메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 529-537

Burns in low- and middle-income countries: A review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention

Author keywords

Burns; Developing countries; Injury; Intervention; Prevention; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

CRYSTAL VIOLET;

EID: 33745466802     PISSN: 03054179     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (389)

References (140)
  • 3
    • 33745468151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Murray CJL, Lopez AD, editors. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Vol. I. World Health Organization; 1996.
  • 5
    • 0023237239 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of tap water scald burns: evaluation of a multi-media injury control program
    • Katcher M.L. Prevention of tap water scald burns: evaluation of a multi-media injury control program. Am J Public Health 77 (1987) 1195-1197
    • (1987) Am J Public Health , vol.77 , pp. 1195-1197
    • Katcher, M.L.1
  • 6
    • 0030154298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injury control in developing nations: what can we learn from industrialized countries {Opinion}?
    • Forjuoh S.N. Injury control in developing nations: what can we learn from industrialized countries {Opinion}?. Inj Prev 2 (1996) 90-91
    • (1996) Inj Prev , vol.2 , pp. 90-91
    • Forjuoh, S.N.1
  • 7
    • 33745479261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Bank. World Development Report 1993. Investing in Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993.
  • 8
    • 0000747006 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of burns in Algiers
    • Agha R.B., and Benhamla A. Epidemiology of burns in Algiers. Burns 5 (1978) 204-205
    • (1978) Burns , vol.5 , pp. 204-205
    • Agha, R.B.1    Benhamla, A.2
  • 9
    • 0028805456 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological data on burn injuries in Angola: a retrospective study of 7230 patients
    • Adamo C., Esposito G., Lissia M., Vonella M., Zagaria N., and Scuderi N. Epidemiological data on burn injuries in Angola: a retrospective study of 7230 patients. Burns 21 (1995) 536-538
    • (1995) Burns , vol.21 , pp. 536-538
    • Adamo, C.1    Esposito, G.2    Lissia, M.3    Vonella, M.4    Zagaria, N.5    Scuderi, N.6
  • 10
    • 0034884685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic and cultural influence in the causation of burns in the urban children of Bangladesh
    • Daisy S., Mostaque A.K., Bari T.S., Khan A.R., Karim S., and Quamruzzaman Q. Socioeconomic and cultural influence in the causation of burns in the urban children of Bangladesh. J Burn Care Rehab 22 (2001) 269-273
    • (2001) J Burn Care Rehab , vol.22 , pp. 269-273
    • Daisy, S.1    Mostaque, A.K.2    Bari, T.S.3    Khan, A.R.4    Karim, S.5    Quamruzzaman, Q.6
  • 11
    • 0030684784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paediatric burns and associated risk factors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
    • Werneck G.L., and Reichenheim M.E. Paediatric burns and associated risk factors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Burns 23 (1997) 478-483
    • (1997) Burns , vol.23 , pp. 478-483
    • Werneck, G.L.1    Reichenheim, M.E.2
  • 12
    • 0032143530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood burn injuries: circumstances of occurrences and their prevention in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
    • Rossi L.A., Braga E.C., Barruffini R.C., and Carvalho E.C. Childhood burn injuries: circumstances of occurrences and their prevention in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. Burns 24 (1998) 416-419
    • (1998) Burns , vol.24 , pp. 416-419
    • Rossi, L.A.1    Braga, E.C.2    Barruffini, R.C.3    Carvalho, E.C.4
  • 13
    • 0032142901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological data and mortality rate of patients hospitalized with burns in Brazil
    • De-Souza D.A., Marchesan W.G., and Greene L.J. Epidemiological data and mortality rate of patients hospitalized with burns in Brazil. Burns 24 (1998) 433-438
    • (1998) Burns , vol.24 , pp. 433-438
    • De-Souza, D.A.1    Marchesan, W.G.2    Greene, L.J.3
  • 14
    • 0036123805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological data of patients hospitalized with burns and other traumas in some cities of southeast of Brazil from 1991 to 1997
    • De-Souza D.A., Manco A.R., Marchesan W.G., and Greene L.J. Epidemiological data of patients hospitalized with burns and other traumas in some cities of southeast of Brazil from 1991 to 1997. Burns 28 (2002) 107-114
    • (2002) Burns , vol.28 , pp. 107-114
    • De-Souza, D.A.1    Manco, A.R.2    Marchesan, W.G.3    Greene, L.J.4
  • 15
    • 0023388123 scopus 로고
    • Extensive scalds following accidental immersion in hot water pools
    • Ding Y.L., Ps S.S., Pan Z.L., Lu X., Miao S.G., Han C.M., et al. Extensive scalds following accidental immersion in hot water pools. Burns 13 (1987) 305-308
    • (1987) Burns , vol.13 , pp. 305-308
    • Ding, Y.L.1    Ps, S.S.2    Pan, Z.L.3    Lu, X.4    Miao, S.G.5    Han, C.M.6
  • 16
    • 0023763104 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of childhood burns in Jiamusi, China
