A history of the Himā conservation system

Environment and History

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 213-228

  Gari, Lutfallah ^a  

^a NONE   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

History of conservation; Middle East; Pastures; Range management; Traditional institutions

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; GRAZING; LAND MANAGEMENT; PASTURE; RANGELAND; TREE;

ASIA; EURASIA; MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 33745497731     PISSN: 09673407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3197/096734006776680236     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. R.M. Alison, 'Conservation by the Ancients', in 1983 Yearbook of Science and the Future (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1983), 112-25.
2. J. Chehod, 'Himā', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3 (1971): 393.
3. J. W. Bruce, Legal Bases for the Management of Forest Resources as Common Property (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [hereafter FAO], Community Forestry Note 14, 1999), 48.
4. A.A. Alabsi, Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: Yemen, (Rome: FAO, Grassland and Pasture Crops Group, 2002).
5. Omar Draz, 'The hemā in the Arabian Peninsula', al-'Arabī (Kuwait), in Arabic, 211 (June 1976): 52-9.
6. S. Nomanul-Haq, 'Islam and Ecology: Toward Retrieval and Reconstruction', in Islam and Ecology, edited by R.C. Foltz et al. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2003), 121-54.
7. Draz, 'The hemā', 55.
8. Chehod, 'Himā', 393.
9. O.A. Llewellyn, 'The Basis for a Discipline of Islamic Environmental Law', in Islam and Ecology, op.cit., 185-247, see p. 212.
10. A. al-Samhudi, Wafā al-wafā bi akhbār dār al-Mustafā (on the history of Medina), in Arabic, (Cairo: Sa'ādah Press, 1954) 3: 1087.
11. Chehod, 'Himā', 393.
12. In pre-Islamic Arabia, the term haram was used to define inviolable zones. In Islam the same term became specific to define Mecca and Medina as inviolable sanctuaries within which the injury of wild animals and plants is forbidden. The term harīm stands for inviolable zones within which developments are prohibited or restricted to prevent the impairment of utilities and natural resources. In Islamic jurisprudence, every town and village should be surrounded by an inviolable zone within which the right to acquire vacant land through its development is restricted. These municipal common lands are to be managed by the people of the settlement to provide for their needs such as forage and firewood and the like, and to facilitate their use and development of it in the manner most conducive to their long-term welfare. Sources of water such as seas and lakes, rivers, springs, wells, watercourses, and utilities such as roads and squares should have inviolable zones resembling easements to prevent their impairment, to facilitate their use and maintenance, and to preclude nuisances and hazards. The governing authorities have the right and obligation to prevent the violation of these zones. Reference: Bagader et al. Environmental Protection in Islam, 2nd edition, (Gland, Switzerland: IUCN- The World Conservation Union, 1994).
13. Chehod, 'Himā', 393.
14. Nomanul-Haq, 'Islam and Ecology: Toward Retrieval', 144.
15. Llewellyn, 'The Basis for a Discipline', 213.
16. The term 'Companion' is used for the followers of the Prophet Muhammad who were contemporaries of and met him.
17. Llewellyn, 'The Basis for a Discipline', 213.
18. Llewellyn, 'The Basis for a Discipline', 212.
19. M. S. al-Alusi, Bulūgh al-Arab fī Ahwāl al-Arab, (on the Conditions of the Arabs), in Arabic, (Cairo, 1925) 3: 31-6.
20. Nomanul-Haq, 'Islam and Ecology: Toward Retrieval', 144.
21. J. W. BRUCE, Legal Bases, 49.
22. M. ibn al-Athir (d. 1209), Jāmi al-usūl fī ahādīth al-Rasūl (Compendium of Prophet's sayings), in Arabic, (Damascus: Halawānī Bookshop, 1970) 9: 309-12.
23. Abu Ubayd al-Bakri, Mu jam ma-sta jam min Asmā al-Buldān wa al-Mawādi (Geographical Dictionary), ed. Musţafa al-Saqqa, in Arabic, (Cairo: Committee for Composition, Translation and Publishing, 1945-51) 3: 1035.
24. Ibn al-Athir, 'Jami' al-usūl', 9: 311-12.
