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Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 116-163

Otto Hahn: Responsibility and repression

Author keywords

Albert Einstein; Carl Friedrich von Weizs cker; Ernst Telschow; Fritz Haber; Fritz Strassmann; Gottfried von Droste; Heinrich H rlein; Lise Meitner; Max von Laue; Otto Hahn; Otto Robert Frisch; Samuel Goudsmit; Siegfried Fl gge; Werner Heisenberg

Indexed keywords


EID: 33745280962     PISSN: 14226944     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00016-006-0277-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (236)
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    • 0029790251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • Elisabeth Crawford, Ruth Lewin Sime, and Mark Walker, idem, "A Nobel Tale of Postwar Injustice," Physics Today 50 (September 1997), 26-32.
    • (1997) Physics Today , vol.50 , pp. 26-32
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  • 27
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Hahn, June 27,1945, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4898, MPG-Archiv; quoted and translated in (ref. 10)
    • Meitner to Hahn, June 27,1945, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4898, MPG-Archiv; quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), pp. 309-310. Hahn may never have received this letter.
    • Meitner , pp. 309-310
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  • 28
    • 33745270503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 12
    • Hoffmann, Schuld (ref. 12), p. 121.
    • Schuld , pp. 121
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    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Hahn, March 8,1933, OHP, MPG-Archiv; quoted and translated (ret 10)
    • Meitner to Hahn, March 8,1933, OHP, MPG-Archiv; quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ret 10), p. 135.
    • Meitner , pp. 135
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  • 30
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Hahn, March 21, 1933, IX Abt., 4 (1933-1934), MPG-Archiv; partially quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • Meitner to Hahn, March 21, 1933, IX Abt., 4 (1933-1934), MPG-Archiv; partially quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 136.
    • Meitner , pp. 136
    • Sime1
  • 31
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bosch to Meitner, April 26,1933, MC; quoted and translated in (ref. 10)
    • Bosch to Meitner, April 26,1933, MC; quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 139.
    • Meitner , pp. 139
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  • 32
    • 33745272203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laue to Einstein, May 14,1933, Albert Einstein Papers, AEA
    • Laue to Einstein, May 14,1933, Albert Einstein Papers, AEA.
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    • Autonomie und anpassung - Das selbstverständnis von naturwissenschaftlern im nationalsozialismus
    • Rainer Brämer, ed., Marburg: Soznat
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    • Das verhältnis der akademie zu republik und diktatur. Max Planck als sekretär
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    • Quoted in Hoffmann, "Verhältnis" (ref. 20), p. 64.
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    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Quoted in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 144.
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  • 37
    • 33745260364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 20
    • Quoted in Friese, "Autonomie" (ref. 20), p. 37; my translation.
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  • 38
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Quoted in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 144.
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  • 39
    • 33745260364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 20
    • Quoted in Riese, "Autonomie" (ref. 20), p. 37; my translation.
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  • 41
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Hahn, May 3,1933, OHP; quoted and translated (ret 10)
    • Meitner to Hahn, May 3,1933, OHP; quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ret 10), p. 145.
    • Meitner , pp. 145
    • Sime1
  • 42
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), pp. 143-144.
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  • 43
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    • Einige erinnerungen an das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für chemie in Berlin-Dahlem
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    • (1954) Die Naturwissenschaften , vol.41 , pp. 98
    • Meitner, L.1
  • 44
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 149.
    • Meitner , pp. 149
    • Sime1
  • 45
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 148.
    • Meitner , pp. 148
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  • 46
    • 33745226938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Max Planck (President of the KWS) to the Ministry of Interior, June 19,1933, AI Abt., 531 Rep. Akte KWG Generalverwaltung, MPG-Archiv
    • Max Planck (President of the KWS) to the Ministry of Interior, June 19,1933, AI Abt., 531 Rep. Akte KWG Generalverwaltung, MPG-Archiv.
  • 47
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
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    • Meitner , pp. 146
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    • 33745253098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Ricke, December 5,1933,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 173, MPG-Archiv
    • Hahn to Ricke, December 5,1933,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 173, MPG-Archiv.
  • 49
    • 33745249069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid
    • Ibid.