    • Zhu Z.X., Yang H., and Meng F.Z. The epidemiology of childhood burns in Jiamusi, China. Burns 14 (1988) 394-396
    • (1988) Burns , vol.14 , pp. 394-396
    • Zhu, Z.X.1    Yang, H.2    Meng, F.Z.3
  • 17
    • 0026520543 scopus 로고
    • Burn injuries in the Dong Bei area of China: a study of 12,606 cases
    • Jie X., and Ren C.B. Burn injuries in the Dong Bei area of China: a study of 12,606 cases. Burns 18 (1992) 228-232
    • (1992) Burns , vol.18 , pp. 228-232
    • Jie, X.1    Ren, C.B.2
  • 18
    • 0037405458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality rates among 5321 patients with burns admitted to a burn unit in China: 1980-1998
    • Jie X., and Baoren C. Mortality rates among 5321 patients with burns admitted to a burn unit in China: 1980-1998. Burns 29 (2003) 239-245
    • (2003) Burns , vol.29 , pp. 239-245
    • Jie, X.1    Baoren, C.2
  • 19
    • 0028999951 scopus 로고
    • Burns in Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire
    • Vilasco B., and Bondurand A. Burns in Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire. Burns 21 (1995) 291-296
    • (1995) Burns , vol.21 , pp. 291-296
    • Vilasco, B.1    Bondurand, A.2
  • 20
    • 0038360769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of burns admitted to Ain Shams University Burns Unit, Cairo, Egypt
    • Hemeda M., Maher A., and Mabrouk A. Epidemiology of burns admitted to Ain Shams University Burns Unit, Cairo, Egypt. Burns 29 (2003) 353-358
    • (2003) Burns , vol.29 , pp. 353-358
    • Hemeda, M.1    Maher, A.2    Mabrouk, A.3
  • 21
    • 0141958052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemiology study of elderly burn patients in Ain Shams University Burn Unit, Cairo, Egypt
    • Mabrouk A., Maher A., and Nasser S. An epidemiology study of elderly burn patients in Ain Shams University Burn Unit, Cairo, Egypt. Burns 29 (2003) 687-690
    • (2003) Burns , vol.29 , pp. 687-690
    • Mabrouk, A.1    Maher, A.2    Nasser, S.3
  • 22
    • 0025502391 scopus 로고
    • Survey of burn admissions to the Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital
    • Daniel E., and Yoo M.C. Survey of burn admissions to the Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital. Ethiopian Med J 28 (1990) 163-168
    • (1990) Ethiopian Med J , vol.28 , pp. 163-168
    • Daniel, E.1    Yoo, M.C.2
  • 24
    • 2442570471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of burn injuries in Mekele Town. Northern Ethiopia: a community-based study
    • Nega K.E., and Lindtjorn B. Epidemiology of burn injuries in Mekele Town. Northern Ethiopia: a community-based study. Ethiopian J Health Dev 16 (2002) 1-7
    • (2002) Ethiopian J Health Dev , vol.16 , pp. 1-7
    • Nega, K.E.1    Lindtjorn, B.2
  • 25
    • 0028888916 scopus 로고
    • Childhood burns in Ghana: epidemiological characteristics and home-based treatment
    • Forjuoh S.N., Guyer B., and Smith G.S. Childhood burns in Ghana: epidemiological characteristics and home-based treatment. Burns 21 (1995) 24-28
    • (1995) Burns , vol.21 , pp. 24-28
    • Forjuoh, S.N.1    Guyer, B.2    Smith, G.S.3
  • 27
    • 0029258008 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of modern health care use by families after a childhood burn in Ghana
    • Forjuoh S.N., Guyer B., and Strobino D.M. Determinants of modern health care use by families after a childhood burn in Ghana. Inj Prev 1 (1995) 31-34
    • (1995) Inj Prev , vol.1 , pp. 31-34
    • Forjuoh, S.N.1    Guyer, B.2    Strobino, D.M.3
  • 28
    • 0029076986 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of Intentional burns to children in Ghana
    • Forjuoh S.N. Pattern of Intentional burns to children in Ghana. Child Abuse Negl 19 (1995) 837-841
    • (1995) Child Abuse Negl , vol.19 , pp. 837-841
    • Forjuoh, S.N.1
  • 29
    • 0030298573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burn repetitions in Ghanaian children: prevalence, epidemiological characteristics and socioenvironmental factors
    • Forjuoh S.N. Burn repetitions in Ghanaian children: prevalence, epidemiological characteristics and socioenvironmental factors. Burns 22 (1996) 539-542
    • (1996) Burns , vol.22 , pp. 539-542
    • Forjuoh, S.N.1
  • 30
    • 0030034625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burn-related physical impairments and disabilities in Ghanaian children: prevalence and risk factors
    • Forjuoh S.N., Guyer B., and Ireys H.T. Burn-related physical impairments and disabilities in Ghanaian children: prevalence and risk factors. Am J Public Health 86 (1996) 81-83
    • (1996) Am J Public Health , vol.86 , pp. 81-83
    • Forjuoh, S.N.1    Guyer, B.2    Ireys, H.T.3
  • 32
    • 0031228151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of age-specific incidence of burns from a prevalence survey of burn scars
    • Forjuoh S.N., Keyl P.M., and Diener-West M. Estimation of age-specific incidence of burns from a prevalence survey of burn scars. Inj Prev 3 (1997) 207-210
    • (1997) Inj Prev , vol.3 , pp. 207-210
    • Forjuoh, S.N.1    Keyl, P.M.2    Diener-West, M.3
  • 33
    • 0020325535 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of burned hands
    • Leung P.C., and Chow Y.Y.N. Treatment of burned hands. Burns 8 (1982) 338-344
    • (1982) Burns , vol.8 , pp. 338-344
    • Leung, P.C.1    Chow, Y.Y.N.2
