidoxime, a key branching point between primary and secondary metabolism in Arabidopsis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 8245-8250.
46. Goldberg, I. 1994. Introduction. In: Functional Foods: Designer Foods, Pharmafoods, Nutraceuticals. pp. 1-16. Goldberg, I., Ed., Chapman and Hall, New York.
47. Goldmann, I. L., Kader, A. A., and Heintz, C. 1999. Influence of production, handling, and storage on phytonutrient content of Foods. Nutr. Rev. 57: 46-52.
48. Gonzalez-Aguilar, G. B., Tiznado-Hernandez, M., Zavaleta-Gatica, R., and Martinez-Tellez, M. 2004. Methyl jasmonate treatments reduce chilling injury and activate the defense response of guava fruits. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 313: 694-701.
49. Goodwin, T., and Jamikorn, M. 1952. Biosynthesis of carotenes in ripening tomatoes. Nature 170: 104-105.
50. Gross, J. 1991. Pigments in Vegetables. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
51. Halcroft, D., and Kader, A. 1999. Controlled atmosphere-induced changes in pH and organic acid metabolism may effect color of stored strawberry fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 17: 19-32.
52. Hamauzu, Y., and Chachin, K. 1995. Effect of high-temperature on the postharvest biosynthesis of carotenes and alpha-tocopherol in tomato fruit. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 63: 879-886.
53. Hanotel, L., Fleuriet, A., and Boissau, P. 1995. Biochemical changes involved in browning of gamma-irradiated cut witloof chicory. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 5: 199-210.
54. Hansen, M., Moller, P., and Sorensen, H. 1995. Glucosinolates in broccoli stored under controlled atmosphere. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 120: 1069-1074.
55. Harpaz, S., Goldschmidt E. E., Gizis A., Vaya, Y., and Ben-Arie, R. 2001. Postharvest treatments of lycee fruit as revealed in fruit surface morphology and enzyme activity. Acta Hort. 553: 313-316.
56. Hauner, H., and Watzl, B. 2001. Antioxidantien in der Ernährung und Arteriosklerose. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 126: 213-217.
57. Heinonen, O., and Albanes, D. 1994. Alpha-Tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 1029-1035.
58. Hennekens, C. H., Burig, J. E., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M., Rosner, B., Cook, N. R., Belanger, S., LaMotte, F., Gazino, J. M., Ridker, P. M., and Peto, R. 1996. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 1145-1149.
59. Herrmann, K. 1991. Vorkommen, Gehalte und Bedeutung von Inhaltsstoffen des Obstes und Gemüses. II. Flavonoide: Catechine, Proanthocyanide, Anthocyanide. Die industrielle Obst- und Gemüseverwertung 5-6: 170-175.
60. Higashio, H., Hirokane, H., Sato, F., Tokuda, S., and Uragami, A. 2005. Effect of UV irradiation after harvest on the content of flavonoid in vegetables. Acta Hort. 682: 1007-1012.
61. Higashio, H., Ippoushi, K., Ito, H., and Azuma, K. 2001. Effect of UV irradiation on content of flavonoids in spinaci leaves. Acta Hort. 553: 567-568.
62. Hirayama, T. 1990. Life-Style and Mortality. Contributions to Epidemiology and Biostatistic. Vol. 6, Basel, Switzerland.
63. Holcroft, D. M., Gil, M. I., and Kader, A. A. 1998. Effect of carbon dioxide on anthocyanins, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and glucosyltransferase in the arils of stored pomegranates. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123: 136-140.
64. Holick, C. N., Michaud, D. S., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R., Mayne, S. T., Pietinen, P., Taylor, P. R., Virtamo, J., and Albanes, D. 2002. Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156: 536-547.
65. Hou, H. J., and Chang, K. C. 2002. Interconversions of isoflavones in soybeans as affected by storage. J. Food Sci. 67: 2083-2089.
66. Howe, G., Hirohata, T., Hislop, T., Iscovich, J., Yuan, J., Katsouyanni, K., Lubin, F., Marubini, E., Modan, B., Rohan, T., Toniolo, P., and Shunzhang, Y. 1992. Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: Combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 82: 561-569.