  • 50
    • 33745231621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fricke to Hahn, December 7, 1933, ibid
    • Fricke to Hahn, December 7, 1933, ibid.
  • 51
    • 33745286430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Fricke, December 11, 1933, ibid
    • Hahn to Fricke, December 11, 1933, ibid
  • 52
    • 33745251938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fricke to Hahn, December 25, 1933, ibid
    • Fricke to Hahn, December 25, 1933, ibid.
  • 53
    • 33745272820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Huber, July 16,1938,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 191 7, MPG-Archiv
    • Hahn to Huber, July 16,1938,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 191 7, MPG-Archiv.
  • 54
    • 33745277868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huber to Hahn. July 22,1938,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 191 8. MPG-Archiv
    • Huber to Hahn. July 22,1938,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 191 8. MPG-Archiv.
  • 55
    • 33745257534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Johann Achelis, August 27,1933, IX. Abt., Rep. 3 1933-1934, MPG-Archiv; Hahn's italics
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  • 56
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    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), pp. 150-151.
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    • 84858889472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • April 13, 1948, III. Abt., Rep. 14, MPGArchiv
    • Otto Hahn, "Eidesstattliche Erklärung," April 13, 1948, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4653,1-2, MPGArchiv.
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  • 59
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    • ref. 10
    • quoted in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 156.
    • Meitner , pp. 156
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  • 60
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 157.
    • Meitner , pp. 157
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  • 61
    • 33745284517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Hahn, February 23,1947, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4899, MPG-Archiv
    • Meitner to Hahn, February 23,1947, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4899, MPG-Archiv.
  • 62
    • 33745237130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Von Droste to Heisenberg, December 22,1946, WHP
    • Von Droste to Heisenberg, December 22,1946, WHP.
  • 63
    • 33745278840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heisenberg to von Droste, January 8,1947, WHP
    • Heisenberg to von Droste, January 8,1947, WHP.
  • 65
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p.1.84.
    • Meitner
    • Sime1
  • 66
    • 33745256977 scopus 로고
    • March 20, 21, MC
    • Lise Meitner, Diary, March 20, 21,1938, MC;
    • (1938) Diary
    • Meitner, L.1
  • 67
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 1.85.
    • Meitner
    • Sime1
  • 68
    • 33745256977 scopus 로고
    • March 22, MC
    • Lise Meilner,Diary, March 22,1938, MC;
    • (1938) Diary
    • Meilner, L.1
  • 69
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10),p. 185.
    • Meitner , pp. 185
    • Sime1
  • 70
    • 33745256977 scopus 로고
    • March 31, MC
    • Lise Meitner, Diary, March 31,1938, MC;
    • (1938) Diary
    • Meitner, L.1
  • 71
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 186.
    • Meitner , pp. 186
    • Sime1
  • 72
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 186.
    • Meitner , pp. 186
    • Sime1
  • 73
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    • Meitner to Hahn, March 23,1948, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4901, MPG-Archiv
    • Meitner to Hahn, March 23,1948, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4901, MPG-Archiv.
  • 74
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 189.
    • Meitner , pp. 189
    • Sime1
  • 75
    • 33745265175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner Ibid., p. 191.
    • Meitner , pp. 191
  • 76
    • 33745251939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Hahn, June 24,1947, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4899, MPG-Archiv
    • Meitner to Hahn, June 24,1947, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4899, MPG-Archiv.
  • 77
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    • Reichsminister Wilhelm Frick to Bosch, June 16,1938
    • Reichsminister Wilhelm Frick to Bosch, June 16,1938;
  • 79
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    • quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • also quoted and translated in Sime, Meilner (ref. 10), pp. 195-196.
    • Meilner , pp. 195-196
    • Sime1
  • 80
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 196.
    • Meitner , pp. 196
    • Sime1
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    • 33745257536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner Ibid., pp. 203-205.
    • Meitner , pp. 203-205
  • 82
    • 33745236602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wilhelm Dames (REM) to KWS, August 11,1938, I. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 291, Bl. 10, MPG-Archiv
    • Wilhelm Dames (REM) to KWS, August 11,1938, I. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 291, Bl. 10, MPG-Archiv.
