The biology and evolution of music: A comparative perspective

Cognition

Volumn 100, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 173-215

  Fitch, W Tecumseh ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTICS; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; APE; ARTICLE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; BEHAVIOR; BIRD; BRAIN FUNCTION; EMOTION; EVOLUTION; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; LEARNING; LINGUISTICS; MUSIC; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEAL; SEXUAL SELECTION; VOCALIZATION; WHALE;

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; ANIMALS; ARCHAEOLOGY; BIRDS; EVOLUTION; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; MAMMALS; MUSIC; SELECTION (GENETICS); SOCIOBIOLOGY;

EID: 33745259862     PISSN: 00100277     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.11.009     Document Type: Article

References (218)

1. Arbib M.A. From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2005) 105-167
2. Arcadi A.C., Robert D., and Mugurusi F. A comparison of buttress drumming by male chimpanzees from two populations. Primates 45 (2004) 135-139
3. Arcadi C., Robert D., and Boesch C. Buttress drumming by wild chimpanzees: temporal patterning, phrase integration into loud calls, and preliminary evidence for individual distinctiveness. Primates 39 (1998) 505-518
4. Aristotle. (350 BC). The History of Animals (A.L. Peck, Trans.). London: Heinemann.
5. Arom S. Prologomena to a biomusicology. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 27-29
6. In: Avanzini G., Faienza C., Minciacchi D., Lopez L., and Majno M. (Eds). The neurosciences and music (2003), New York Academy of Sciences, New York
7. Balter M. Seeking the key to music. Science 306 5699 (2004) 1120-1122
8. Bibikov S. A Stone Age orchestra. In: Hunter D.E.K., and Whitten P. (Eds). Readings in physical anthropology and archaeology (1978), Harper and Row, London
9. Bickerton D. Language and species (1990), Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL
10. Bierwisch M. Gestische form als bedeutung musikalischer zeichen. Jahrbuch Peters 1978 (1979) 161-178
11. Blacking J. How musical is man? (1976), Faber, London
12. Blood A.J., and Zatorre R.J. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America 98 (2001) 11818-11823
13. Boyd R., and Silk J.B. How humans evolved (2000), W. W. Norton, New York
14. Brown S. The "Musiclanguage" model of music evolution. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 271-300
15. Carterette E.C., and Kendall R. Cross-cultural music perception and cognition. In: Deutsch D. (Ed). The psychology of music. 2nd ed. (1999), Academic Press, New York 725-791
16. Catchpole C.K. Sexual selection and the evolution of complex songs among warblers of the genus Acrocephalus. Behaviour 46 (1980) 300-320
17. Catchpole C.K., and Slater P.L.B. Bird song: themes and variations (1995), Cambridge University Press, New York
18. Chase A.R. Music discriminations by carp (Cyprinus carpio). Animal Learning & Behavior 29 4 (2001) 336-353
19. Clark C.W., Borsani J.F., and Notarbartolo-di-Sciara G. Vocal activity of fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus, in the Ligurian Sea. Marine Mammal Science (2002) 18
20. Clark C.W., and Clapham P.J. Acoustic monitoring on a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding ground shows continual singing into late spring. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271 (2004) 1051-1057
21. Cleator H.J., Stirling I., and Smith T.G. Underwater vocalizations of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67 (1989) 1900-1910
22. Clynes M.E. Sentics: The touch of the emotions (1977), Double Day Anchor, San Francisco, CA
23. Clynes M.E. Microstructural musical linguistics: Composers' pulses are liked most by the best musicians. Cognition 55 (1995) 269-310
24. Croll D.A., Clark C.W., Acevedo A., Tershy B., Flores S., and Gedamke J. Bioacoustics: Only male fin whales sing loud songs. Nature 417 (2002) 809
25. Cross I. Music, cognition, culture and evolution. In: Peretz I., and Zatorre R.J. (Eds). The cognitive neuroscience of music (2003), Oxford University Press, Oxford 42-56