  • 34
    • 0025091354 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of 1704 burn injuries in Hong Kong children
    • Cheng J.C.Y., Leung K.S., Lam Z.L., and Leung P.C. An analysis of 1704 burn injuries in Hong Kong children. Burns 16 (1990) 182-184
    • (1990) Burns , vol.16 , pp. 182-184
    • Cheng, J.C.Y.1    Leung, K.S.2    Lam, Z.L.3    Leung, P.C.4
  • 35
    • 0035137454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemiological study of 1063 hospitalized burn patients in a tertiary burns centre in Hong Kong
    • Ho W.S., and Ying S.Y. An epidemiological study of 1063 hospitalized burn patients in a tertiary burns centre in Hong Kong. Burns 27 (2001) 119-123
    • (2001) Burns , vol.27 , pp. 119-123
    • Ho, W.S.1    Ying, S.Y.2
  • 36
    • 0035008589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of 550 hospitalized pediatric burn patients in Hong Kong
    • Ying S.Y., and Ho W.S. An analysis of 550 hospitalized pediatric burn patients in Hong Kong. J Burn Care Rehab 22 (2001) 228-231
    • (2001) J Burn Care Rehab , vol.22 , pp. 228-231
    • Ying, S.Y.1    Ho, W.S.2
  • 37
    • 0036688111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome analysis of 286 severely burned patients: retrospective study
    • Ho W.S., Ying S.Y., and Burd A. Outcome analysis of 286 severely burned patients: retrospective study. Hong Kong Med J 8 (2002) 235-239
    • (2002) Hong Kong Med J , vol.8 , pp. 235-239
    • Ho, W.S.1    Ying, S.Y.2    Burd, A.3
  • 38
    • 0036843539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical assaults in Hong Kong: a 10-year review
    • Young R.C., Ho W.S., Ying S.Y., and Burd A. Chemical assaults in Hong Kong: a 10-year review. Burns 28 (2002) 651-653
    • (2002) Burns , vol.28 , pp. 651-653
    • Young, R.C.1    Ho, W.S.2    Ying, S.Y.3    Burd, A.4
  • 40
    • 0018793742 scopus 로고
    • Domestic child burn and scald accidents: analysis of data from 4 Indian Burn Units
    • Learmonth A.M. Domestic child burn and scald accidents: analysis of data from 4 Indian Burn Units. J Indian Med Assoc 73 (1979) 43-47
    • (1979) J Indian Med Assoc , vol.73 , pp. 43-47
    • Learmonth, A.M.1
  • 41
    • 0019008734 scopus 로고
    • Domestic child burn and scald accidents: analysis of accident type and socio-economic group in Rajkot
    • Learmonth A.M. Domestic child burn and scald accidents: analysis of accident type and socio-economic group in Rajkot. J Indian Med Assoc 74 (1980) 139-141
    • (1980) J Indian Med Assoc , vol.74 , pp. 139-141
    • Learmonth, A.M.1
  • 42
    • 0019797471 scopus 로고
    • Survey of 1000 admissions to a burn unit SSKM Hospital, Calcutta
    • Sen R., and Banerjee C. Survey of 1000 admissions to a burn unit SSKM Hospital, Calcutta. Burns 7 (1981) 357-360
    • (1981) Burns , vol.7 , pp. 357-360
    • Sen, R.1    Banerjee, C.2
  • 43
    • 0020531459 scopus 로고
    • Analytical study of burns in Kashmir
    • Malla C.M., Misgar M.S., Khan M., and Singh S. Analytical study of burns in Kashmir. Burns 9 (1983) 180-183
    • (1983) Burns , vol.9 , pp. 180-183
    • Malla, C.M.1    Misgar, M.S.2    Khan, M.3    Singh, S.4
  • 44
    • 0023899798 scopus 로고
    • Study of fatal burn cases in Kanpur (India)
    • Gupta R.K., and Srivastava A.K. Study of fatal burn cases in Kanpur (India). Forensic Sci Int 37 (1988) 81-89
    • (1988) Forensic Sci Int , vol.37 , pp. 81-89
    • Gupta, R.K.1    Srivastava, A.K.2
  • 45
    • 0024839814 scopus 로고
    • Flame burns involving kerosene pressure stoves in India
    • Sawhney C.P. Flame burns involving kerosene pressure stoves in India. Burns 15 (1989) 362-364
    • (1989) Burns , vol.15 , pp. 362-364
    • Sawhney, C.P.1
  • 46
    • 0025132159 scopus 로고
    • The problem of burns in India
    • Davies J.W.L. The problem of burns in India. Burns Suppl. 1 (1990) S1-S24
    • (1990) Burns , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Davies, J.W.L.1
  • 47
    • 0026543745 scopus 로고
    • Paediatric burns in Jaipur, India: an epidemiological study
    • Gupta M., Gupta O.K., and Goil P. Paediatric burns in Jaipur, India: an epidemiological study. Burns 18 (1992) 63-67
    • (1992) Burns , vol.18 , pp. 63-67
    • Gupta, M.1    Gupta, O.K.2    Goil, P.3
  • 49
    • 0027218186 scopus 로고
    • Burns in Madras, India: an analysis of 1368 patients in 1 year
    • Jayaraman V., Ramakrishnan K.M., and Davies M.R. Burns in Madras, India: an analysis of 1368 patients in 1 year. Burns 19 (1993) 339-344
    • (1993) Burns , vol.19 , pp. 339-344
    • Jayaraman, V.1    Ramakrishnan, K.M.2    Davies, M.R.3
  • 50
    • 0028358594 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological determinants of burns in paediatric and adolescent patients from a centre in western India
    • Kumar P., Sharma M., and Chadha A. Epidemiological determinants of burns in paediatric and adolescent patients from a centre in western India. Burns 20 (1994) 236-240
    • (1994) Burns , vol.20 , pp. 236-240
    • Kumar, P.1    Sharma, M.2    Chadha, A.3
  • 51
    • 0028285690 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology, morbidity, and mortality and treatment of burn injuries - a study in a peripheral industrial hospital
    • Sarma B.P., and Sarma N. Epidemiology, morbidity, and mortality and treatment of burn injuries - a study in a peripheral industrial hospital. Burns 20 (1994) 253-255