67. Huajaikaew, L., Uthairatankij, A., Kanlayanarat, S., and Gemma, H. 2005. Effect of heat treatment on antioxidants and quality changes in papaya fruit stored at low temperatures. Acta Hort. 682: 1063-1068.
68. Huyskens-Keil, S., and Schreiner, M. 2004. Quality dynamics and quality assurance of fresh fruit and vegetables in pre- and postharvest. In: Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. pp. 401-449. Dris, R., and Jain, S., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
69. Huyskens-Keil, S., and Schreiner, M. 2003. Ökologisch veipackt - Untersuchungen zu Verkaufsverpackungen von Gemüse. Taspo Magazin 2, 15-16.
70. Huyskens-Keil, S., Prono-Widayat, H., Lüdders, P., and Schreiner, M. 2005. Postharvest quality of pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.) fruit in controlled atmosphere storage. J. Food Eng. (accepted).
71. Joshipura, K., Hu, F., Manson, J., Stampfer, M., Rimm, E., Speizer, F., Colditz, G., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman, D., and Willett, W. 2001. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk on coronary heart disease. Ann. Int. Med. 134: 1106-1114.
72. Kader, A. 2002. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311.
73. Kalt, W., Forney, C. F., Martin, A., and Prior, R. L. 1999. Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, and anthocyanins after fresh storage of small fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 4638-4644.
74. Karg, G. 2004. Ernährungssituation in Deutschland. In: Ernährungsbericht 2004. pp. 19-116. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Ed., DGE Medien-Service, Bonn.
75. Kataoka, I., and Beppu, K. 2004. UV irradiance increases development of red skin color and anthocyanins in 'Hakuho' peach. Hort. Sci. 39: 1234-1237.
76. Kazami, D., Sato, T., Nakagawa, H., and Ogura, N. 1991. Effect of preharvest hot water dipping of broccoli heads on shelf life and quality during storage. J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65: 19-26.
77. Kim, J. J., Kim, S. H., Hahn, S. J., and Chung, I. M. 2005. Changing soybean isoflavone composition and concentrations under two different storage conditions over three years. Food Res. Int. 38: 435-444.
78. Kim, J. Y., Lee, Y. C., and Kim, K. S. 2002. Effect of heat treatments on the antimicrobial activities of garlic (Allium sativum). J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 12: 331-335.
79. Kondo, S., Kittikorn, M., and Kanlayanarat, S. 2005. Preharvest antioxidant activities of tropical fruit and the effect of low temperature storage on antioxidants and jasmonates. Postharvest Biol.Technol. 36: 309-318.
80. Kris-Etherton, P., Hecker, K., Bonanome, A., Coval, S., Binkoski, A., Hilpert, K., Griel, A., and Etherton, T. 2002. Bioactive compounds in foods: Their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am. J. Med. 113: 71-88.
81. Lattanzio, V. 2003. Bioactive polyphenols: Their role in quality and storability of fruit and vegetables. J. App. Bot. 77: 128-146.
82. Law, M. R., and Morris, J. K. 1998. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease? Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52: 549-556.
83. Lee, L. M., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., and Hennekens, C. H. 1999. β-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: The Women's Health Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91: 2102-2106.
84. Li, Y. C., Kiddle, G., Bennett, R., Doughty. K., and Wallsgrove, R. 1999. Variation in the glucosinolate content of vegetative tissues of Chinese lines of Brassica napus L. Ann. App. Biol. 134: 131-136.
85. Liew, C. L., and Prange R. K. 1994. Effect of ozone and storage temperature on postharvest diseases and physiology of carrots. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119: 563-567.
86. Liu, J., Stevens, C., Khan, V. A., Lu, J. Y., Wilson, C. L., Adeyeye, O., Kabwe, M. K., Pusey, P. L., Chalutz, E., Sultana, T., and Droby, S. 1993. Application of ultraviolet-C light on storage rots and ripening of tomatoes. J. Food Protection 56: 868-872.
87. Liu, S., Lee, I. M., Ajani, U., Cole, S. R., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. 2001. Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: The Physicians' Health Study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 30: 130-135.
88. Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Lee, I. M., Cole, S. R., Hennekens, C. H., Willett, W., and Buring, J. E. 2000. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women's Health Study. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 72: 922-928.