  • 83
    • 33745264695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telschow to Hahn, August 18,1938,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 291, MPG-Archiv
    • Telschow to Hahn, August 18,1938,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 291, MPG-Archiv.
  • 84
    • 33745234026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carl Bosch and Fritz ter Meer to Meitner, September 6, 1938, IX. Abt., Rep. 4 (1935-1939), MPG-Archiv
    • Carl Bosch and Fritz ter Meer to Meitner, September 6, 1938, IX. Abt., Rep. 4 (1935-1939), MPG-Archiv.
  • 85
    • 33745257860 scopus 로고
    • IX. Abt., Rep. 4 MPG-Archiv
    • Ernst Telschow, "Abschrift," IX. Abt., Rep. 4 (1935-1939), Nr. 183, MPG-Archiv.
    • (1935) Abschrift , Issue.183
    • Telschow, E.1
  • 86
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 218.
    • Meitner , pp. 218
    • Sime1
  • 87
    • 33745254692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meilner to Hahn, February 5, 1939, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4878, Bl. 3, MPG-Archiv
    • Meilner to Hahn, February 5, 1939, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4878, Bl. 3, MPG-Archiv.
  • 88
    • 33745277547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Hahn, June 6,1948, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4901, MPG-Archiv
    • Meitner to Hahn, June 6,1948, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4901, MPG-Archiv;
  • 89
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 356.
    • Meitner , pp. 356
    • Sime1
  • 90
    • 84858896851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Heinrich Hörlein, November 18,1938, I. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 349, MPG-Archiv
    • Hahn to Heinrich Hörlein, November 18,1938, I. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 349, MPG-Archiv.
  • 91
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 232.
    • Meitner , pp. 232
    • Sime1
  • 92
    • 33745228868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NSD Dozenlenbundes to Ernst Telschow, December 2 and 13,1938, DC. Abt., Rep. 4 (1935-1939), MPG-Archiv; there is no mention of Meitner's image also being taken down
    • NSD Dozenlenbundes to Ernst Telschow, December 2 and 13,1938, DC. Abt., Rep. 4 (1935-1939), MPG-Archiv; there is no mention of Meitner's image also being taken down.
  • 93
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), pp. 153-154.
    • Meitner , pp. 153-154
    • Sime1
  • 95
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    • Monika Renneberg and Mark Walker, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
    • Burghard Weiss, "The 'Minerva' project. The accelerator laboratory at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute/Max Planck Institute of Chemistry: continuity in fundamental research," in Monika Renneberg and Mark Walker, ed., Science, Technology, and National Socialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 271-290,400-405, especially p. 275.
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    • Über den nachweis und das verhalten der bei der bestrahlung des urans mittels neutronen entstehenden erdalkalimetalle
    • Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, "Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle," Die Naturwissenschaften 27 (1939), 11-15;
    • (1939) Die Naturwissenschaften , vol.27 , pp. 11-15
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    • Nachweis der entstehung aktiver bariumisotope aus uran und thorium durch neutronenbestrahlung; nachweis weiterer aktiver bruchstücke bei der uranspaltung
    • Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, idem, "Nachweis der Entstehung aktiver Bariumisotope aus Uran und Thorium durch Neutronenbestrahlung; Nachweis weiterer aktiver Bruchstücke bei der Uranspaltung," Die Naturwissenschaften ibid., 89-95.
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    • Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: A new 'type of nuclear reaction
    • Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch, "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: A New 'Type of Nuclear Reaction," Nature 143 (1939), 239-240;
    • (1939) Nature , vol.143 , pp. 239-240
    • Meitner, L.1    Frisch, O.R.2
  • 100
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    • Physical evidence for the division of heavy nuclei under neutron bombardment
    • Otto Robert Frisch, "Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment," Nature ibid., 276.
    • Nature , pp. 276
    • Frisch, O.R.1
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    • Kann der energieinhalt der atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden?
    • Siegfried Flügge, "Kann der Energieinhalt der Atomkerne technisch nutzbar gemacht werden?" Naturw. 27 (1.939), 402-410;
    • (1939) Naturw , vol.27 , pp. 402-410
    • Flügge, S.1
  • 104
    • 33745263682 scopus 로고
    • reprinted in Horst Wohlfarth, ed., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
    • reprinted in Horst Wohlfarth, ed., 40 Jahr Kernspaltung (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1979), pp. 119-140, on p. 119.
