Further clarification of the nomenclature for compound flaps

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Volumn 117, Issue 7, 2006, Pages

  Hallock, Geoffrey G ^a,b  

^a LEHIGH VALLEY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; COMPOSITE GRAFT; COMPOSITE SKIN GRAFT; HUMAN; LATISSIMUS DORSI FLAP; MICROCIRCULATION; MICROSURGERY; MYOCUTANEOUS FLAP; NOMENCLATURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE; SKIN FLAP; STANDARDIZATION; TISSUE FLAP; VASCULAR SURGERY; VASCULARIZATION; BLOOD FLOW; PLASTIC SURGERY; TRANSPLANTATION;

HUMANS; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; SURGICAL FLAPS; TERMINOLOGY; TISSUE AND ORGAN HARVESTING;

EID: 33745389976     PISSN: 00321052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000219178.20541.7f     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Pearl, R. M., and Johnson, D. The vascular supply to the skin: An anatomical and physiological reappraisal: Part II. Ann. Plast. Surg. 11: 196, 1983.
2. Milton, S. H. Pedicled skin-flaps: The fallacy of the length: width ratio. Br. J. Surg. 57: 502, 1970.
3. Hallock, G. G. The complete classification of flaps. Microsurgery 24: 157, 2004.
4. Nakajima, H., Fujino, T., and Adachi, S. A new concept of vascular supply to the skin and classification of skin flaps according to their vascularization. Ann. Plast. Surg. 16: 1, 1986.
5. Mathes, S. J., and Nahai, F. Classification of the vascular anatomy of muscles: Experimental and clinical correlation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 67: 177, 1981.
6. Daniel, R. K., and Kerrigan, C. L. Principles and physiology of skin flap surgery. In J. G. McCarthy (Ed.), Plastic Surgery , Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990. Pp. 275-328.
7. Tolhurst, D. E. Fasciocutaneous flaps and their use in reconstructive surgery. Perspect. Plast. Surg. 4: 129, 1990.
8. Tolhurst, D. E. A comprehensive classification of flaps: The atomic system. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 80: 608, 1987.
9. Lamberty, B. G. H., and Healy, C. Flaps: Physiology, principles of design, and pitfalls. In M. Cohen (Ed.), Mastery of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994. Pp. 56-70.
10. Cormack, G. C., and Lamberty, B. G. H.. The anatomical basis for fasciocutaneous flaps. In G. G. Hallock (Ed.), Fasciocutaneous Flaps. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Scientific, 1992. Pp. 13-24.
11. Hallock, G. G. Simplified nomenclature for compound flaps. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 105: 1465, 2000.
12. Core, G. B. Re: Extended anterior thigh flaps for repair of massive cervical defects involving pharyngoesophagus and skin: An introduction to the "mosaic" flap principle (Letter). Ann. Plast. Surg. 33: 461, 1994.
13. Koshima, I. Re: Extended anterior thigh flaps for repair of massive cervical defects involving pharyngoesophagus and skin: An introduction to the "mosaic" flap principle (Reply). Ann. Plast. Surg. 33: 462, 1994.
14. Huang, W. C., Chen, H. C., Wei, F. C., Cheng, M. H., and Schnur, D. P. Chimeric flap in clinical use. Clin. Plast. Surg. 30: 457, 2003.
15. Wei, F. C., Jain, V., Suominen, S., and Chen, H. C. Confusion among perforator flaps: What is a true perforator flap? Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 107: 874, 2001.
16. Koshima, I. A new classification of free combined or connected tissue transfers: Introduction to the concept of bridge, siamese, chimeric, mosaic, and chain-circle flaps. Acta Med. Okayama 55: 329, 2001.
17. Wei, F. C., Celik, N., and Jeng, S. F. Application of "simplified nomenclature for compound flaps" to the anterolateral thigh flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 115: 1051, 2005.
18. Belousov, A. E., Kishemasov, D. S., Kochish, A. Y., and Pinchuk, V. D. A new classification of vascularized flaps in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Ann. Plast. Surg. 31: 47, 1993.
19. Cormack, G. C., and Lamberty, B. G. H. Alternative flap nomenclature and classification. In The Arterial Anatomy of Skin Flaps, 2nd Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1994. Pp. 514-522.
20. Hallock, G. G. Simultaneous transposition of anterior thigh muscle and fascia flaps: An introduction to the chimera flap principle. Ann. Plast. Surg. 27: 126, 1991.
