'Marshall-ing' social and political citizenship: Towards a unified conception of citizenship

Government and Opposition

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 471-491

  Lister, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33745302379     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: 14777053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2005.00161.x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the Council of European Studies 13th International Conference of Europeanists, Chicago, 14-16 March 2002. I am grateful for all the helpful comments I received there. I am also indebted to Daniel Wincott, David Marsh and two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimers apply.
2. A. Giddens, Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory, London, Macmillan, 1982.
3. See J. Bussemaker, 'Introduction', in J. Bussemaker (ed.), Citizenship and Welfare State Reform in Europe, London, Routledge, 1999, pp. 1-11;
4. G. Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty: England and the Early Industrial Age, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1984;
5. Giddens, Profiles and Critiques;
6. A. Mann, 'Ruling Class Strategies and Citizenship', Sociology, 21: 3 (1987), pp. 339-54.
7. D. King and J. Waldron, 'Citizenship, Social Citizenship and the Defence of Welfare Provision', British Journal of Political Science, 18: 4 (1988), pp. 415-43.
8. L. M. Mead, 'Citizenship and Social Policy: T. H. Marshall and Poverty', Social Philosophy and Policy, 14: 2 (1997), pp. 197-230.
9. G. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1990;
10. W. Korpi, 'Power Politics and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship', American Sociological Review, 54: 3 (1989), pp. 309-28.
11. H. M. Hernes, 'Welfare State Citizenship of Scandinavian Women', in K Jones and A. Jonasdottir (eds), The Political Interests of Gender, London, Sage Publications, 1988;
12. A. S. Orloff, 'Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship', American Sociological Review, 58 (1993), pp. 303-28.
13. A. H. Halsey, 'T. H. Marshall: Past and Present', Sociology, 18: 1 (1984), p. 13.
14. T. H. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', in T. H. Marshall Sociology at the Crossroads, London, Heinemann, 1963, pp. 67-127;
15. King and Waldron, 'Citizenship, Social Citizenship and the Defence of Welfare Provision'.
16. M. Roche, 'Citizenship, Social Theory and Social Change', Theory and Society, 16: 3 (1987), pp. 363-99.
17. P. Taylor Gooby, 'Welfare State Regimes and Welfare Citizenship', Journal of European Social Policy, 1: 2 (1991), p. 94.
18. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class'.
19. A. M. Rees, 'T. H. Marshall and the Progress of Citizenship', in M. Balmer and A. Rees (eds), Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T. H. Marshall, London, UCL Press, 1996.
20. R. Dahrendorf, 'Citizenship and Social Class', in Balmer and Rees, Citizenship Today.
21. King and Waldron, 'Citizenship, Social Citizenship and the Defence of Welfare Provision'.
22. King and Waldron, 'Citizenship, Social Citizenship and the Defence of Welfare Provision', Ibid., p. 423.
23. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', p. 87.
24. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 85.
25. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 91.
26. Roche, 'Citizenship, Social Theory and Social Change', p. 369.
27. King and Waldron, 'Citizenship, Social Citizenship and the Defence of Welfare Provision'.
28. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', p. 83.
29. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 84.
30. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 100.
31. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 90.
32. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 127.
33. T. H. Marshall, 'Afterthought on "Value Problems of Welfare Capitalism": The Hyphenated Society', in T. H. Marshall, The Right to Welfare and Other Essays, London, Heinemann, 1981, p. 129.
34. A. H. Halsey, T. H. Marshall: Past and Present', Sociology, 18: 1 (1984), p. 13.
35. King and Waldron, 'Citizenship, Social Citizenship and the Defence of Welfare Provision'.
36. J. M. Barbalet, Citizenship, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1988, p. 19.
37. See also Roche, 'Citizenship, Social Theory and Social Change', for a similar line.
38. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', p. 73.
39. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 88.
40. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 100.
41. Giddens, Profiles and Critiques, p. 171.
42. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', p. 127.
43. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', Ibid., p. 109.
44. T. H. Marshall, The Right to Weltare', in Marshall, The Right to Welfare, p. 93.
45. Esping Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism; Korpi, 'Power Politics and State Autonomy'.
46. D. Lockwood, 'For T. H. Marshall', Sociology, 8: 3 (1974), p. 365.
47. Barbalet, Citizenship, p. 109.
48. Orloff, 'Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship';
49. C. Pateman, 'The Patriarchal Welfare State', in A. Gutmann (ed.), Democracy and the Welfare State, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 231-60.
50. W. Kymlicka and W. Norman, 'Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory', Ethics, 104: 2 (1994), p. 370.
51. I. M. Young, 'Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship', Ethics, 99: 2 (1989), pp. 250-74;
52. Pateman, 'The Patriarchal Welfare State'.
53. Kymlicka and Norman, 'Return of the Citizen', p. 372.
54. Kymlicka and Norman note that self-government rights are somewhat different and more problematic as they serve to question and weaken the bonds of the larger community.
55. B. Barry, Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism, Oxford, Polity Press, 2001, p. 13. It must be noted that Barry has grave reservations about rights derived from the specificities of culture.
56. D. King, In the Name of Liberalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 232-3.
57. Mead argues: 'There is no clear economic limit to the welfare state, only political limits to society's willingness to tax itself.' Mead, 'Citizenship and Social Policy', p. 200.
58. Mead, 'Citizenship and Social Policy', Ibid., p. 203.
59. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', p. 117.
60. King, In the Name of Liberalism, p. 249.
61. Mead, 'Citizenship and Social Policy', p. 203.
62. It is interesting to consider whether such criteria mean that Scandinavian countries are also lacking in their social citizenship provision, as elements of conditionality have long operated in active labour market policies. Yet there is a distinction to be drawn between what we might at one end of a spectrum term workfare and at the other end, active labour market policies. For the latter, workfare elements are present, but the programme is broader. Active labour market policies, it might be argued, see unemployment as a structural problem requiring a mixture of state policies (such as retraining, as well as job creation programmes and subsidies), and might be seen as realizing the right to work. See J. A. Drøpping, B. Hvinden and K. Vik, 'Activation policies in the Nordic countries', in M. Kautto, M. Heikkilä, B. Hvinden, S. Marklund and N. Ploug (eds), Nordic Social Policy: Changing Welfare States, London, Routledge, 1999, p. 138. Workfare might be characterized as a much more market-based solution, which sees unemployment as a problem of individual motivations and its focus is reducing the claimant roles. Such policies are conditional and stigmatizing. Clearly, this dichotomy is somewhat stylized. However, the closer social policy approximates to the former, the more compatible it is with the notion of social citizenship rights, and equally, the more a policy approximates the latter, the less it corresponds to what Marshall saw as a good conception of citizenship.
63. Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', p. 123.
64. Also interesting to note is that Marshall viewed the work obligation in a specific way. '[T] he essential duty is not to have a job and hold it, since that is relatively simple in conditions of full employment, but to put one's heart into one's job and work hard.' Marshall, 'Citizenship and Social Class', p. 123. Such a view is much more consistent with the principle of equality of status as it places the work obligation, to work hard, on all, and not simply on the indigent to find work.
65. B. Radcliff, 'The Welfare State, Turnout, and the Economy: A Comparative Analysis', American Political Science Review, 86: 2 (1992), pp. 444-54;
66. B. Rothstein, 'Social Capital in the Social Democratic Welfare State', Politics and Society, 29: 2 (2001), pp. 206-40. Both these authors suggest that the welfare state seems to impact upon other aspects of citizenship, such as voter turnout, more general political participation and levels of social trust.