    • (1979) Jahr Kernspaltung , vol.40 , pp. 119-140
  • 105
    • 33745243236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
    • Jahr Kernspaltung Ibid.,p.12L
    • Jahr Kernspaltung
  • 108
    • 27944442783 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of nuclear fission
    • Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler, "The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission," Physical Review 56 (1.939), 426-450.
    • (1939) Physical Review , vol.56 , pp. 426-450
    • Bohr, N.1    Wheeler, J.A.2
  • 109
    • 3643106044 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear fission of separated uranium isotopes
    • A.O. Nier, E. Booth, J. Dunning, and A. Grosse, "Nuclear Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes," Phys. Rev. 57 (1940), 546;
    • (1940) Phys. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 546
    • Nier, A.O.1    Booth, E.2    Dunning, J.3    Grosse, A.4
  • 110
    • 6144292858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further experiments on fission of separated uranium isotopes
    • A.O. Nier, E. Booth, J. Dunning, and A. Grosse, idem, "Further Experiments on Fission of Separated Uranium Isotopes," Phys. Rev. ibid.,7 48.
    • Phys. Rev. , pp. 748
    • Nier, A.O.1    Booth, E.2    Dunning, J.3    Grosse, A.4
  • 113
    • 33745256156 scopus 로고
    • Charles Frank, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press)
    • Charles Frank, ed., Operation Epsilon: The Farm Hall Transcripts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 94.
    • (1993) Operation Epsilon: The Farm Hall Transcripts , pp. 94
  • 117
  • 119
  • 121
    • 0001148958 scopus 로고
    • Radioactive element 93
    • Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson, "Radioactive Element 93," Phys. Rev. 57 (1940), 1185-1186.
    • (1940) Phys. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 1185-1186
    • McMillan, E.1    Abelson, P.2
  • 122
    • 33745253097 scopus 로고
    • 23993 [element 93]
    • 23993 [Element 93]," Naturw. 30 (1.942), 577-582;
    • (1942) Naturw , vol.30 , pp. 577-582
    • Starke, K.1
  • 123
    • 84982065617 scopus 로고
    • Das element 93 und seine stellung im periodischen system
    • Kurt Starke, idem, "Das Element 93 und seine Stellung im periodischen System," Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 251 (1943), 251-259.
    • (1943) Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie , vol.251 , pp. 251-259
    • Starke, K.1
  • 125
    • 33745240342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schumann to Paul Harteck, December 5,1941, EBP
    • Schumann to Paul Harteck, December 5,1941, EBP.
  • 126
    • 33745235042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bonhoeffer to Harteck, January 9 and 24,1942, Bl F7, ARPI
    • Bonhoeffer to Harteck, January 9 and 24,1942, Bl F7, ARPI.
  • 128
    • 33646136403 scopus 로고
    • Über die isolierung und einige eigenschaften des elements 93
    • For publication of some of this work, see Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, "Über die Isolierung und einige Eigenschaften des Elements 93," Naturw. 30 (1942), 256-260.
    • (1942) Naturw , vol.30 , pp. 256-260
    • Hahn, O.1    Strassmann, F.2
  • 131
    • 33745241619 scopus 로고
    • Die transmutation der chemischen elemente, ein kapitel physikalischer und chemischer zusammenarbeit
    • Otto Hahn, "Die Transmutation der chemischen Elemente, ein Kapitel physikalischer und chemischer Zusammenarbeit," Naturw. 30 (1.942), 245-250, on 249.
    • (1942) Naturw , vol.30 , pp. 245-250
    • Hahn, O.1
  • 134
    • 33745266061 scopus 로고
    • February 26, IMC
    • Otto Hahn, Diary, February 26, 1942, 29-021, IMC.
    • (1942) Diary , pp. 29-1021
    • Hahn, O.1
  • 135
    • 84858894976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die arbeiten am uranproblem
    • MPG-Archiv
    • Werner Heisenberg, "Die Arbeiten am Uranproblem," KWI für Physik, 56, 174-178, MPG-Archiv.