89. Lurie, S. 1998. Postharvest heat treatments of horticultural crops. Hort. Rev. 22: 91-121.
90. Lurie, S., Handros, A., Fallik, E., and Shapira, R. 1996. Reversible inhibition of tomato fruit gene expression at high temperature - Effects on tomato fruit ripening. Plant Physiol. 110: 1207-1214.
91. Maharaj, R., Arul, J., and Nadeau, P. 1999. Effect of phytochemical treatment in the preservation of fresh tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Capello) by delaying senescence. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 15: 13-23.
92. Marais, E., Jacobs, G., and Holcroft, D. M. 2001a. Postharvest irradiation affects colour development in bicoloured pome fruit. Acta Hort. 553: 569-571.
93. Marais, E., Jacobs, G., and Holcroft, D. M. 2001b. Light and temperature affect postharvest colour developement in 'Cripps Pink' apple. Acta Hort. 553: 91-93.
94. Marquenie, D., Lammertyn, J., Geeraerd, A. H., Soontjens, C., Van Impe, J. F., Nicolai, B. M., and Michiels, C. W. 2002. Using survival analysis to investigate the effect of UV-C and heat treatment on storage rot of strawberry and sweet cherry. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 73: 187-196.
95. Marty, I., Bureau, S., Sarkissian, G., Gouble, B., Audergon, J. M., and Albagnac, G. 2005. Ethylene regulation of carotenoid accumulation and carotenogenic gene expression in colour-contrasted apricot varieties (Prunus armeniaca). J. Exp. Bot. 56: 1877-1886.
96. McDonald K. L., McConchie, R. M., Bokshi, A., and Morris, S. C. 2005. Heat treatment: A natural way to inhibit postharvest diseases in rockmelon. Acta Hort. 682: 2029-2034.
97. McDonald, R. E., Miller, W. R., and McCollum, T. G. 2000. Canopy position and heat treatments influence gamma-irradiation-induced changes in phenylpropanoid metabolism in grapefruit. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125: 364-369.
98. Michels, K. B., Giovannucci, E., Joshipura, K. J., Rosner, B. A., Stampfer, M. J., Fuchs, C. S., Coldlitz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., and Willett, W. 2000. Prospective study of and incidence of colon and rectal cancers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 1740-1752.
99. Mikkelsen, M. D., Hansen, C. H., Wittstock, U., and Halkier, B. A. 2000. Cytochrome P450 CYP79B2 from Arabidopsis catalyzed the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime, a precursor of indole glucosinolates and indole-3-acetic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 33712-33717.
100. Mirdehghan, S. H., and Rahemi, M. 2005. Effects of hot water treatment on reducing chilling injury of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit during storage. Acta Hort. 682: 887-892.
101. Mitcham, E., Tang, J., Hansen, J. D., Johnson, J. A., Monzon, M. E., Simpson, T., Bikoba, V., Biasi, B., Wang, S., and Feng, X. 2005. Radio Frequency Heating of walnuts and sweet cherries to control insects after harvest. Acta Hort. 682: 2133-2139.
102. Müller, H., Bub, A., Watzl, B., and Rechkemmer, G. 1999. Plasma concentrations of carotenoids in healthy volunteers after intervention with carotenoidrich foods. Eur. J. Nutr. 38: 35-44.
103. Nafussi, B., Ben-Yehoshua B., Rodov V., Peretz, J., Ozer, B. K., and D'hallewin, G. 2001. Mode of action of hot-water dip in reducing decay of lemon fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 107-113.
104. Naska, A., Vasdekis, V., Trichopoulou, A., Friel, S., Leonhäuser, I., Moreiras, O., Nelson, M., Remaut, A., Schnitt, A., Sekula, W., Trygg, K., and Zajkás, G. 2000. Fruit and vegetable availability among ten European countries: How does it compare with the 'five-a-day' recommendation? Brit. J. Nutr. 84: 549-556.
105. Ness, A., Egger, M., and Powles, J. 1999. Fruit and vegetables and ischaemic heart disease: Systematic review or misleading meta-analysis? Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 53: 900-902.
106. Ness, A. R., and Powles, J. W. 1997. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: A review. Int. J. Epidemiol. 26: 1-13.
