Modelling elephant population growth in small, fenced, South African reserves

African Journal of Wildlife Research

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 33-43

  Mackey, Robin L ^a,b   Page, Bruce R ^a   Duffy, Kevin J ^b   Slotow, Rob ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b DURBAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

African elephant; Conservation; Elephant demography; Population growth; Population model; South Africa

Indexed keywords

DEMOGRAPHY; ELEPHANT; GROWTH RATE; NATURE RESERVE; POPULATION GROWTH; POPULATION MODELING;

AFRICA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

ELEPHANTIDAE;

EID: 33745441510     PISSN: 03794369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. ARMBRUSTER, P. & LANDE, R. 1993. A population viability analysis for African elephant (Loxodonta afficana): how big should reserves be? Cons. Biol 7: 602-610.
2. BEGON, M. & MORTIMER M. 1986. Population ecology: A unified study of animals and plants, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
3. BLANC, J.J., BARNES, R.F.W., CRAIG, G.C., DOUGLAS-HAMILTON,I., DUBLIN, H.T, HART, J.A. & THOULESS, C.R. 2005. Changes in elephant numbers in major savanna populations in eastern and southern Africa. Pachyderm 38: 19-28.
4. CALEF, G.W. 1988. Maximum rate of increase in the African elephant. Afr. J. Ecol. 26: 323-327.
5. CUMMING, D.H.M., FENTON, M.B., RAUTENBACH, I.L., TAYLOR, R.D., CUMMING, G.S., CUMMING, M.S., DUNLOP, J.M., FORD, A.G., HAVORKA, M.D., JOHNSTON, D.S., KALCOUNIS, M., MAHLANGU, Z. & PORTFORS, C.V.R. 1997. Elephants, woodlands and biodiversity in southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 93: 231-236.
6. DOMINY, N.J., FERGUSON, N.S. & MADDOCK, A.. 1998. Modelling elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) population growth in Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park to predict and manage limits. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 28: 61-67.
7. FOWLER, C.W. & SMITH, T. 1973. Characterizing stable populations: an application to African elephant populations. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 37:513-524.
8. FRITZ, H. & DUNCAN, P. 1994. On the carrying capacity for large ungulates of African savanna ecosystems. Proc. R. Soc. Land. B 256:77-82.
9. GARAI, M.E., SLOTOW, R., CARR, R.D. & REILLY, B. 2004. Elephant reintroductions to small fenced reserves in South Africa. Pachyderm 37: 28-36.
10. HANKS, J. & McINTOSH, J.E.A.. 1973. Population dynamics of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). J. Zool., Lond. 169:29-38.
11. JOHNSON, C.F., COWLING, R.M. & PHILLIPSON, RB.1999. The flora of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: are threatened species vulnerable to elephant damage? Biodiv. Cons. 8:1447-1456
12. LAWS, R.M. 1969. The Tsavo research project. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 6:495-531.
13. LAWS, R.M., PARKER,I.S.C. & JOHNSTONE, R.C.B. 1975. Elephants and their habitats. The ecology of elephants in north Bunyoro, Uganda. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
14. LOMBARD, A.T., JOHNSON, C.F., COWLING,R.M. & PRESSEY, R.L. 2001. Protecting plants from elephants: botanical reserve scenarios within the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Biol. Cons. 102:191-203.
15. MOSS, C.J. 2001. The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta Africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya. J. Zool. Lond. 255:145-156.
16. OWEN-SMITH. R.N. 1988. Megaherbivores: The influence of very large body size on ecology. Cambridge Studies in Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
17. PRETORIUS, Y. 2004. Stress in the African elephant on Mabula Game Reserve, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
18. SLOTOW, R., GARAI, M.E., REILLY, B., PAGE, B. & CARR, R.D. 2005. Population ecology of elephants re-introduced to small fenced reserves in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 35:23-32.
19. VAN AARDE, R., WHYTE, I. & PIMM, S. 1999. Culling and the dynamics of the Kruger National Park African elephant population. Anim. Conserv. 2: 287-294.
20. VAN JAARSVELD, A.S., NICHOLLS, A.O. & KNIGHT, M.H. 1999. Modelling and assessment of South African elephant Loxodonta afficana population persistence. Env. Mod. Assess. 4:155-163.
21. WAITHAKA, J. 1997. Management of elephant populations in Kenya - What have we learnt so far? Pachyderm 24: 33-36.
22. WHYTE, I., VAN AARDE, R. & PIMM, S.L. 1998. Managing elephants of Kruger National Park. Anim. Conserv 1: 77-83.
23. WISEMAN, R., PAGE, B.R. & O'CONNOR, T.G. 2004. Woody vegetation change in response to browsing in Ithala Game Reserve, South Africa. S. Afr, J. Wild. Res. 34:25-37.
24. WITTEMYER, G. 2001. The elephant population of Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves, Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol. 39:357-365.
25. WU, L.S-Y. & BOTKIN, D.B. 1980. Of elephants and men: a discrete, stochastic model for long-lived species with complex life histories. Am. Nat. 116: 831-849.