    • KWI für Physik , vol.56 , pp. 174-178
    • Heisenberg, W.1
  • 139
    • 84858890231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Heinrich Hörlein, March 15,1943,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 350, MPG-Archiv
    • Hahn to Heinrich Hörlein, March 15,1943,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 350, MPG-Archiv;
  • 142
    • 84858890232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hörlein to Hahn, July 24,1944,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 350, MPG-Archiv
    • Hörlein to Hahn, July 24,1944,1. Abt., Rep. 11, Nr. 350, MPG-Archiv.
  • 143
    • 33745244984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telschow to Hahn, November 26,1943, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 5604, MPG-Archiv
    • Telschow to Hahn, November 26,1943, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 5604, MPG-Archiv.
  • 145
    • 0346582106 scopus 로고
    • New York: Henry Schuman, 2nd ed. (Los Angeles and San Francisco: Tomash, 1983)
    • Samuel A. Goudsmit, Alsos (New York: Henry Schuman, 1947), pp. 48-49; 2nd ed. (Los Angeles and San Francisco: Tomash, 1983), pp. 48-49.
    • (1947) Alsos , pp. 48-49
    • Goudsmit, S.A.1
  • 146
    • 33745284253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ret 112
    • "Manhattan," (ret 112), 4.15-4.16.
    • Manhattan
  • 147
    • 33745253705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Manhattan," Ibid., 4.18.
    • Manhattan
  • 148
    • 33745259474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Manhattan," Ibid., 4.38-4.39, 4. 43;
    • Manhattan
  • 150
    • 33745271784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goudsmit to Vannevar Bush, August 23,1945, SOP
    • Goudsmit to Vannevar Bush, August 23,1945, SOP.
  • 151
    • 33745250975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 112
    • "Manhattan," (ref. 112), 4.40-4.41;
    • Manhattan
  • 154
    • 33645305447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 85
    • Frank, Operation Epsilon (ref. 85), p. 51; unfortunately, the original recordings in German apparently were destroyed.
    • Operation Epsilon , pp. 51
    • Frank1
  • 157
    • 33745246517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Max von Laue to Theodor von Laue, August 7,1945, SOP
    • Max von Laue to Theodor von Laue, August 7,1945, SOP.
  • 158
    • 33745249070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goudsmit to Vannevar Bush, August 23,1945, SOP
    • Goudsmit to Vannevar Bush, August 23,1945, SOP.
  • 161
    • 33745241620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bopp to Heisenberg, February 8,1946, WHP
    • Bopp to Heisenberg, February 8,1946, WHP.
  • 162
    • 33745261535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Fritz Strassmann, December 28, 1946, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4267 17. Blatt 17, MPGArchiv
    • Hahn to Fritz Strassmann, December 28, 1946, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4267 17. Blatt 17, MPGArchiv.
  • 163
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 340.
    • Meitner , pp. 340
    • Sime1
  • 164
    • 33745276211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Franck, January 16,1947 [incorrectly dated 1946], MC; quoted and translated in (ref. 10)
    • Meitner to Franck, January 16,1947 [incorrectly dated 1946], MC; quoted and translated in Sime, Meilner (ref. 10), p. 345.
    • Meilner , pp. 345
    • Sime1
  • 165
    • 84858896847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unterredung mit colonel blount am 31. August 1946
    • MPG-Archiv
    • Otto Hahn, "Unterredung mit Colonel Blount am 31. August 1946," Gründungsakten 4(10), MPG-Archiv.
    • Gründungsakten , vol.4 , Issue.10
    • Hahn, O.1
  • 166
    • 33749847633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der wiederaufbau der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft und die neugründungen der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (1945-1949)
    • Vierhaus and vom Brocke (ref. l)
    • The "Gründungsakten" are a collection of documents taken from other collections that were not open to most researchers in 1984-1985, but are now open to researchers; for a positive history of the KWS and its successor in the postwar period, see Manfred Heinemann, "Der Wiederaufbau der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft und die Neugründungen der Max-Planck- Gesellschaft (1945-1949)," in Vierhaus and vom Brocke, Forschung im Spannungsfeld (ref. l), pp. 407-460.