107. Neuhouser, M. L., Patterson, R. E., Thornquist, M. D., Omenn, G. S., King, I. B., and Goodman, G. E. 2003. Fruit and vegetables are associated with lower lung cancer risk only in the placebo arm of the β-carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevention 12: 350-358.
108. Omenn, G. S., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A., Keogh, J. P., Meyskens, F. L., Valanis, B., Williams, J. H., Barnhart, S., and Hammar, S. 1996a. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 1150-1155.
109. Omenn, G. S., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Glass, A., Keogh, J. P., Meyskens, F. L., Valanis, B., Williams, J. H., Barnhart, S., Cherniack, M. G., Brodkin, C. A., and Hammar, S. 1996b. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 88: 1550-1559.
110. Oufedjikh, H., Mahrouz, M., Amiot, M. J., and Lacroix, M. 2000. Effect of gamma irradiation on phenolic compounds and phenylalanineammonia-lyase activity during storage in relation to peel injury from peel of Citrus clementina Hort. Ex.Tanaka. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 559-565.
111. Patil, B. S., Vanamala, J., and Hallman, G. 2004. Irradiation and storage influence on bioactive components and quality of early and late season 'Rio Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Postharvest Biol.Technol. 34: 53-64.
112. Pellegrini, C. N., Croci, C. A., and Orioli, G. A. 2001. Enhancement of quality criteria in garlic by gamma irradiation. Acta Hort. 553: 565-568.
113. Perez, A., Sanz, C., Richardson, D., and Olias, J. 1993. Methyl jasmonate vapour promotes β-carotene synthesis and chlorophyll degradation on Golden Delicious apple peel. Plant growth Regulat. 12: 163-167.
114. Pluskota, W. E., Michalczyk, D. J., and Gorecki, J. 2005. Control of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene promoters from pea by UV radiation. Acta Physiol. Plant. 27: 229-236.
115. Prono-Widayat, H., Schreiner, M., Huyskens-Keil, S., and Lüdders, P. 2003. Effect of ripening stage and storage temperature on postharvest quality of pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.). J. Food Agric. Environ. 1, 35-41.
116. Rangkadilok, N., Tomkins, B., Nicolas, M. E., Premier, R. R., Bennett, R. N., Eagling, D. R., and Taylor, P. W. 2002. The effect of post-harvest and packaging treatments on glucoraphanin concentration in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 7386-7391.
117. Reay, P. 1999. The role of low temperatures in the development of the red blush on apple fruit ('Granny Smith'). Sci. Hort. 79: 113-119.
118. Rechkemmer, G. 2001. Funktionelle Lebensmittel-Zukunft der Ernährung oder Marketing-Strategie. Forschungsreport Sonderheft 1: 12-15.
119. Reyes, L. F., and Cisneros-Zevallos, L. 2003. Wounding stress increases the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of purple-flesh potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 5296-5300.
120. Rissanen, T. H., Voutilainen, S., Virtanen, J. K., Venho, B., Vanharanta, M., Mursu, J., and Salonen, J. T. 2003. Low intake of fruit, berries and vegetables is associated with excess mortality in men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. J. Nutr. 133: 199-204.
121. Rodrigues, A. S., and Rosa, E. A. 1999. Effect of post-harvest treatments on the level of glucosinolates in broccoli. J. Sci. Food Agric. 79: 1028-1032.
122. Rudell, D. R., Mattheis, J. P., Fan, X., and Fellman, J. K. 2002. Methyl jasmonate enhances anthocyanin accumulation and modifies production of phenolics and pigments in 'Fuji' apples. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 127: 435-441.
123. Saltveit, M. 2003. A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for vegetables. Acta Hort. 600: 723-727.
124. Saniewski, M., and Czapski, J. 1983. The effect of methyl jasmonate on lycopene and β-carotene accumulation in ripening red tomatoes. Experienta 39: 1373-1374.
125. Saniewski, M., Miszczak, A., Kawa-Miszczak, L., Wegrzynowicz-Lesiak, E., Miyamoto, K., and Ueda, J. 1998. Effects of methyl jasmonate on anthocyanin accumulation, ethylene production, and CO2 evolution in uncooled and cooled tulip bulbs. J. Plant Growth Regulat. 17: 33-37.
126. Schreiner, M. 2005. Vegetable crop management strategies to increase the quantity of phytochemicals. Eur. J. Nutr. 44: 85-94.