25. Llewellyn, 'The Basis for a Discipline', 213.
26. al-Alusi, 'Bulūgh al-Arab', 3: 33-4.
27. Abu Ya'la, al-Ahkām al-Sultāniyyah (The Ordinance of Governance), 3rd printing, in Arabic, (Cairo: al-Bābi al-Halabi Publisher, 1987) 231-3.
28. Llewellyn, 'The Basis for a Discipline', 213.
29. A. al-Samhudi, 'Wafā' al-wafā', 1091-3.
30. Sa'id D. al-'Utaibi, Mawqi Dhariyyah (Dhariyyah Site: Archaeological Field Study), unpublished doctoral thesis in Arabic, (Riyadh: Department of Archaeology and Museums, College of Arts, King Saud University, 2005) 178-81.
31. As stated by Bagader et al.: 'Islam encourages individual Muslims to participate in the conservation and wise development of the environment through various gifts, bequests, and loans. The most important institution of Islamic law in this regard is the charitable endowment (waqf), which constitutes the major avenue for private contribution to the public good. The waqf may take the form of a land trust dedicated in perpetuity to charitable purposes such as agricultural and range research, wildlife propagation and habitat development, a village woodlot, or a public cistern, well, or garden; or it may take the form of a fund or endowment for the financing of such projects. The governing authorities may set provisions and standards for such waqf lands and funds, and for the qualifications of their managers, so that the benevolent objectives of such projects may be effectively fulfilled.' References: (1) Bagader et al. Environmental Protection
32. 2), 11 (2002): 63-74.
33. Draz, 'The hemā in the Arabian Peninsula', 55.
34. Syrian News Agency (SANA), 2 November 2004
35. M. A. Eben-Saleh, 'Environmental Planning and Management for the Assarawāt Highland Region of South-western Saudi Arabia: The Traditional versus the Professional Approach', The Environmentalist, 20/ 2 (June 2000): 123-39.
36. S, al-Ali, 'The himā in the First Hegira Century (7th Century A.D.)', in Arabic, al-Arab (Riyadh), 7 (April 1969): 577-95.
37. M. A. Eben-Saleh, 'Land Use and Planning of Vernacular Landscape in Highlands of the Southwest of Saudi Arabia', Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 7/3-4 (1998) 53-76.
38. R. Blench, Rangeland Degradation and Socio-economic Changes among the Bedu of Jordan: Results of the 1995 IFAD Survey (Rome: FAO, the Pastoral Development Network 'PDN', 1999) 17.
39. Bruce, Legal Bases, 48.
40. R. Blench, Rangeland Degradation, 4, 17.
41. Eben-Saleh, 'Environmental Planning' 130.
42. Saud L. al-Rowaily, 'Rangeland of Saudi Arabia, Tragedy of Commons', Rangelands, 21/3 (June 1999): 27-9.
43. Draz, 'The hemā', 54.
44. Eben-Saleh, 'Land Use and Planning', 64-5.
45. 'A. H. AbuZinada et al., First Saudi Arabian National Report on the Convention on Biological Diversity, (Riyadh: The National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development 'NCWCD', 2003) 35.
46. Bruce, 'Legal Bases', 113.
47. Bruce, 'Legal Bases', 113.
48. Bruce, 'Legal Bases', 113.
49. L. Triulzi,'Empty and Populated Landscapes: The Bedouin of the Syrian Arab Republic between Development and State', in Land Reform 2001/2 (Rome: FAO, 2002) 30-47.
50. Alabsi, 'Country Pasture: Yemen', (HTML version).
51. Alabsi, 'Country Pasture: Yemen', (HTML version).
52. M. Bounejmate, B. Norton and A. Gruggeman, 'Changes Suffered by the Mediterranean Rangelands in the Recent Past: ICARDA's Experience', Medias Newsletter, 13 (June 2002): 21-30.
53. Bounejmate et al., 'Changes Suffered', 27.
54. Llewellyn, 'The Basis for a Discipline', 215.
55. S. A. Hamed, 'Capacity Building for Sustainable Development: The Dilemma of Islamization of Environmental Institutions', in Islam and Ecology, op.cit., 403-21, see p. 409.
56. Hamed, 'Capacity Building', 416.
57. AbuZinada et al., 'First Saudi Report', 53.
58. AbuZinada et al., 'First Saudi Report', 59-60.
59. AbuZinada et al., 'First Saudi Report', 62.
60. NCWCD: Wildlife Newsletter, 6 (May 2005) and personal communications with a NCWCD researcher.
61. Llewellyn-Smith, Robert. Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert (Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund, 2001) the internet version.
62. NCWCD: Wildlife Newsletter, 6.
63. Hamed, 'Capacity Building', 417.