21. Hallock, G. G. The chimera flap principle: Conjoint flaps. In G. G. Hallock (Ed.), Fasciocutaneous Flaps. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Scientific, 1992. Pp. 172-180.
22. Chowdary, R. P. Use of temporoparietal fascia free flap in digital reconstruction. Ann. Plast. Surg. 23: 543, 1989.
23. Harii, K., Iwaya, T., and Kawaguchi, N. Combination myocutaneous flap and microvascular free flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 68: 700, 1981.
24. Harii, K. Microvascular free flaps for skin coverage: Indications and selections of donor sites. Clin. Plast. Surg. 10: 37, 1983.
25. Belousov, A. E., Kishemasov, D. S., Kochish, A. Y., and Pinchuk, V. D. Vascularized megaflaps. Ann. Plast. Surg. 31: 54, 1993.
26. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language. New York: The World Publishing Co., 1960. P. 1353.
27. Shibata, M., Hatano, Y., Iwabuchi, Y., and Matsuzaki, H. Combined dorsal forearm and lateral arm flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 96: 1423, 1995.
28. Nassif, T. M., Vidal, L., Bovet, J. L., and Baudet, J. The parascapular flap: A new cutaneous microsurgical free flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 69: 591, 1982.
29. Hallock, G. G. The combined parascapular fasciocutaneous and latissimus dorsi muscle "conjoined" free flap. (in press).
30. Yazar, S.,C., etinkale, O. Senel, O., et al. An experimental study of skin flap associated with muscle: Is muscle nourishment possible through the musculocutaneous perforators? Ann. Plast. Surg. 45: 500, 2000.
31. Hallock, G. G. Direct and indirect perforator flaps: The history and the controversy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 111: 855, 2003.
32. Hallock, G. G. Simultaneous bilateral foot reconstruction using a single radial forearm flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 80: 836, 1987.
33. Tsai, F. C., Yang, J. Y., Mardini, S., Chuang, S. S., and Wei, F. C. Free split-cutaneous perforator flaps procured using a three-dimensional harvest technique for the reconstruction of postburn contracture defects. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 113: 185, 2004.
34. Bakhach, J., Peres, J. M., Scalise, A., Martin, D., and Baudet, J. The quadrifoliate flap: A combination of scapular, parascapular, latissimus dorsi, and scapula bone flaps. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 49: 477, 1996.
35. Datiashvili, R. O., Shibaev, E. Y., Chichkin, V. G., and Oganesian, A. R. Reconstruction of a complex defect of the hand with two distinct segments of the scapula and a scapular fascial flap transferred as a single transplant. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 90: 687, 1992.
36. Sawaizumi, M., Maruyama, Y., and Kawaguchi, N. Vertical double flap design for repair of wide defects of the lower limb, using combined ascending scapular and latissimus dorsi flaps. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 11: 407, 1995.
37. Chen, H. C., El-Gammal, T. A., Chen, H. H., Wei, F. C., Lin, C. H., and Tang, Y. B. Economy of donor site incisions: Multiple free flaps of the subscapular family for extensive extremity wounds and bilateral foot defects. Ann. Plast. Surg. 41: 28, 1998.
38. Hallock, G. G. Permutations of combined free flaps using the subscapular system. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 13: 47, 1997.
39. Fairbanks, G. A., and Hallock, G. G. Facial reconstruction using a combined flap of the subscapular axis simultaneously including separate medial and lateral scapular vascularized bone grafts. Ann. Plast. Surg. 49: 104, 2002.
40. Hallock, G. G. The conjoint medial circumflex femoral perforator and gracilis muscle free flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 113: 339, 2004.
41. Huang, W. C., Chen, H. C., Jain, V., et al. Reconstruction of through-and-through cheek defects involving the oral commissure, using chimeric flaps from the thigh lateral femoral circumflex system. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109: 433, 2002.
42. Sano, K., Hallock, G. G., Hamazaki, M., and Daicyo, Y. The perforator-based conjoint (chimeric) medial sural (medial gastrocnemius) free flap. Ann. Plast. Surg. 53: 588, 2004.