    • (1994) Burns , vol.20 , pp. 253-255
    • Sarma, B.P.1    Sarma, N.2
  • 52
    • 0034333792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domestic burns prevention and first aid awareness in around Jamshedpur, India: strategies and impact
    • Ghosh A., and Bharat R. Domestic burns prevention and first aid awareness in around Jamshedpur, India: strategies and impact. Burns 26 (2000) 605-608
    • (2000) Burns , vol.26 , pp. 605-608
    • Ghosh, A.1    Bharat, R.2
  • 53
    • 33745468417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten years epidemiological study of paediatric burns in Manipal, India
    • Kumar P., Chirayil P.T., and Chittoria R. Ten years epidemiological study of paediatric burns in Manipal, India. Burns 27 (2001) 415
    • (2001) Burns , vol.27 , pp. 415
    • Kumar, P.1    Chirayil, P.T.2    Chittoria, R.3
  • 54
    • 0035176311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of paediatric burns in Indore, India
    • Mukerji G., Chamania S., Patidar G.P., and Gupta S. Epidemiology of paediatric burns in Indore, India. Burns 27 (2001) 33-38
    • (2001) Burns , vol.27 , pp. 33-38
    • Mukerji, G.1    Chamania, S.2    Patidar, G.P.3    Gupta, S.4
  • 55
    • 0036768258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of 11,196 burn admissions and evaluation of conservative management techniques
    • Ahuja R.B., and Bhattacharya S. An analysis of 11,196 burn admissions and evaluation of conservative management techniques. Burns 28 (2002) 555-561
    • (2002) Burns , vol.28 , pp. 555-561
    • Ahuja, R.B.1    Bhattacharya, S.2
  • 56
    • 0037304339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burnt wives - a study of suicides
    • Kumar V. Burnt wives - a study of suicides. Burns 29 (2003) 31-35
    • (2003) Burns , vol.29 , pp. 31-35
    • Kumar, V.1
  • 60
    • 0037260949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological study of self-inflicted burns in Tehran, Iran
    • Lari A.R., and Alaghehbandan R. Epidemiological study of self-inflicted burns in Tehran, Iran. J Burn Care Rehab 24 (2003) 15-20
    • (2003) J Burn Care Rehab , vol.24 , pp. 15-20
    • Lari, A.R.1    Alaghehbandan, R.2
  • 62
    • 0033970736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A burn prevention program as a long-term investment: trends in burn injuries among Jews and Bedouin children in Israel
    • Shani E., Bahar-Fuchs S.A., Abu-Hammad I., Friger M., and Rosenberg L. A burn prevention program as a long-term investment: trends in burn injuries among Jews and Bedouin children in Israel. Burns 26 (2000) 171-177
    • (2000) Burns , vol.26 , pp. 171-177
    • Shani, E.1    Bahar-Fuchs, S.A.2    Abu-Hammad, I.3    Friger, M.4    Rosenberg, L.5
  • 63
    • 0021184680 scopus 로고
    • Mortality of burns injuries in Jordan
    • Ragheb S.A., Qaryoute S., and Ei-Muhtaseb H. Mortality of burns injuries in Jordan. Burns 10 (1984) 439-443
    • (1984) Burns , vol.10 , pp. 439-443
    • Ragheb, S.A.1    Qaryoute, S.2    Ei-Muhtaseb, H.3
  • 64
    • 0024597013 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of 100 patients with thermal injury treated in a new burn unit in Amman, Jordan
    • Karyoute S.M., and Badran D.H. Analysis of 100 patients with thermal injury treated in a new burn unit in Amman, Jordan. Burns 15 (1989) 23-26
    • (1989) Burns , vol.15 , pp. 23-26
    • Karyoute, S.M.1    Badran, D.H.2
  • 65
    • 0024543822 scopus 로고
    • Burn wound infection in 100 patients treated in the burn unit at Jordan University Hospital
    • 117-119-26
    • Karyoute S.M. Burn wound infection in 100 patients treated in the burn unit at Jordan University Hospital. Burns 15 (1989) 117-119-26
    • (1989) Burns , vol.15
    • Karyoute, S.M.1
  • 66
    • 0025007807 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of burn injuries at a Kenya provincial hospital
    • Haq A. Pattern of burn injuries at a Kenya provincial hospital. Burns 16 (1990) 185-189
    • (1990) Burns , vol.16 , pp. 185-189
    • Haq, A.1
  • 67
    • 0023795487 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of burns in Kuwait
    • Bang R.L., and Mosbah K.M. Epidemiology of burns in Kuwait. Burns 14 (1988) 194-200
    • (1988) Burns , vol.14 , pp. 194-200
    • Bang, R.L.1    Mosbah, K.M.2
  • 68
    • 0024453772 scopus 로고
    • Mortality for burns in Kuwait
    • Bang R.L., and Saif JKh. Mortality for burns in Kuwait. Burns 15 (1989) 315-321
    • (1989) Burns , vol.15 , pp. 315-321
    • Bang, R.L.1    Saif, JKh.2
  • 69
    • 0026495886 scopus 로고
    • Electric burns in Kuwait: a review and analysis of 64 cases
    • Gang R.K., and Bajec J. Electric burns in Kuwait: a review and analysis of 64 cases. Burns 18 (1992) 497-499
    • (1992) Burns , vol.18 , pp. 497-499
    • Gang, R.K.1    Bajec, J.2
  • 70
    • 0025572412 scopus 로고
    • Burn injury and management in Liberia
    • Manktelow A. Burn injury and management in Liberia. Burns 16 (1990) 432-436
    • (1990) Burns , vol.16 , pp. 432-436
    • Manktelow, A.1
  • 71
    • 0019424654 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of burns in Benghazi, Libya
    • Akhtar M., and Gang R.K. Epidemiology of burns in Benghazi, Libya. Burns 7 (1981) 351-356