26. Cross I., Zubrow E., and Cowan F. Musical behaviours and the archaeological record: A preliminary study. In: Mathieu J. (Ed). British experimental archaeology (2002) 25-34
27. D'Amato M.R. A search for tonal pattern perception in cebus monkey: Why monkeys can't hum a tune. Music Perception 5 (1988) 452-480
28. D'Errico F., Henshilwood C., Lawson G., Vanhaeren M., Tillier A.-M., Soressi M., et al. Archaeological evidence for the emergence of language, symbolism, and music - an alternative multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of World Prehistory 17 1 (2003) 1-70
29. D'Errico F., Villa P., Llona A.C.P., and Idarraga R.R. A Middle Palaeolithic origin of music. Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone 'flute'. Antiquity 72 (1998) 65-76
30. Dams L. Palaeolithic lithophones: Descriptions and comparisons. Oxford Journal Of Archaeology 4 (1985) 31-46
31. Darwin C. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex (1871), John Murray, London
32. Dauvois M. Son et musique paléolithiques. Les Dossiers D'Archéologie 142 (1989) 2-11
33. de Waal F.B.M. The communicative repertoire of captive bonobos (Pan paniscus), compared to that of chimpanzees. Behaviour 106 (1988) 183-251
34. Dissanayake E. Antecedents of the temporal arts in early mother-infant interaction. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 389-410
35. Dodenhoff D.J., Stark R.D., and Johnson E.V. Do woodpecker drums encode information for species recognition?. Condor 103 (2001) 143-150
36. Doupe A.J., and Kuhl P.K. Birdsong and human speech: Common themes and mechanisms. Annual Review of Neuroscience 22 (1999) 567-631
37. Drayna D., Manichaikul A., de Lange M., Snieder H., and Spector T. Genetic correlates of musical pitch recognition in humans. Science 291 5510 (2001) 1969-1972
38. Dreher J.J., and Evans W.E. Cetacean communication. In: Tavolga W.N. (Ed). Marine bio-acoustics (1964), Pergamon Press, Oxford 373-393
39. Dunbar R. Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 (1993) 681-735
40. Dunbar R. Grooming, gossip and the evolution of language (1996), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
41. Enard W., Przeworski M., Fisher S.E., Lai C.S.L., Wiebe V., Kitano T., et al. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 418 (2002) 869-872
42. Fagen R. Animal play behavior (1981), Oxford University Press, New York
43. Falk D. Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: Whence motherese?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (2004) 450-491
44. Falls J.B. Does song deter territorial intrusion in white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis)?. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66 (1988) 206-211
45. Farabaugh S.M. The ecological and social significance of duetting. In: Kroodsma D.S., and Miller E.H. (Eds). Acoustic communication in birds 2 (1982), Academic Press, New York, NY 85-124
46. Fay F.H. Structure and function of the pharyngeal pouches of the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus L.). Mammalia 24 (1960) 361-371
47. Feekes F. Song mimesis within colonies of Cacicus c. cela (Icteridae: Aves). A colonial password?. Zeitschrift Tierpsychology 58 (1982) 119-152
48. Fernald A. Human maternal vocalizations to infants as biologically relevant signals: An evolutionary perspective. In: Barkow J., Cosmides L., and Tooby J. (Eds). The adapted mind (1992), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 391-428
49. Ficken M.S. Avian play. Auk 94 (1977) 573-582
50. Fitch W.T. The evolution of speech: A comparative review. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 7 (2000) 258-267
51. Fitch W.T. The evolution of language. In: Gazzaniga M. (Ed). The cognitive neurosciences III (2004), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
52. Fitch W.T. The evolution of language: A comparative review. Biology and Philosophy 20 (2005) 193-200
53. Fitch, W. T. (2006). Production of vocalizations in mammals. In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (2nd ed., Vol. 10, pp. 115-121). Oxford: Elsevier.