    • Forschung im Spannungsfeld , pp. 407-460
    • Heinemann, M.1
  • 167
    • 33645306006 scopus 로고
    • Einladung nach USA
    • Republished by Otto Hahn and Hermann Rein, "Einladung nach USA," Physikalische Blätter 3, No. 2 (1947), 33-35.
    • (1947) Physikalische Blätter , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 33-35
    • Hahn, O.1    Rein, H.2
  • 168
    • 84858890228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ernst Telschow to Adolf Grimme, December 2,1946, Gründungsakten 14, MPG-Archiv
    • Ernst Telschow to Adolf Grimme, December 2,1946, Gründungsakten 14, MPG-Archiv.
  • 169
    • 84858901624 scopus 로고
    • Walther Bothe and Siegfried Flügge, ed., Kernphysik und kosmische Strahlen Weinheim: Chemie
    • Walther Bothe and Siegfried Flügge, ed., Kernphysik und kosmische Strahlen. Vol. 14, Parts 1 and 2, of Naturforschung und Medizin in Deutschland 1.939-1.946 (Weinheim: Chemie, 1947).
    • (1947) Naturforschung und Medizin in Deutschland 1.939-1.946 , vol.14 , Issue.1-2 PARTS
  • 170
    • 84858886759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die auffindung der uranspaltung
    • Bothe and Flügge, (ref. 134)
    • Otto Hahn, "Die Auffindung der Uranspaltung," in Bothe and Flügge, Kernphysik (ref. 134), Part 1, pp. 171-178.
    • Kernphysik , Issue.1 PART , pp. 171-178
    • Hahn, O.1
  • 174
    • 0003665064 scopus 로고
    • Wie in Göttingen die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft entstand
    • Otto Oexle, "Wie in Göttingen die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft entstand," Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Jahrbuch (1994), 43-60;
    • (1994) Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Jahrbuch , pp. 43-60
    • Oexle, O.1
  • 176
    • 33745264232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn, Heisenberg und die anderen. Anmerkungen zu 'kopenhagen', 'farm hall' und 'Göttingen'
    • Otto Oexle, idem, "Hahn, Heisenberg und die anderen. Anmerkungen zu 'Kopenhagen', 'Farm Hall' und 'Göttingen'," Ergebnisse 9 (2003).
    • (2003) Ergebnisse , vol.9
    • Oexle, O.1
  • 178
    • 33745240003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bohr to Heisenberg, August 30,1946, WHP. Bohr's letter makes clear that Heisenberg had asked him to intervene
    • Bohr to Heisenberg, August 30,1946, WHP. Bohr's letter makes clear that Heisenberg had asked him to intervene.
  • 179
    • 84858890229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telschow to Carl Nordström, October 13,1947, Gründungsakten 12, MPG-Archiv
    • Telschow to Carl Nordström, October 13,1947, Gründungsakten 12, MPG-Archiv.
  • 180
    • 33745273824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 139
    • "Aktennotiz" (ref. 139).
    • Aktennotiz
  • 181
    • 84858890226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Sir Henry Dale, July 12,1946, Gründungsakten 4, MPG-Archiv
    • Hahn to Sir Henry Dale, July 12,1946, Gründungsakten 4, MPG-Archiv.
  • 182
    • 33745287462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bohr to Heisenberg, August 30,1946 (ref. 140)
    • Bohr to Heisenberg, August 30,1946 (ref. 140).
  • 183
    • 33745235478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meitner to Hahn, October 20,1946, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4897, MPG-Archiv
    • Meitner to Hahn, October 20,1946, III. Abt., Rep. 14, Nr. 4897, MPG-Archiv.
  • 184
    • 84858890227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Gerlach, August 23,1946, Gründungsakten 2(8), MPG-Archiv
    • Hahn to Gerlach, August 23,1946, Gründungsakten 2(8), MPG-Archiv.
  • 185
    • 84858901622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to the Directors of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, August 7,1946, Gründungsakten, MPGArchiv
    • Hahn to the Directors of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, August 7,1946, Gründungsakten, MPGArchiv.
  • 186
    • 84858891459 scopus 로고
    • Besprechung mit oberst blount am 19. August 1946
    • August 19
    • Ernst Telschow, "Besprechung mit Oberst Blount am 19. August 1946," August 19, 1946, Gründungsakten 4(8), MPG-Archiv.