    • (1981) Burns , vol.7 , pp. 351-356
    • Akhtar, M.1    Gang, R.K.2
  • 72
    • 4644360132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and mortality of burns at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
    • Komolafe O.O., James J., Makola M., and Kalongolera L. Epidemiology and mortality of burns at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. Cent Afr J Med 49 (2003) 130-134
    • (2003) Cent Afr J Med , vol.49 , pp. 130-134
    • Komolafe, O.O.1    James, J.2    Makola, M.3    Kalongolera, L.4
  • 73
    • 0032820648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The establishment of a burns unit in a developing country: collaborative venture in Malawi
    • Stevenson J.H., Borgstein E., Van Hasselt E., and Falconer I. The establishment of a burns unit in a developing country: collaborative venture in Malawi. Br J Plast Surg 52 (1999) 488-494
    • (1999) Br J Plast Surg , vol.52 , pp. 488-494
    • Stevenson, J.H.1    Borgstein, E.2    Van Hasselt, E.3    Falconer, I.4
  • 74
    • 0344406196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteriology of burns at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
    • Komolafe O.O., James J., Kalongolera L., and Makola M. Bacteriology of burns at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. Burns 29 (2003) 235-238
    • (2003) Burns , vol.29 , pp. 235-238
    • Komolafe, O.O.1    James, J.2    Kalongolera, L.3    Makola, M.4
  • 75
    • 0029000236 scopus 로고
    • Aetiology of burn injuries in childhood in Casablanca, Morocco: epidemiological data and preventive aspects
    • Boukind E.H., Chafiki N., Terrab S., Alibou F., Bahechar N., and Zerouali N.O. Aetiology of burn injuries in childhood in Casablanca, Morocco: epidemiological data and preventive aspects. Burns 21 (1995) 349-351
    • (1995) Burns , vol.21 , pp. 349-351
    • Boukind, E.H.1    Chafiki, N.2    Terrab, S.3    Alibou, F.4    Bahechar, N.5    Zerouali, N.O.6
  • 76
    • 0028958513 scopus 로고
    • Use of hospital statistics to plan preventive strategies for burns in a developing country
    • Barradas R. Use of hospital statistics to plan preventive strategies for burns in a developing country. Burns 21 (1995) 191-193
    • (1995) Burns , vol.21 , pp. 191-193
    • Barradas, R.1
  • 79
    • 0020625035 scopus 로고
    • Burn injuries in Lagos
    • Sowemimo G.O.A. Burn injuries in Lagos. Burns 9 (1983) 280-283
    • (1983) Burns , vol.9 , pp. 280-283
    • Sowemimo, G.O.A.1
  • 80
    • 0023393501 scopus 로고
    • Accidental scalds and burns in infancy and childhood
    • Laditan A.A.O. Accidental scalds and burns in infancy and childhood. J Trop Pediatr 33 (1987) 199-202
    • (1987) J Trop Pediatr , vol.33 , pp. 199-202
    • Laditan, A.A.O.1
  • 81
    • 0023426151 scopus 로고
    • The problems and prevention of burns in developing countries
    • Onuba O., and Udoidiok E. The problems and prevention of burns in developing countries. Burns 13 (1987) 382-385
    • (1987) Burns , vol.13 , pp. 382-385
    • Onuba, O.1    Udoidiok, E.2
  • 82
    • 0023428780 scopus 로고
    • Hospital management of burns in developing countries
    • Onuba O., and Udoidiok E. Hospital management of burns in developing countries. Burns 13 (1987) 386-390
    • (1987) Burns , vol.13 , pp. 386-390
    • Onuba, O.1    Udoidiok, E.2
  • 83
    • 0023392773 scopus 로고
    • Childhood burns in Zaria, Nigeria
    • Mabogunje O.A., Khwaja M.S., and Lawrie J.H. Childhood burns in Zaria, Nigeria. Burns 13 (1987) 298-304
    • (1987) Burns , vol.13 , pp. 298-304
    • Mabogunje, O.A.1    Khwaja, M.S.2    Lawrie, J.H.3
  • 84
    • 0023918479 scopus 로고
    • Flame burns disasters from kerosene appliance explosions in Lagos, Nigeria
    • Grange A.O., Akinsulie A.O., and Sowemimo G.O.A. Flame burns disasters from kerosene appliance explosions in Lagos, Nigeria. Burns 14 (1987) 147-150
    • (1987) Burns , vol.14 , pp. 147-150
    • Grange, A.O.1    Akinsulie, A.O.2    Sowemimo, G.O.A.3
  • 85
    • 0023811549 scopus 로고
    • Burns in adults in Zaria, Nigeria
    • Mabogunje O.A., and Lawrie J.H. Burns in adults in Zaria, Nigeria. Burns 14 (1988) 308-312
    • (1988) Burns , vol.14 , pp. 308-312
    • Mabogunje, O.A.1    Lawrie, J.H.2
  • 86
    • 0024472905 scopus 로고
    • Burn injuries in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
    • Datubo-Brown D.D., and Kejeh B.M. Burn injuries in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Burns 15 (1989) 152-154
    • (1989) Burns , vol.15 , pp. 152-154
    • Datubo-Brown, D.D.1    Kejeh, B.M.2
  • 87
    • 0024693058 scopus 로고
    • Deliberate burns in Nigerians
    • Datubo-Brown D.D. Deliberate burns in Nigerians. Trop Doct 19 (1989) 137-140
    • (1989) Trop Doct , vol.19 , pp. 137-140
    • Datubo-Brown, D.D.1
  • 88
    • 0027175479 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of childhood thermal injuries in Enugu, Nigeria
    • Iregbulem L.M., and Nnabuko B.E. Epidemiology of childhood thermal injuries in Enugu, Nigeria. Burns 19 (1993) 223-226
    • (1993) Burns , vol.19 , pp. 223-226
    • Iregbulem, L.M.1    Nnabuko, B.E.2
  • 89
    • 0028281846 scopus 로고
    • The pattern and outcome of burn injuries at Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesha, Nigeria: a review of 156 cases