54. Fitch W.T., and Hauser M.D. Vocal production in nonhuman primates: Acoustics, physiology, and functional constraints on "honest" advertisement. American Journal of Primatology 37 (1995) 191-219
55. Fitch W.T., Hauser M.D., and Chomsky N. The evolution of the language faculty: Clarifications and implications. Cognition 97 2 (2005) 179-210
56. Frank S.A. Foundations of social evolution (1998), Princeton University Press, Princeton
57. Geissmann T. Inheritance of song parameters in the gibbon song analyzed in 2 hybrid gibbons (Hylobates pileatus s H. lar). Folia primatologica 42 (1984) 216-225
58. Geissmann T. Gibbon song and human music from an evolutionary perspective. In: Wallin N., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 103-123
59. Goodall J. The chimpanzees of gombe: Patterns of behavior (1986), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
60. Gould S.J. Exaptation: A crucial tool for evolutionary psychology. Journal of Social Issues 47 (1991) 43-65
61. Gould S.J., and Lewontin R.C. The spandrels of San Marco and the panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 205 (1979) 581-598
62. Gould S.J., and Vrba E.S. Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8 (1982) 4-15
63. Greenewalt C.H. Bird song: Acoustics and physiology (1968), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
64. Guinee L., and Payne K. Rhyme-like repetition in songs of humpback whales. Ethology 79 (1988) 295-306
65. Haesler S., Wada K., Nshdejan A., Morrisey E.E., Lints T., Jarvis E.D., et al. FoxP2 expression in avian vocal learners and non-learners. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 3164-3175
66. Hahn J., and Münzel S. Knochenflöten aus den Aurignacien des Geissenklösterle bei Blaubeuren, Alb-Donau-Kreis. Fundberichte aus Baden-Würtemberg 20 (1995) 1-12
67. Hamilton W.D. The evolution of altruistic behavior. American Naturalist 97 (1964) 354-356
68. Hanggi E.B., and Schusterman R.J. Underwater acoustic displays and individual variation in male harbor seals, Phoca vitulina. Animal Behavior 48 (1994) 1275-1283
69. Hartshorne C. Born to sing (1973), Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana
70. Hausberger M., Richard-Yris M.-A., Henry L., Lepage L., and Schmidt I. Song sharing reflects the social organization in a captive group of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Journal of Comparative Psychology 109 (1995) 222-241
71. Hauser M., Chomsky N., and Fitch W.T. The language faculty: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?. Science 298 (2002) 1569-1579
72. Hauser M.D. The evolution of communication (1996), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
73. Hauser M.D., and McDermott J. The evolution of the music faculty: A comparative perspective. Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003) 663-668
74. Hinde R.A., and Steel E. The effect of male-song on an estrogen-dependent behaviour in the female canary (Serinus canarius). Hormones and Behavior 7 (1976) 293-304
75. Hock H.H. Principles of historical linguistics. 2nd ed. (1989), Mouton, The Hague
76. Hockett C.F. Logical considerations in the study of animal communication. In: Lanyon W.E., and Tavolga W.N. (Eds). Animal sounds and communication (1960), American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, DC
77. In: Hoelzel A.R. (Ed). Marine mammal biology: An evolutionary approach (2002), Blackwell, Oxford
78. Homer S., and Selman A. Computability and complexity theory (2001), Springer, New York
79. Huron D. Is music an evolutionary adaptation?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 930 (2001) 43-61
80. Husain G., Thompson W.F., and Schellenberg E.G. Effects of musical tempo and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities. Music Perception 20 (2002) 151-171
81. Huyge D. Mousterian skiffle? Note on a middle palaeolithic engraved bone from Schulen, Belgium. Rock Art Research 7 (1990) 125-132
82. Hyde J.S., and Linn M.C. Gender differences in verbal ability: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 104 (1988) 53-69
83. Insley S.J. Long-term vocal recognition in the northern fur seal. Nature 406 (2000) 404-405
84. Jackendoff, R., & Lerdahl, F. (in press). The capacity for music: What is it, and what's special about it? Cognition, this volume, doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.11.005.