127. Schreiner, M., Huyskens-Keil, S., Krumbein, A., Prono-Widayat, H., Peters, P., and Lüdders, P. 2003. Comparison of film packaging and surface coating on bioactive substances in fruit and vegetables. KTBL-Schrift 414: 39-44.
128. Schwarzbach, A. 2004. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Saponingehalt von Asparagus officinalis. PhD Thesis, Technical University, Berlin.
129. Seljasen, R., Hoftun, H., and Bengtsson, G. B. 2001. Sensory quality of ethylene-exposed carrots (Daucus carota L, cv 'Yukon') related to the contents of 6-methoxymellein, terpenes and sugars. J. Sci. Food Agric. 81: 54-61.
130. Shannon, J., Cook, L. S., and Stanford, J. L. 2003. Dietary intake and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 14: 19-27.
131. Shattuck, V. I., Kakuda, Y., and Shelp, B. J. 1999. Effect of low-temperature on the sugar and glucosinolate content of rutabaga. Sci. Hort. 48: 9-19.
132. Smith-Warner, S. A., Spiegelmann, D., Yaun, S. S., Adami, H. O., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Goldbohm, R. A., Graham, S., Miller, A. B., Potter, J. D., Rohan, T. E., Speizer, F. E., Toniolo, P., Willett, W., Wolk, A., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., and Hunter, D. J. 2001. Intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of breast cancer - A pooled analysis of cohort studies. JAMA 285: 769-776.
133. Snowdon, A. L. 1991. A Color Atlas of Postharvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables. Vol. 2: Vegetables. Wolfe Scientific Ltd.
134. Steinmetz, K., and Potter, J. 1991. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2: 325-442.
135. Steinmetz, K., and Potter, J. 1996. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: A review. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 96: 1027-1039.
136. Stephani, A., and Baltes, W. 1991. Changes in leek oil flavour after storage. Zeitschrift Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 193: 551-553.
137. Stevens, C., Wilson, C. L., Lu, J. Y., Khan, V. A., Chalutz, E., Droby, S., Kavwe, M. K., and Haung, Z. 1996. Plant hormesis induced by ultraviolet light-C for controlling postharvest diseases of free fruit. Crop Protection 15: 129-134.
138. Steyn, W. J., Holcroft, D. M., Wand, S. J., and Jacobs, G. 2004. Regulation of pear color development in relation to activity of flavonoid enzymes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 129: 6-12.
139. Sudha, G., and Ravishankar, G. A. 2003. Elicitation of anthocyanin production in callus cultures of Daucus carota and the involvement of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. Acta Physiol. Plant 25: 249-256.
140. Suzuki, Y., Asoda, T., Matsumoto Y., Terai, H., and Kato, M. 2005. Suppression of the expression of genes encoding ethylene biosynthetic enzymes in harvested broccoli with high temperature treatment. Postharvest Biol.Technol. 36: 265-271.
141. Takayanagi, T., Okuda, T., Mine, Y., and Yokotsuka, K. 2004. Induction of resveratrol biosynthesis in skins of three grape cultivars by ultraviolet irradiation. J. Jpn- Soc. Hort. Sci. 73(3): 193-199.
142. Tamari, G., Borochov, A., Atzorn, R., and Weiss, D. 1995. Methyl jasmonate induces pigment and flavonoid gene expression in petunia corollas: A possible role in wound response. Physiol. Plant. 94: 45-50.
143. Tang, J., Wang, S., Hansen, J., Mitcham, E., and Hallman, G. 2003. Postharvest control of insect pests in nuts and fruits based on radio frequency energy. Acta Hort. 599: 175-181.
144. Terry, L. A., and Joyce, D. C. 2004. Elicitors of induced disease resistance in postharvest horticultural crops: A brief review. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 32: 1-13.
145. Terry, P., Giovannucci, E., Michels, K. B., Bergkvist, L., Hansen, H., Holmberg, L., and Wolk, A. 2001. Fruit, vegetables, dietary fiber, and risk of colorectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93: 525-533.
146. Tomas-Barberan, F., and Espin, J. 2001. Phenolic compounds and related enzymes as determinants of quality in fruit and vegetables. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 81: 853-876.