    • Adesunkanmi K., and Oyelami O.A. The pattern and outcome of burn injuries at Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesha, Nigeria: a review of 156 cases. J Trop Med Hyg 97 (1994) 108-112
    • (1994) J Trop Med Hyg , vol.97 , pp. 108-112
    • Adesunkanmi, K.1    Oyelami, O.A.2
  • 90
    • 0027956594 scopus 로고
    • Clothing burns in Zaria
    • Kalayi G.D., and Muhammad I. Clothing burns in Zaria. Burns 20 (1994) 356-359
    • (1994) Burns , vol.20 , pp. 356-359
    • Kalayi, G.D.1    Muhammad, I.2
  • 91
    • 0028435682 scopus 로고
    • Burn injuries in Zaria: a one year prospective study
    • Kalayi G.D. Burn injuries in Zaria: a one year prospective study. E Afr Med J 71 (1994) 317-322
    • (1994) E Afr Med J , vol.71 , pp. 317-322
    • Kalayi, G.D.1
  • 92
  • 93
    • 0031433418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood burns in South Eastern Nigeria
    • Archibong A.E., Antia U.E., and Udosen J. Childhood burns in South Eastern Nigeria. E Afr Med J 74 (1997) 382-384
    • (1997) E Afr Med J , vol.74 , pp. 382-384
    • Archibong, A.E.1    Antia, U.E.2    Udosen, J.3
  • 94
    • 0034775140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of burn injury: experience in the Savannah region of Northern Nigeria
    • Kalayi G.D. Epidemiology of burn injury: experience in the Savannah region of Northern Nigeria. Trop Doct 31 (2001) 209-211
    • (2001) Trop Doct , vol.31 , pp. 209-211
    • Kalayi, G.D.1
  • 95
    • 0036043901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood burns in North Western Nigeria
    • Mungadi I.A. Childhood burns in North Western Nigeria. Niger J Med 11 (2002) 30-32
    • (2002) Niger J Med , vol.11 , pp. 30-32
    • Mungadi, I.A.1
  • 96
    • 33745433158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durrani KM. The epidemiology of burn injuries. Report of the Burns Research Project at Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan: Dow Medical College; 1974.
  • 97
    • 0342376135 scopus 로고
    • The socio-economic factors of burn injuries in children
    • Karim K., Alam I., Hasan N., and Khan A. The socio-economic factors of burn injuries in children. Burns 1 (1975) 145-148
    • (1975) Burns , vol.1 , pp. 145-148
    • Karim, K.1    Alam, I.2    Hasan, N.3    Khan, A.4
  • 98
    • 0029875676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of adults hospitalized with burns in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Marsh D., Sheikh A., Khalil A., et al. Epidemiology of adults hospitalized with burns in Karachi, Pakistan. Burns 22 (1996) 225-229
    • (1996) Burns , vol.22 , pp. 225-229
    • Marsh, D.1    Sheikh, A.2    Khalil, A.3
  • 99
    • 0020679198 scopus 로고
    • Grass-skirt burns in Papua New Guinea
    • Barss P., and Wallace K. Grass-skirt burns in Papua New Guinea. Lancet 1 8327 (1983) 733-734
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8327 , pp. 733-734
    • Barss, P.1    Wallace, K.2
  • 100
    • 19044392726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for burns in children: crowding, poverty, and poor maternal education
    • Delagado J., Ramirez-Cardich M.E., Gilamn R.H., et al. Risk factors for burns in children: crowding, poverty, and poor maternal education. Inj Prev 8 (2002) 38-41
    • (2002) Inj Prev , vol.8 , pp. 38-41
    • Delagado, J.1    Ramirez-Cardich, M.E.2    Gilamn, R.H.3
  • 101
    • 0023391412 scopus 로고
    • Admissions to a new burn unit in Gizan, Saudi Arabia
    • Larsen J., GuruMurthy, Ghali M.T., and Hall K.V. Admissions to a new burn unit in Gizan, Saudi Arabia. Burns 13 (1987) 286-289
    • (1987) Burns , vol.13 , pp. 286-289
    • Larsen, J.1    GuruMurthy2    Ghali, M.T.3    Hall, K.V.4
  • 102
    • 0023395465 scopus 로고
    • Burn treatment in a new burn unit in Gizan, Saudi Arabia
    • Larsen J., GuruMurthy, Ghali M.T., and Hall K.V. Burn treatment in a new burn unit in Gizan, Saudi Arabia. Burns 13 (1987) 290-293
    • (1987) Burns , vol.13 , pp. 290-293
    • Larsen, J.1    GuruMurthy2    Ghali, M.T.3    Hall, K.V.4
  • 103
    • 0024453771 scopus 로고
    • Burn injuries in the Jeddah area of Saudi Arabia: a study of 319 cases
    • Jamal Y.S., Ardawi M.S.M., Ashy A.A., Merdad H., and Shaik S.A. Burn injuries in the Jeddah area of Saudi Arabia: a study of 319 cases. Burns 15 (1989) 295-298
    • (1989) Burns , vol.15 , pp. 295-298
    • Jamal, Y.S.1    Ardawi, M.S.M.2    Ashy, A.A.3    Merdad, H.4    Shaik, S.A.5
  • 104
    • 0025319813 scopus 로고
    • Paediatric burn injuries in the Jeddah area of Saudi Arabia: a study of 197 patients
    • Jamal Y.S., Ardawi M.S.M., Ashy A.R.A., and Shaik S.A. Paediatric burn injuries in the Jeddah area of Saudi Arabia: a study of 197 patients. Burns 16 (1990) 36-40
    • (1990) Burns , vol.16 , pp. 36-40
    • Jamal, Y.S.1    Ardawi, M.S.M.2    Ashy, A.R.A.3    Shaik, S.A.4
  • 105
    • 0019962283 scopus 로고
    • Two decades of specialized burns care in Singapore, 1961-1982
    • Lee S.T. Two decades of specialized burns care in Singapore, 1961-1982. Ann Acad Med 11 (1982) 358-365
    • (1982) Ann Acad Med , vol.11 , pp. 358-365
    • Lee, S.T.1
  • 106
    • 0026920990 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of burns in Singapore children-an 11-year study of 2288 patients