85. Janik V.M., and Slater P.B. Vocal learning in mammals. Advances in the Study of Behavior 26 (1997) 59-99
86. Jarvis E.D. Learned birdsong and the neurobiology of human language. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1016 (2004) 749-777
87. Jarvis E.D., and Nottebohm F. Motor-driven gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United Sciences of America 94 8 (1997) 4097-4102
88. Judd T. The varieties of musical talent. In: Obler L.K., and Fein D. (Eds). The exceptional brain: Neuropsychology of talent and special abilities (1988), Guilford Press, New York 127-155
89. In: Juslin P., and Sloboda J.A. (Eds). Music and emotion: Theory and research (2001), Oxford University Press, Oxford
90. Juslin P.N., and Laukka P. Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: Different channels, same code?. Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003) 770-814
91. King A.S. Functional anatomy of the syrinx. In: King A.S., and McLelland J. (Eds). Form and function in birds 4 (1989), Academic Press, New York 105-192
92. Kneutgen J. Eine Musikform und ihre biologische Funktion. Ueber die Wirkungsweise der Wiegenlieder [The biological function of a category of music: On the effect of lullabies]. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie 17 (1970) 245-265
93. Koelsch S., Gunter T.C., Cramon D.Y.v., Zysset S., Lohmann G., and Friederici A.D. Bach speaks: A cortical "language-network" serves the processing of music. NeuroImage 17 (2002) 956-966
94. Koelsch S., Gunter T.C., Friederici A.D., and Schröger E. Brain indices of music processing: "Non-musicians" are musical. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 (2000) 520-541
95. Koelsch S., Kasper E., Sammler D., Schulze K., Gunter T.C., and Friederici A.D. Music, language, and meaning: Brain signatures of semantic processing. Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004) 511-514
96. Kriner E., and Schwabl H. Control of winter song and territorial aggression of female robins (Erithacus rubecula). Ethology 87 (1991) 37-44
97. Krings M., Stone A., Schmitz R., Krainitzki H., Stoneking M., and Pääbo S. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90 (1997) 19-30
98. Kroodsma D.E., and Byers B.E. The function(s) of bird song. American Zoologist 31 (1991) 318-328
99. Kunej D., and Turk I. New perspectives on the beginnings of music: Archaeological and musicological analysis of a middle Paleolithic bone "flute. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 235-268
100. Kunst J. Ethnomusicology: A study of its nature, its problems, methods and representative personalities to which is added a bibliography. 3rd ed. (1959), Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague
101. Kunst J. Ethnomusicology (1974), Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague
102. Labov W. Principles of linguistic change. Volume 1: Internal factors (1994), Basil Blackwel, Oxford
103. Lachlan, R. F. (1999). Cultural evolution of song in theory and in chaffinches Fringilla coelebs. Unpublished PhD, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK.
104. Langmore N.E. Functions of duet and solo songs of female birds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13 (1998) 136-140
105. Langmore N.E. Why female birds sing. In: Espmark Y., Amundsen T., and Rosenqvist G. (Eds). Signalling and signal design in animal communication (2000), Tapir Academic Press, Trodheim, Norway 317-327
106. Larson C.R., Sutton D., Taylor E.M., and Lindeman R. Sound spectral properties of conditioned vocalizations in monkeys. Phonetica 27 (1973) 100-112
107. Livingstone F.B. Did the Australopithecines sing?. Current Anthropology 14 1-2 (1973) 25-29
108. Logan D. Reproductively dependent song cyclicity in mated male mocking brids (Mimus polyglottos). Auk 100 (1983) 404-413
109. MacLarnon A., and Hewitt G. The evolution of human speech: The role of enhanced breathing control. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109 (1999) 341-363
110. Marler P. Birdsong and speech development: could there be parallels?. American Scientist 58 (1970) 669-673
111. Marler P. A comparative approach to vocal learning: song development in white-crowned sparrows. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology Monographs 71 (1970) 1-25
112. Marler P. An ethological theory of the origin of vocal learning. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280 (1976) 386-395
113. Marler P. Song learning: Innate species differences in the learning process. In: Marler P., and Terrace H.S. (Eds). The biology of learning (1984), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany 289-309
114. Marler P. Sensitive periods and the roles of specific and general sensory stimulation in birdsong learning. In: Rauschecker J., and Marler P. (Eds). Imprinting and cortical plasticity (1987), Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 99-135
115. Marler P. Origins of music and speech: Insights from animals. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 31-48
116. Marler P., and Slabbekoorn H. Nature's music: The science of birdsong (2004), Academic Press, New York
117. Maynard Smith J. Group selection and kin selection. Nature 201 (1964) 1145-1147
118. McCulloch S., Pomeroy P.P., and Slater P.J.B. Individually distinctive pup vocalizations fail to prevent allo-suckling in grey seals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77 5 (1999) 716-723
119. McDermott J., and Hauser M.D. The origins of music: Innateness, uniqueness, and evolution. Music Perception 23 1 (2005) 29-59
120. McDonald M.V. Functions of song in Scott's seaside sparrows, Ammodrammus maritimus peninsulae. Animal Behavior 38 (1989) 468-485
121. Merker, B. (1999). Synchronous chorusing and the origins of music. Musicae Scientiae, Special Issue 1999-2000, 59-74.