    • (1946) Gründungsakten , vol.4 , Issue.8
    • Telschow, E.1
  • 187
    • 84858898121 scopus 로고
    • Memo
    • April 14, MPG-Archiv
    • Otto Hahn, "Memo," April 14,1947, Gründungsakten 8(2), MPG-Archiv.
    • (1947) Gründungsakten , vol.8 , Issue.2
    • Hahn, O.1
  • 188
  • 189
    • 84858901623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telschow to Adolf Grimme, August 29,1946, Gründungsakten 4(9), MPG-Archiv
    • Telschow to Adolf Grimme, August 29,1946, Gründungsakten 4(9), MPG-Archiv.
  • 190
    • 84858896845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telschow to Georg Schreiber, September 2,1946, Gründungsakten 4(10), MPG-Archiv
    • Telschow to Georg Schreiber, September 2,1946, Gründungsakten 4(10), MPG-Archiv.
  • 191
    • 33745268136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Gerlach, August 23,1946 (ref. 146)
    • Hahn to Gerlach, August 23,1946 (ref. 146).
  • 193
  • 194
    • 84858892070 scopus 로고
    • Vermerk über gründung
    • March 8, MPG-Archiv
    • Ernst Telschow, "Vermerk über Gründung," March 8,1946. Gründungsakten 4, MPG-Archiv.
    • (1946) Gründungsakten , vol.4
    • Telschow, E.1
  • 195
    • 84858886501 scopus 로고
    • Antwort auf die fragen
    • May 18, MPG-Archiv
    • Ernst Telschow, "Antwort auf die Fragen," May 18,1947, Gründungsakten 12, MPG-Archiv.
    • (1947) Gründungsakten , vol.12
    • Telschow, E.1
  • 196
    • 84858896348 scopus 로고
    • Bemerkungen über die forschung
    • January 8, MPG-Archiv
    • Ernst Telschow, "Bemerkungen über die Forschung," January 8,1946, Gründungsakten 4, MPG-Archiv.
    • (1946) Gründungsakten , vol.4
    • Telschow, E.1
  • 198
    • 84858898146 scopus 로고
    • Memo
    • September 30, MPG-Archiv
    • Otto Hahn, "Memo," September 30,1946, Gründungsakten 8(1), MPG-Archiv.
    • (1946) Gründungsakten , vol.8 , Issue.1
    • Hahn, O.1
  • 199
    • 84858896846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pfeiffer to Hahn, April 23,1947, Gründungsakten 12, MPG-Archiv
    • Pfeiffer to Hahn, April 23,1947, Gründungsakten 12, MPG-Archiv.
  • 200
    • 33745232452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Pfeiffer, June 2,1947, ibid
    • Hahn to Pfeiffer, June 2,1947, ibid.
  • 201
    • 84858894723 scopus 로고
    • Denkschrift
    • MPG-Archiv
    • Otto Hahn, "Denkschrift," 1946, Gründingsakten 5, MPG-Archiv.
    • (1946) Gründingsakten , vol.5
    • Hahn, O.1
  • 202
  • 203
    • 84858886501 scopus 로고
    • Antwort auf die fragen
    • May 18, MPG-Archiv
    • Ernst Telschow, "Antwort auf die Fragen," May 18,1947, Gründungsakten 12, MPG-Archiv.
    • (1947) Gründungsakten , vol.12
    • Telschow, E.1
  • 204
    • 84858892431 scopus 로고
    • Abschrift
    • MPG-Archiv
    • Ernst Telschow, "Abschrift," 1945, Gründungsakten 1, MPG-Archiv.
    • (1945) Gründungsakten , vol.1
    • Telschow, E.1
  • 206
    • 33745248368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telschow to Heisenberg, April 9,1948, WHP
    • Telschow to Heisenberg, April 9,1948, WHP.
  • 207
    • 84858895941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Die reine luft der wissenschaftlichen forschung': Zum selbstverständnis der wissenschaftler der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft
    • Susanne Heim, '"Die reine Luft der wissenschaftlichen Forschung': Zum Selbstverständnis der Wissenschaftler der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft, " Ergebnisse 7 (2002).