    • Ngim R.C. Epidemiology of burns in Singapore children-an 11-year study of 2288 patients. Ann Acad Med Singapore 21 (1992) 667-671
    • (1992) Ann Acad Med Singapore , vol.21 , pp. 667-671
    • Ngim, R.C.1
  • 107
    • 0347522786 scopus 로고
    • The Cape Town burn profile
    • De Kock M. The Cape Town burn profile. Burns 5 (1978) 210-211
    • (1978) Burns , vol.5 , pp. 210-211
    • De Kock, M.1
  • 108
    • 0027430703 scopus 로고
    • Assault inflicted by hot water
    • Duminy F.J., and Hudson D.A. Assault inflicted by hot water. Burns 19 (1993) 426-428
    • (1993) Burns , vol.19 , pp. 426-428
    • Duminy, F.J.1    Hudson, D.A.2
  • 109
    • 0028275575 scopus 로고
    • Primus stove burns in Cape Town: a costly but preventable injury
    • Hudson D.A., Rode H., and Bloch C.E. Primus stove burns in Cape Town: a costly but preventable injury. Burns 20 (1994) 251-252
    • (1994) Burns , vol.20 , pp. 251-252
    • Hudson, D.A.1    Rode, H.2    Bloch, C.E.3
  • 110
    • 0030748272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paediatric burns in a rural South African district hospital
    • Chopra M., Kettle H., Wilkinson D., and Stirling S. Paediatric burns in a rural South African district hospital. S Afr Med J 87 (1997) 600-603
    • (1997) S Afr Med J , vol.87 , pp. 600-603
    • Chopra, M.1    Kettle, H.2    Wilkinson, D.3    Stirling, S.4
  • 111
    • 0033952508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooling the burn wound: evaluation of different modalities
    • Jandera V., Hudson D.A., de Wet P.M., Innes P.M., and Rode H. Cooling the burn wound: evaluation of different modalities. Burns 26 (2000) 265-270
    • (2000) Burns , vol.26 , pp. 265-270
    • Jandera, V.1    Hudson, D.A.2    de Wet, P.M.3    Innes, P.M.4    Rode, H.5
  • 112
    • 0036024210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-immolation a common suicidal behavior in eastern Sri Lanka
    • Laloe V., and Ganesan M. Self-immolation a common suicidal behavior in eastern Sri Lanka. Burns 28 (2002) 475-480
    • (2002) Burns , vol.28 , pp. 475-480
    • Laloe, V.1    Ganesan, M.2
  • 113
    • 0036894670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and mortality of burns in a general hospital of Eastern Sri Lanka
    • Laloe V. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in a general hospital of Eastern Sri Lanka. Burns 28 (2002) 778-781
    • (2002) Burns , vol.28 , pp. 778-781
    • Laloe, V.1
  • 114
    • 0043091983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of hospitalized burn patients in Taiwan
    • Chien W.C., Pai L., Lin C.C., and Chen H.C. Epidemiology of hospitalized burn patients in Taiwan. Burns 29 (2003) 582-588
    • (2003) Burns , vol.29 , pp. 582-588
    • Chien, W.C.1    Pai, L.2    Lin, C.C.3    Chen, H.C.4
  • 115
    • 0042591147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electric water heaters: a new hazard for pediatric burns
    • Chuang S.S., Yang J.Y., and Tsai F.C. Electric water heaters: a new hazard for pediatric burns. Burns 29 (2003) 589-591
    • (2003) Burns , vol.29 , pp. 589-591
    • Chuang, S.S.1    Yang, J.Y.2    Tsai, F.C.3
  • 116
    • 0023214853 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of adults' and children's burns in a Turkish burn center
    • Haberal M., Oner Z., Bayraktar U., and Bilgin N. Epidemiology of adults' and children's burns in a Turkish burn center. Burns 13 (1987) 136-140
    • (1987) Burns , vol.13 , pp. 136-140
    • Haberal, M.1    Oner, Z.2    Bayraktar, U.3    Bilgin, N.4
  • 117
    • 0344222225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The last 10 years in a burn centre in Ankara, Turkey: an analysis of 5264 cases
    • Turegun M., Sengezer M., Selmanpakoglu N., Celikoz B., and Nisanci M. The last 10 years in a burn centre in Ankara, Turkey: an analysis of 5264 cases. Burns 23 (1997) 584-590
    • (1997) Burns , vol.23 , pp. 584-590
    • Turegun, M.1    Sengezer, M.2    Selmanpakoglu, N.3    Celikoz, B.4    Nisanci, M.5
  • 119
    • 0042591171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult burn injuries in an Emergency Department in Central Anatolia, Turkey: a 5-year analysis
    • Avsarogullari L., Sozuer E., Ikizeceli I., Kekec Z., Yurumez Y., and Ozkan S. Adult burn injuries in an Emergency Department in Central Anatolia, Turkey: a 5-year analysis. Burns 29 (2003) 571-577
    • (2003) Burns , vol.29 , pp. 571-577
    • Avsarogullari, L.1    Sozuer, E.2    Ikizeceli, I.3    Kekec, Z.4    Yurumez, Y.5    Ozkan, S.6
  • 121
    • 0036123489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of immediate cooling -- a case series of childhood burns in Vietnam
    • Nguyen N.L., Gun R.T., Sparnon A.L., and Ryan P. The importance of immediate cooling -- a case series of childhood burns in Vietnam. Burns 28 (2002) 173-176
    • (2002) Burns , vol.28 , pp. 173-176
    • Nguyen, N.L.1    Gun, R.T.2    Sparnon, A.L.3    Ryan, P.4
  • 122
    • 0036150368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The management of burns in a developing country: an experience from the republic of Yemen
    • Fadaak H. The management of burns in a developing country: an experience from the republic of Yemen. Burns 28 (2002) 65-69
    • (2002) Burns , vol.28 , pp. 65-69
    • Fadaak, H.1
  • 123
    • 0027986445 scopus 로고