122. Merker B. Synchronous chorusing and human origins. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 315-327
123. Merker B. Music: The missing Humboldt system. Musicae Scientiae 6 (2002) 3-21
124. Merriam A. The anthropology of music (1964), Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois
125. Miller G.F. Evolution of music through sexual selection. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 329-360
126. Miller G.F. The mating mind : How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature (2001), Doubleday, New York
127. Mithen S. The singing neanderthals: The origins of music, language, mind, and body (2005), Weidenfeld Nicolson, London
128. Morse D.H. Territorial and courtship songs of birds. Nature 226 (1970) 659-661
129. Morton E.S. A comparison of vocal behavior among tropical and temperate passerine birds. In: Kroodsma D.E., and Miller E.H. (Eds). Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds (1996), Cornell University Press, Ithaca 258-268
130. Narins P.M., Lewis E.R., and McClelland B.E. Hyperextended call repertoire of the endemic Madagascar treefrog, Boophis madagascariensis (Rhacophoridae). Journal of Zoology (London) 250 (2000) 283-298
131. Nelson, D. E. (1997). Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje Babe I Cave. In I. Turk (Ed.), Mousterian Bone Flute & Other Finds from Divje Babe I Cave Site in Slovenia (pp. 51-64). Ljubljana: Institut za Arhaeologijo (Znanstvenoraziskovalni Center Sazu).
132. Nettl B. The study of ethnomusicology: Twenty-nine issues and concepts (1983), University of Illinois Press, Urbana
133. Nettl B. Heartland excursions: Ethnomusicological reflections on schools of music (1995), University of Illinois Press, Chicago
134. Nettl B. An ethnomusicologist contemplates universals in musical sound and musical culture. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 463-472
135. Newport E.L. Contrasting conceptions of the critical period for language. In: Carey S., and Gelman R. (Eds). Epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and cognition (1991), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Hillsdale, NJ 113-141
136. Nottebohm F. Vocal tract and brain: A search for evolutionary bottlenecks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280 (1976) 643-649
137. Nottebohm F. From bird song to neurogenesis. Scientific American 260 (1989) 74-79
138. Nottebohm F. The anatomy and timing of vocal learning in birds. In: Hauser M.D., and Konishi M. (Eds). The design of animal communication (1999), MIT/Bradford, Cambridge, MA 63-110
139. Okanoya K. The Bengalese finch: A window on the behavioral neurobiology of birdsong syntax. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1016 (2004) 724-735
140. Oller D.K., and Eilers R. The role of audition in infant babbling. Child Development 59 (1988) 441-449
141. Owren M.J., Dieter J.A., Seyfarth R.M., and Cheney D.L. Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques cross-fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification. Developmental Psychobiology 26 (1993) 389-406
142. Patel A.D. Language, music, syntax and the brain. Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003) 674-681
143. Payne K. The progressively changing songs of humpback whales: A window on the creative process in a wild animal. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 135-150
144. Payne K.B., and Payne R.S. Large scale changes over 19 years in songs of humpback whales in Bermuda. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 68 (1985) 89-114
145. Payne R., and McVay S. Songs of humpback whales. Science 173 (1971) 583-597
146. Peretz I., Ayotte J., Zatorre R.J., Mehler J., and Ahad P. Congenital amusia: A disorder of fine-grained pitch discrimination. Neuron 33 (2002) 185-191
147. Peretz I., and Hyde K.L. What is specific to music processing? Insights from congenital amusia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2003) 336-362
148. Peretz I., and Zatorre R.J. Brain organization for music processing. Annual Review of Psychology. (2005)
149. In: Peretz I., and Zatorre R.J. (Eds). The cognitive neuroscience of music (2003), Oxford University Press, Oxford
150. Pinker S. How the mind works (1997), Norton, New York
151. Porter D., and Neuringer A. Music discriminations by pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10 (1984) 138-148
152. Pressing J. Cognitive complexity and the structure of musical patterns. Noetica 3 8 (1998) 1-8
153. Ralls K., Fiorelli P., and Gish S. Vocalizations and vocal mimicry in captive harbor seals, Phoca vitulina. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63 (1985) 1050-1056
154. Randall J.A. Species-specific footdrumming in kangaroo rats: Dipodomys ingens, D. deserti, D. spectabilis. Animal Behaviour 54 (1997) 1167-1175
155. Raven H.C. The anatomy of the gorilla (1950), Columbia University Press, New York
156. Ray G.C., and Watkins W.A. Social function of underwater sounds in the walrus Odobenus rosmarus. Rapports et Procés-Verbaux des Réunions, Conseil internationale pour l' exploration de la mer 169 (1975) 524-526
157. Reeve H.K., and Sherman P. Adaptation and the goals of evolutionary research. Quarterly Review of Biology 68 (1993) 1-32
