Revenge versus forgiveness/forbearance in response to narrative-simulated victimization

Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied

Volumn 140, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 105-119

  Milgram, Noach ^a,b   Stern, Miri ^a   Levin, Shelly ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b ARIEL UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Blame attribution; Forgiveness; Negative affect; Revenge; Trait state

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFFECT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; DEPRESSION; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICS; URBAN POPULATION; VERBAL COMMUNICATION; VICTIM;

ADULT; AFFECT; ANXIETY; ATTITUDE; CRIME VICTIMS; DEPRESSION; EXPRESSED EMOTION; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NARRATION; PREVALENCE; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 33745474839     PISSN: 00223980     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/JRLP.140.2.105-119     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Berkowitz, L. ( 1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45, 495-503.
2. Berkowitz, L., Cochran, S. T., & Embree, M. C. (1981). Physical pain and the goal of aversively stimulated aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 687-700.
3. Bingham, C. R., Marks, G., & Crepaz, N. (2001). Attributions about one's HIV infections and unsafe sex in seropositive men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 5, 283-289.
4. Bradfield, M., & Aquino, K. (1999). The effects of blame-attribution and offender likeableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace. Journal of Management, 25, 607-631.
5. Caprara, G. V., Renzi, P., Alcini, P., D'Imperio, G., & Travaglia, G. (1983). Instigation to aggress and escalation of aggression examined from a personological perspective: The role of irritability and of emotional susceptibility. Aggressive Behavior, 9, 345-351.
6. Cattell, R. B., & Scheier, I. H. (1961). The meaning and measurement of neuroticism and anxiety. New York: Ronald Press.
7. Clement, U., & Schoennesson, L. N. (1998). Subjective HIV attribution theories, coping and psychological functioning among homosexual men with HIV. AIDS Care, 10, 355-363.
8. Cobb, M., & DeChabert, J. T. (2002). HIV/AIDS and care provider attributions: Who's to blame? AIDS Care, 14, 545-548.
9. Endler, N. S., Lobel, T. E., Parker, J. D. A., & Schmitz, P. (1991). Multidimensionality of state and trait anxiety: A cross-cultural study comparing American, Canadian, Israeli and German young adults. Anxiety Research: An International Journal, 3, 257-272.
10. Endler, N. S., Parker, J. D. A., Bagby, R. M., & Cox, B. J. (1991). A multidimensional analysis measure of state and trait anxiety: Factor structure of the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 832-838.
11. Enright, R. D., & Coyle, C. T. (1998). Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 139-161). Radnor, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
12. Feather, N. T. (1992). An attributional and value analysis of deservingness in success and failure situations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 125-145.
13. Feather, N. T. (1996). Reactions to penalties for an offense in relation to authoritarianism, values, perceived responsibility, perceived seriousness, and deservingness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,. 71, 571-587.
14. Ferguson, T., & Rule, B. (1983). An attributional perspective on anger and aggression. In R. Geen & E. Donnerstein (Eds.), Aggression: Theoretical and empirical review: Vol. 1. Theoretical and methodological issues (pp. 41-74). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
15. Fincham, F., & Jaspers, J. (1980). Attribution of responsibility: From man as scientist to man as lawyer. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 13 (pp. 81-138). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
16. Fridja, N. H. (1994). The lex talionis: On vengeance. In S. H. M. van Goozen & N. E. Van de Poll (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 263-289). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
18. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
19. Jacoby, S. (1983). Wild justice: The evolution of revenge. New York: Harper & Row.
20. Johnson, L. M., Mullick, R., & Mulford, C. L. (2002). General versus specific victim blaming. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 249-263.
21. Katz, D. (1997). The profile of HIV infection in women: A challenge to the profession. Social Work in Health Care, 24, 127-134.
22. Kelly, J. A. (1988). The AIDS health crisis: Psychological and social interventions. New York: Plenum.
23. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377-398.
24. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
25. Lubin, B. (1967). Depression Adjective Checklist: Manual. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
26. Maharajh, H., & Sarkar-Crooks, P. (1991). AIDS, anger and revenge. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 8, 36-38.
27. McCollough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 43-55.
28. McCollough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 601-610.
29. McCollough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 321-336.
30. Milgram, N. (1983). Negative Affect Scale (Tech. rep.). Tel-Aviv University, Israel, Department of Psychology.
31. Milgram, N., & Arad, R. (1990). The effect of hassles at work and at home on mental and physical health (Tech. rep.), The Golda Meir Foundation for Research on Work and Society, Tel Aviv University.
32. Milgram, N., & Arad, R. (1991). Experimental study of three techniques to reduce stress in middle-aged married couples without psychiatric history. (Tech. rep.), Israel Foundation Trustees (Ford Foundation), Tel-Aviv.
33. Milgram, N., Garzone, S., & Vadjah, A. (2002). Coping with stress in a dangerous occupation: The response of security guards to physical attacks in the Old City of Jerusalem. In Y. Eshel (Ed.), Judea and Samaria research studies, Volume 11 (pp. 223-236). Ariel, Israel: Research Institute of the College of Judea and Samaria. [in Hebrew]
34. Mitchell, T. R. (1982). Expectancy-value models in organizational psychology. In N. T. Feather (Ed.), Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology (pp. 293-312). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Payne, R. L., & Morrison, D. (2002). The differential effects of negative affectivity on measures of well-being versus job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 15, 231-244.
36. Peltzer, K. (2001). Perception of illness among secondary school pupils in South Africa: Malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and alcoholism. Psychological Reports, 88, 847-848.
37. Perlmuter, A., & Almagor, I. (1999). The relationship of vengeance to exposure to rocket shelling on Israel's northern border. Unpublished report, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, [in Hebrew)
38. Raven, B. H., & Rubin, J. Z. (1976). Social psychology: People in groups. New York: Wiley.
39. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (No. 699).
40. Shenker, I. (2003). HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and Israel. Shalom Magazine, Issue No. 2. Jerusalem: Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
41. Siegel, K., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2002). The perceived benefits of religious and spiritual coping among older adults living with HIV/AIDS. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 91-102.
42. Spielberger, C. D. (1972). Anxiety as an emotional state. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research, Vol. I (pp. 24-49). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
43. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). STAI manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
44. Spielberger, C. D., Johnson, E. H., Jacobs, G. A., Krasner, S. S., Oesterle, S. E., & Worden,T. J. (1986). The Anger Expression (AX) Scale. Tampa, FL: Human Resources Institute, University of South Florida.
45. Stuckless, N., & Goranson, R. (1992). The Vengeance Scale: Development of a measure of attitudes toward revenge. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 25-42.
46. Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., & Lang, A. (2002). A direct assessment of the role of state and trait negative emotion in aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 249-258.
47. Weiner, B., Graham, S., Peter, O., & Zmuidinas, M. (1991). Public confession and forgiveness. Journal of Personality, 59, 281-312.
48. Worthington, E. L., Jr., & DiBlasio, F. A. (1990). Promoting mutual forgiveness within the fractured relationship. Psychotherapy, 27, 219-223.