147. Trewavas, A., and Stewart, D. 2003. Paradoxical effects of chemicals in the diet on health. Curr. Opinion Plant Biol. 6: 185-190.
148. USDA Economic Research Service Food consumption per capita. www.ers.usda.gov/data/foodconsumption/datasystem.asp. 2002.
149. van Gils, C., Peeters, P. H., Bueno-De-Mesquita, H. B., Boshuizen, H. C., Lahmann, P. H., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Thiebaut, A., Kesse, E., Sieri, S., Palli, D., Tumino, R., Panico, S., Vineis, P., Gonzalez, C. A., Ardanaz, E., Sanchez, M. J., Amiano, P., Navarro, C., Quiros, J. R., Key, T. J., Allen, N., Khaw, K. T., Bingham, S. A., Psaltopoulou, T., Koliva, M., Trichopoulou, A., Nagel, G., Linseisen, J., Boeing, H., Berglund, G., Wirfalt, E., Hallmans, G., Lenner, P., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A., Olsen, A., Lund, E., Engeset, D., Alsaker, E., Norat, T. A., Kaaks, R., Slimani, N., and Riboli, E. 2005. Consumption of vegetables and fruit and risk of breast cancer. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 293: 183-193.
150. Verkerk, R., Dekker, M., and Jongen, W. M. 2001. Post-harvest increase of indolyl glucosinolates in response to chopping and storage of Brassica vegetables. J. Sci. Food Agric. 81: 953-958.
151. Voorips, L. E., Goldbohm, R. A., van Poppel, G., Sturmans, F., Hermus, R. J., and van den Brandt, P. A. 2000. Vegetable and fruit consumption and risks of colon and rectal cancer in a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152: 1081-1092.
152. Wallström, P., Wirfalt, E., Mattisson, I., Gullberg, B., Janzon, L., and Berglund, G. 2003. Serum beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in smokers and non-smokers - associations with food sources and supplemental intakes. A report from the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort. Nutr. Res. 23: 163-183.
153. Wang, C. Y. 2000. Effect of heat treatment on postharvest quality of kale, collard and brussel sprouts. Acta Hort. 518: 71-78.
154. Wang, S. Y., and Stretch, A. W. 2001. Antioxidant capacity in cranberry is influenced by cultivar and storage temperature. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 969-974.
155. Watada, A. 1987. Vitamins. In: Postharvest Physiology of Vegetables. pp. 455-468. Weichmann, J., Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York.
156. Watzl, B. 2001. Krebsprotektive Nahrungsinhaltsstorfe. Ernährungs-Umschau 48: 52-55.
157. Watzl, B. 2002. Sulfide. Ernährungs-Umschau 49: 493-496.
158. Watzl, B., and Leitzmann, C. 1999. Bioaktive Substanzen in Lebensmitteln. Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart.
159. Watzl, B., and Rechkemmer, G. 2001a. Flavonoide. Ernährungs-Umschau 48: 499-503.
160. Watzl, B., and Rechkemmer, G. 2001b. Phenolsäuren. Ernährungs-Umschau 48: 413-416.
161. Willett, W. 2000. Diet and cancer. The Oncologist 5: 393-404.
162. Wills, R., Lee, T., Graham, D., McGlasson, W., and Hall, E. 1998. Postharvest, an Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruit and Vegetables. UNSW Press Australia.
163. Wills, R. B. H., Ku V. V. V., and Leshem, Y. Y. 2000. Fumigation with nitric oxide to extend the postharvest life of strawberries. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 18: 75-79.
164. Wise, J. A., Morin, R., Sanderson, R., and Blum, K. 1996. Changes in plasma carotenoid, alpha-tocopherol, and lipid peroxide levels in response to supplementation with concentrated fruit and vegetable extracts: A pilot study. Curr. Therap. Res. 57: 445-461.
165. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute of Cancer Research. 1997. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington.
166. Xu, X. J., Hu, X. Y., Neill, S. J., Fang, J. Y., and Cai, W. M. 2005. Fungalelicitor induces singlet oxygen generation, ethylene release and saponin synthesis in cultured cells of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Plant Cell Physiol. 46: 947-954.
167. Zhao, J., Davis, L. C., and Verporte, R. 2005. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnol. Advances 23: 283-333.