158. Révész G. Der Ursprung der Musik. Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie 40 (1941) 70-75
159. Richman B. On the evolution of speech: Singing as the middle term. Current Anthropology 34 (1993) 721-722
160. Riebel K. The 'mute' sex revisited: Vocal production and perception learning in female songbirds. Advances in the Study of Behavior 33 (2003) 49-86
161. Rissanen J. Stochastic complexity in learning. Journal of Computer and System Sciences 55 (1997) 89-95
162. Ritchison G. The function of singing in female black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus): Family group maintenance. Auk 100 (1983) 105-116
163. Ritchison G. The singing behavior of female northern cardinals. Condor 88 (1986) 156-159
164. Rivers J.W., and Kroodsma D.E. Singing behavior of the hermit thrush. Journal of Field Ornithology 71 (2000) 467-471
165. Roederer J.G. The search for a survival value for music. Music Perception 1 (1984) 350-356
166. Sachs C. The history of musical instruments (1940), W. W. Norton, New York
167. Schaller G.B. The mountain gorilla (1963), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
168. Schellenberg E.G., and Trehub S.E. Good pitch memory is widespread. Psychological Science 14 (2003) 262
169. Scholes P.A. Bird Music, Oxford Companion to Music (1938), Oxford University Press, Oxford
170. Scothern, P. M. T. (1992). The Music-Archaeology of the Palaeolithic Within its Cultural Setting. Unpublished Ph.D., University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
171. Searcy W.A., and Yasukawa K. Song and female choice. In: Kroodsma D.E., and Miller E.H. (Eds). Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds (1996), Cornell University Press, Ithaca 454-473
172. Shmulevich I., and Povel D.-J. Measures of temporal pattern complexity. Journal of New Music Research 29 (2000) 61-69
173. Simon H.A. The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106 (1962) 467-482
174. Simon H.A. Complexity and the representation of patterned sequences of symbols. Psychological Review 79 (1972) 369-382
175. Sjare B., Stirling I., and Spencer C. Structural variation in the songs of Atlantic walruses breeding in the Canadian High Arctic. Aquatic Mammals 29 (2003) 297-318
176. Slater P.J.B. Animal music. In: Sadie S. (Ed). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (2001), Macmillan, London 682-686
177. Sloboda J.A. The musical mind: The cognitive psychology of music (1985), Clarendon, Oxford
178. Smith D.G. Male singing ability and territory integrity in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Behaviour 68 (1979) 193-206
179. Sober E., and Wilson D.S. Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior (1998), Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA
180. Stark R.D., Dodenhoff D.J., and Johnson E.V. A quantitative analysis of woodpecker drumming. Condor 100 (1998) 350-356
181. Steele K.M., Bass K.E., and Crook M.D. The mystery of the Mozart effect: Failure to replicate. Psychological Science 10 (1999) 366-369
182. Studdert-Kennedy M., and Goldstein L. Launching language: The gestural origins of discrete infinity. In: Christiansen M., and Kirby S. (Eds). Language evolution (2003), Oxford Unviersity Press, Oxford 235-254
183. Sundberg J. The science of the singing voice (1987), Northern Illinois University Press, Dekalb, Illinois
184. Suthers R.A. Contributions to birdsong from the left and right sides of the intact syrinx. Nature 347 (1990) 473-477
185. Suthers R.A. The motor basis of vocal performance in songbirds. In: Hauser M.D., and Konishi M. (Eds). The design of animal communication (1999), MIT/Bradford, Cambridge, MA 37-62
186. Tchernichovski O., Mitra P.P., Lints T., and Nottebohm F. Dynamics of the vocal imitation process: How a zebra finch learns its song. Science 291 (2001) 2564-2569
187. Teramitsu I., Kudo L.C., London S.E., Geschwind D.H., and White S.A. Parallel FoxP1 and FoxP2 expression in songbird and human brain predicts functional interaction. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 3152-3163
188. Thomas J.A., and Golladay C.L. Geographic variation in leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) underwater vocalizations. In: Kastelein R., Thomas J.A., and Nachtigall P.E. (Eds). Sensory systems of aquatic mammals (1996), DeSpil Publishers, Woerden, The Netherlands
189. Thomas J.A., and Stirling I. Geographic variation in the underwater vocalizations of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) from Palmer Peninsula and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61 (1983) 2203-2212
190. Thompson N.S., Abbey E., Wapner J., Logan C., Merritt P.G., and Pooth A. Variation in the bout structure of northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) singing. Bird Behavior 13 2 (2000) 93-98
191. Thompson W.F., Schellenberg E.G., and Husain G. Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect. Psychological Science 12 (2001) 248-251
192. Tinbergen N. On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20 (1963) 410-433
193. Titon, J. T., Koetting, J. T., McAllester, D. P., Reck, D. B., & Slobin, M. (Eds.). 1984. Worlds of Music: An introduction to the music of the world's peoples. New York: Schirmer Books.