43. Koshima, I., Yamamoto, H., Hosoda, M., Moriguchi, T., Orita, Y., and Nagayama, H. Free combined composite flaps using the lateral circumflex femoral system for repair of massive defects of the head and neck regions: An introduction to the chimeric flap principle. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 92: 411, 1993.
44. Koshima, I., Yamamoto, Y., Moriguchi, T., and Orita, Y. Extended anterior thigh flaps for repair of massive cervical defects involving pharyngoesophagus and skin: An introduction to the "mosaic" flap principle. Ann. Plast. Surg. 32: 321, 1994.
45. Muhlbauer, W., Herndl, E., Schmidt, A., and Henckel-v.-Donnersmarck, G. Temporary AV-shunt for auxiliary microvascular anastomoses of the TRAM or VRAM flap in breast reconstruction: The turbo-charged flap. Eur. J. Plast. Surg. 14: 17, 1991.
46. Takayanagi, S., and Ohtsuka, M. Extended transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 83: 1057, 1989.
47. Harashina, T., Sone, K., Inoue, T., Fukuzumi, S., and Enomoto, K. Augmentation of circulation of pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps by microvascular surgery. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 40: 367, 1987.
48. Yamamoto, Y., Nohira, K., Shintomi, Y., Sugihara, T., and Ohura, T. "Turbo charging" the vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (turbo-VRAM) flap for reconstruction of extensive chest wall defects. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 47: 103, 1994.
49. Pernia, L. R., Miller, H. L., Saltz, R., and Vasconez, L. O. "Supercharging" the rectus abdominis muscle to provide a single flap for cover of large mediastinal wound defects. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 44:243, 1991.
50. Semple, J. L. Retrograde microvascular augmentation (turbocharging) of a single-pedicle TRAM flap through a deep inferior epigastric arterial and venous loop. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 93: 109, 1994.
51. Civelek, B., Kargi, E., Akoz, T., and Sensoz, O. Turbocharge or supercharge? Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 102: 1303, 1998.
52. Core, G. B., Weimar, R., and Meland, N. B. The turbo gracilis free flap. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 8: 267, 1992.
53. Wei, F. C., Demirkan, F., Chen, H. C., and Chen, I. H. Double free flaps in reconstruction of extensive composite mandibular defects in head and neck cancer. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 103: 39, 1999.
54. Hallock, G. G. Partial failure of a free flap salvaged by using the surviving portion as a "bridge" flap for revascularizing a second free flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 100: 981, 1997.
55. Chen, H. C., Tang, Y. B., and Noordhoff, M. S. Reconstruction of the entire esophagus with "chain-flaps" in a patient with severe corrosive injury. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 84: 980, 1989.
56. Hallock, G. G. Conjoint muscle free flap for obliteration of an upper thoracic empyema cavity. Can. J. Plast. Surg. 11: 216, 2003.
57. Chiang, Y. C., Chen, F. C., Hsieh, M. J., and Wei, F. C. Reconstruction of a large thoracoabdominal wall defect with a flow-through forearm flap and a latissimus dorsi-groin flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 100: 1240, 1997.
58. Hallock, G. G. Free flap monitoring using a chimeric sentinel muscle perforator flap. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 21: 351, 2005.
59. Katsaros, J., Gilbert, D., and Russell, R. The use of a combined latissimus dorsi-groin flap as a direct flap for reconstruction of the upper extremity. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 36: 67, 1983.
60. Sasaki, K., Nozaki, M., Nakazawa, H., Kikuchi, Y., and Huang, T. Reconstruction of a large abdominal wall defect using combined free tensor fasciae latae musculocutaneous flap and anterolateral thigh flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 102: 2244, 1998.
61. Colen, L. B. The anatomy of the lower serratus anterior muscle: A fresh cadaver study (Discussion). Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 95: 98, 1995.
62. Gottlieb, L. J., and Krieger, L. M. From the reconstructive ladder to the reconstructive elevator. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 93: 1503, 1994.