Trauma, grief and depression in Nairobi children after the 1998 bombing of the American Embassy

Death Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 561-577

  Pfefferbaum, Betty ^a,b   North, Carol ^c   Doughty, Debby ^a   Pfefferbaum, Rose ^d   Dumont, Cedric ^e   Pynoos, Robert ^f,g   Gurwitch, Robin ^a   Ndetei, David ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Terrorism and Disaster Branch of the National Center for Child Traumatic Stress   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d Phoenix College   (United States)

^e Office of Medical Services DC   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g National Center for Child Traumatic Stress   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILDHOOD INJURY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXPLOSION; FEMALE; GRIEF; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LIFE EVENT; MALE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOL CHILD; SCIENCE;

CHILD; DEPRESSION; GRIEF; HUMANS; KENYA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TERRORISM;

EID: 33745263710     PISSN: 07481187     EISSN: 10917683     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07481180600742566     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Brown, E. J. & Goodman, R. F. (2005). Childhood traumatic grief: An exploration of the construct in children bereaved on September 11. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 248-259.
2. Cohen, J. A. & Mannarino, A. P. (2004). Treatment of childhood traumatic grief. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 819-831.
3. Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Greenberg, T., Padlo, S., & Shipley, C. (2002). Childhood traumatic grief: Concepts and controversies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 3, 307-327.
4. Daviss, W. B., Mooney, D., Racusin, R., Ford, J. D., Fleischer, A., & McHugo, G. J. (2000). Predicting posttraumatic stress after hospitalization for pediatric injury. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 576-583.
5. Faschingbauer, T. R., DeVaul, R. A., & Zisook, S. (1977). Development of the Texas Inventory of Grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 696-698.
6. Faschingbauer, T., Zisook, S., & DeVaul, R. (1987). The Texas Revised Inventory of Grief. In S. Zisook (Ed.), Biopsychosocial aspects of bereavement (pp. 111-124). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
7. Freedy, J. R., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (1993). Natural disasters and mental health: Theory, assessment, and intervention. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 49-103.
8. Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K., & Pardo, C. (1992). Resilience and coping in children at risk. Children in danger: Coping with the consequences of community violence (pp. 100-114). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
9. Garbarino, J. & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behavior problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33-45.
10. Garbarino, J., Kostelny, K., & Dubrow, N. (1991). What children can tell us about living in danger. American Psychologist, 46, 376-383.
11. Garrison, C. Z., Weinrich, M. W., Hardin, S. B., Weinrich, S., & Wang, L. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents after a hurricane. American Journal of Epidemiology, 138, 522-530.
12. Gilgun, J. F. (2002). Completing the circle: American Indian medicine wheels and the promotion of resilience of children and youth in care. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 6, 65-84.
13. Hollander, D. (2000). Special Report: Nairobi bomb blast - Trauma and recovery. Tropical Doctor, 30, 47-48.
14. Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
15. La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (1996). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in children after Hurricane Andrew: A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 712-723.
16. Melhem, N. M., Day, N., Shear, M. K., Day, R., Reynolds, C. F., III, & Brent, D. (2004). Traumatic grief among adolescents exposed to a peer's suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1411-1416.
17. Milgram, N. A., Toubiana, Y. H., Klingman, A., Raviv, A., & Goldstein, I. (1988). Situational exposure and personal loss in children's acute and chronic stress reactions to a school bus disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 339-352.
18. Nader, K., Pynoos, R., Fairbanks, L., & Frederick, C. (1990). Children's PTSD reactions one year after a sniper attack at their school. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1526-1530.
19. Neimeyer, R. A. & Hogan, N. S. (2001). Quantitative or qualitative? Measurement issues in the study of grief. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research (pp. 89-118). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
20. Osofsky, J., Wewers, S., Hann, D., Fick, A., & Richters, J. (1993). Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children? Psychiatry, 56, 36-45.
21. Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 349-360.
22. Pfefferbaum, B., Gurwitch, R. H., McDonald, N. B., Leftwich, M. J. T., Sconzo, G. M., Messenbaugh, A. K., & Schultz, R. A. (2000). Posttraumatic stress among young children after the death of a friend or acquaintance in a terrorist bombing. Psychiatric Services, 51, 386-388.
23. Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Krug, R. S., Tivis, R. D., Moore, V. L., Brown, J. M., Pynoos, R. S., Foy, D., & Gurwitch, R. H. (1999). Clinical needs assessment of middle and high school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1069-1074.
24. Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Tucker, P. M., Tivis, R. D., Moore, V. L., Gurwitch, R. H., Pynoos, R. S., & Geis, H. K. (1999). Posttraumatic stress responses in bereaved children after the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1372-1379.
25. Prigerson, H. G., Bierhals, A. J., Kasl, S. V., Reynolds, C. F., III, Shear, M. K., Day, N., Beery, L. C., Newsom, J. T., & Jacobs, S. (1997). Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 616-623.
26. Pynoos, R. S., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, W., Steinberg, A., Eth, S., Nunez, F., & Fairbanks, L. (1987). Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1057-1063.
27. Pynoos, R. S., Nader, K., Frederick, C., Gonda, L., & Stuber, M. (1987). Grief reactions in school age children following a sniper attack at school. Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 24, 53-63.
28. Rynearson, E. K. & McCreery, J. M. (1993). Bereavement after homicide: A synergism of trauma and loss. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 258-261.
29. Saltzman, W. R., Pynoos, R. S., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., & Aisennberg, E. (2001). Trauma- and grief-focused intervention for adolescents exposed to community violence: Results of a school-based screening and group treatment protocol. Groups Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, 291-303.
30. Straker, G. (1987). The continuous traumatic stress syndrome - The single therapeutic interview. Psychology in Society, 8, 48-78.
31. Weiss, D. S. & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Sscale - Revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: The Guilford Press.
32. Zilberg, N. J., Weiss, D. S., & Horowitz, M. J. (1982). Impact of Event Scale: A cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 407-414.
33. Zisook, S., DeVaul, R. A., & Click, M. A., Jr. (1982). Measuring symptoms of grief and bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1590-1593.