    • (2002) Ergebnisse , vol.7
    • Heim, S.1
  • 208
    • 84928273836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biowissenschaftliche forschung an Kaiser-Wilhelm-instituten und die verbrechen des NS-regimes
    • Carola Sachse und Benoit Massin, "Biowissenschaftliche Forschung an Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten und die Verbrechen des NS-Regimes," Ergebnisse 3 (2000);
    • (2000) Ergebnisse , vol.3
    • Sachse, C.1    Massin, U.B.2
  • 209
    • 33745266341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolf butenandt (1903-1995)
    • Robert Proctor, "Adolf Butenandt (1903-1995)," Ergebnisse ibid. 2 (2000);
    • (2000) Ergebnisse , vol.2
    • Proctor, R.1
  • 210
    • 33745271477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomedical sciences and human experimentation at Kaiser Wilhelm institutes -the auschwitz connection
    • Robert Proctor, idem, "Biomedical Sciences and Human Experimentation at Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes -The Auschwitz Connection," Max Planck Research Supplement 3 (2001);
    • (2001) Max Planck Research Supplement , vol.3
    • Proctor, R.1
  • 215
    • 84858895690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschafts- und Regionalgeschichte Dr. Michael Engel
    • Burghard Weiss, "Forschungsstelle D" (Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschafts- und Regionalgeschichte Dr. Michael Engel, 1996);
    • (1996) Forschungsstelle D
    • Weiss, B.1
  • 216
    • 84928287681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Wehrhaftmachung' und 'kriegswichtigkeit'
    • Helmut Maier, "'Wehrhaftmachung' und 'Kriegswichtigkeit'," Ergebnisse 5 (2002);
    • (2002) Ergebnisse , vol.5
    • Maier, H.1
  • 217
  • 219
    • 33745278495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research for autarky
    • Susanne Heim, "Research for Autarky," Ergebnisse 4 (2001);
    • (2001) Ergebnisse , vol.4
    • Heim, S.1
  • 222
    • 84858890223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Max Delbrück, March 12,1948, Gründungsakten 21, MPG-Archiv
    • Hahn to Max Delbrück, March 12,1948, Gründungsakten 21, MPG-Archiv.
  • 223
    • 84858901620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ernst Telschow to Carl Nordstrom, July 26,1949, Gründungsakten 23, MPG-Archiv
    • Ernst Telschow to Carl Nordstrom, July 26,1949, Gründungsakten 23, MPG-Archiv.
  • 224
    • 33745233781 scopus 로고
    • May 2, ibid.
    • Ernst Telschow, "Memo," May 2,1950, ibid.
    • (1950) Memo
    • Telschow, E.1
  • 225
    • 84858891759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Otto Hahn and the declarations of Mainau and Göttingen
    • Preprint 203
    • Horst Kant, "Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen," Preprint 203, Max-Planck-lnstitut für Wissenschafsgeschichte (2002), 21-40.
    • (2002) Max-Planck-lnstitut für Wissenschafsgeschichte , pp. 21-40
    • Kant, H.1
  • 226
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. 10
    • Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 234.
    • Meitner , pp. 234
    • Sime1
  • 227
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sime, Meitner Ibid., pp. 256-257.
    • Meitner , pp. 256-257
    • Sime1
  • 235
    • 33645302669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der 'verlorene' Sohn: Der physiker friedrich möglich (1902-1957)
    • Dieter Hoffmann and Kristie Macrakis, ed., Berlin: Akademie Verlag
    • Dieter Hoffmann und Mark Walker, "Der 'verlorene' Sohn: Der Physiker Friedrich Möglich (1902-1957)," in Dieter Hoffmann and Kristie Macrakis, ed., Naturwissenschaften und Technik in der DDR (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), pp. 361-382.
    • (1997) Naturwissenschaften und Technik in der DDR , pp. 361-382
    • Hoffmann, D.1    Walker, M.2
  • 236
    • 33745239683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hahn to Meitner, June 16,1948, MC; quoted and translated (ref. 10)
    • Hahn to Meitner, June 16,1948, MC; quoted and translated in Sime, Meitner (ref. 10), p. 356.
    • Meitner , pp. 356
    • Sime1


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