194. Todt D., and Hultsch H. Impairment of vocal exchange in the monogamous duet-singer Cossypha heuglini (Turdidae): Effects on pairbond maintenance. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 60 (1982) 265-274
195. Trainor L.J. Are there critical periods for musical development?. Developmental Psychobiology 46 (2005) 262-278
196. Trainor L.J., McDonald K.L., and Alain C. Automatic and controlled processing of melodic contour and interval information measured by electrical brain activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (2002) 430-442
197. Trainor L.J., and Schmidt L.A. Processing emotions induced by music. In: Peretz I., and Zatorre R.J. (Eds). The cognitive neuroscience of music (2003), Oxford University Press, Oxford 310-324
198. Trehub S.E. Human processing predispositions and musical universals. In: Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. (Eds). The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 427-448
199. Trehub S.E. Musical predispositions in infancy: An update. In: Peretz I., and Zatorre R.J. (Eds). The cognitive neuroscience of music (2003), Oxford University Press, Oxford 3-20
200. Trehub S.E., and Nakata T. Emotion and music in infancy. Musicae Scientiae, Special Issue 2001-2002 (2001) 37-59
201. Trehub S.E., and Trainor L.J. Singing to infants: Lullabies and play songs. Advances in Infant Research 12 (1998) 43-77
202. Turk, I. (Ed.). (1997). Mousterian Bone Flute Other Finds from Divje Babe I Cave Site in Slovenia. Ljubljana:. Institut za Arhaeologijo (Znanstvenoraziskovalni Center Sazu).
203. Van Parijs S.M. Aquatic mating in pinnipeds: A review. Aquatic Mammals 29 (2003) 214-226
204. Vihman M.M. Individual differences in babbling and early speech: Predicting to age three. In: Lindblom B., and Zetterström R. (Eds). Precursors of early Speech (1986), Stockton Press, New York, NY 95-112
205. Wallin N.L., Merker B., and Brown S. The origins of music (2000), The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass
206. Watkins W.A., and Schevill W.E. Sperm whale codas. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 62 (1977) 1485-1490
207. Webb D.M., and Zhang J. FoxP2 in song-learning birds and vocal-learning mammals. Journal of Heredity 96 (2005) 212-216
208. Weng G., Bhalla U.S., and Iyengar R. Complexity in biological signalling systems. Science 284 (1999) 92-96
209. West-Eberhard M.J. Adaptation: Current usages. In: Keller E.F., and Lloyd E.A. (Eds). Keywords in evolutionary biology (1992), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 170-179
210. Wickler W. Vocal duetting and the pair bond: 1. Coyness and partner commitment: A hypothesis. Zeitschrift Tierpsychologie 52 (1980) 201-209
211. Williams G.C. Adaptation and natural selection (1966), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
212. Williams L. The dancing chimpanzee: A study of the origins of primitive music (1967), Norton, New York
213. Wing A.H. Notes on the song series of a hermit thrush in the Yukon. Auk 68 (1951) 189-193
214. Wood G.A. Tool use by the Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus during display. Corella 8 (1984) 94-95
215. Wood G.A. Further field observations of the Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus in the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Corella 12 (1988) 48-52
216. Wray A. Formulaic language and the lexicon (2002), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
217. Wright A.A., Rivera J.J., Hulse S., Shyan M., and Neiworth J.J. Music perception and octave generalization in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 129 3 (2000) 291-307
218. Zatorre, R. J., & Peretz, I. (Eds.). (2001). The Biological Foundations of Music (Vol. 930). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.