    • A review of burns treated over a one year period at Mpilo Central Hospital, Zimbabwe
    • Muguti G.I., Doolabh D.P., Chakanyuka C., and Fleming A.N. A review of burns treated over a one year period at Mpilo Central Hospital, Zimbabwe. J R Coll Surg Edinb 39 (1994) 214-217
    • (1994) J R Coll Surg Edinb , vol.39 , pp. 214-217
    • Muguti, G.I.1    Doolabh, D.P.2    Chakanyuka, C.3    Fleming, A.N.4
  • 124
    • 0032845485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study on the epidemiology of burns in patients admitted to the Harare burn units
    • Mzezewa S., Jonsson K., Aberg M., and Salemark L. A prospective study on the epidemiology of burns in patients admitted to the Harare burn units. Burns 25 (1999) 499-504
    • (1999) Burns , vol.25 , pp. 499-504
    • Mzezewa, S.1    Jonsson, K.2    Aberg, M.3    Salemark, L.4
  • 125
    • 84909895150 scopus 로고
    • Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic subdural hematoma
    • Caffey J. Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from chronic subdural hematoma. Am J Roentgenol 56 (1946) 163-173
    • (1946) Am J Roentgenol , vol.56 , pp. 163-173
    • Caffey, J.1
  • 128
    • 0028908175 scopus 로고
    • A simple guide to burn prevention
    • McLoughlin E. A simple guide to burn prevention. Burns 21 (1995) 226-229
    • (1995) Burns , vol.21 , pp. 226-229
    • McLoughlin, E.1
  • 129
    • 0030301143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of successful transport and home injury interventions to guide developing countries
    • Forjuoh S.N., and Li G. A review of successful transport and home injury interventions to guide developing countries. Soc Sci Med 43 (1996) 1551-1560
    • (1996) Soc Sci Med , vol.43 , pp. 1551-1560
    • Forjuoh, S.N.1    Li, G.2
  • 130
    • 0030154647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injury control in developing countries: context more than content is crucial
    • Zwi A.B. Injury control in developing countries: context more than content is crucial. Inj Prev 2 (1996) 91-92
    • (1996) Inj Prev , vol.2 , pp. 91-92
    • Zwi, A.B.1
  • 132
    • 2042476199 scopus 로고
    • First-aid for burns {Letter}
    • Matthews R.N., and Radakrishnan T. First-aid for burns {Letter}. Lancet 1 (1987) 1371
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1371
    • Matthews, R.N.1    Radakrishnan, T.2
  • 133
    • 0025674236 scopus 로고
    • Fireworks cast a shadow on India's festival of lights
    • Mohan D., and Varghese M. Fireworks cast a shadow on India's festival of lights. World Health Forum 11 (1990) 323-326
    • (1990) World Health Forum , vol.11 , pp. 323-326
    • Mohan, D.1    Varghese, M.2
  • 134
    • 0034544352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreasing incidence of burn injury in a rural state
    • Clark D.E., Dainiak C.N., and Reeder S. Decreasing incidence of burn injury in a rural state. Inj Prev 6 (2000) 259-262
    • (2000) Inj Prev , vol.6 , pp. 259-262
    • Clark, D.E.1    Dainiak, C.N.2    Reeder, S.3
  • 135
    • 0031888365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are we making an impact? A review of burn prevention programs in Israeli schools
    • Shani E., and Rosenberg L. Are we making an impact? A review of burn prevention programs in Israeli schools. J Burn Care Rehab 19 (1998) 82-86
    • (1998) J Burn Care Rehab , vol.19 , pp. 82-86
    • Shani, E.1    Rosenberg, L.2
  • 136
    • 0021910533 scopus 로고
    • A home injury prevention program for children
    • Gallagher S.S., Hunter P., and Guyer B. A home injury prevention program for children. Pediatr Clin N Am 32 (1985) 95-112
    • (1985) Pediatr Clin N Am , vol.32 , pp. 95-112
    • Gallagher, S.S.1    Hunter, P.2    Guyer, B.3
  • 137
    • 0042819591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injury prevention counselling to improve safety practices by parents in Mexico
    • Mock C., Arreola-Risa C., Trevino-Perez R., et al. Injury prevention counselling to improve safety practices by parents in Mexico. Bull WHO 81 (2003) 591-598
    • (2003) Bull WHO , vol.81 , pp. 591-598
    • Mock, C.1    Arreola-Risa, C.2    Trevino-Perez, R.3
  • 138
    • 5444262922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emphasise burns prevention in developing countries
    • Opaluwa A.S., and Orkar S.K. Emphasise burns prevention in developing countries. BMJ 329 (2004) 801
    • (2004) BMJ , vol.329 , pp. 801
    • Opaluwa, A.S.1    Orkar, S.K.2
  • 139
    • 84921704303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-based interventions for the prevention of burns and scalds in children
    • Turner C., Spinks A., McClure R., and Nixon J. Community-based interventions for the prevention of burns and scalds in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2004) CD004335
    • (2004) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Turner, C.1    Spinks, A.2    McClure, R.3    Nixon, J.4
  • 140
    • 0141671927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of Safe Kids Week 2001: prevention of scald and burn injuries in young children
    • Macarthur C. Evaluation of Safe Kids Week 2001: prevention of scald and burn injuries in young children. Inj Prev 9 (2003) 112-116
    • (2003) Inj Prev , vol.9 , pp. 112-116
    • Macarthur, C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.