Constructing a prison in the forest: Conflicts over nature, paradise, and identity

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 95, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 809-831

  Che, Deborah ^a  

^a WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Prisons; Rural development; Social construction of nature

Indexed keywords

DEINDUSTRIALIZATION; GLOBALIZATION; LAND USE; RURAL AREA; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION;

EID: 33745222778     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00488.x     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Agyeman, J., and R. Spooner. 1997. Ethnicity and the rural environment. In Contested countryside cultures: Otherness, marginalisation, and rurality, ed. P. Cloke and J. Little, 197-217. London: Routledge.
2. American Friends Service Committee. 2001. Farms not jails: Rural and urban citizens say no to more prisons: Wayne County residents joined by citizens from four states and Washington, DC to protest new Pennsylvania prison. http://www.afsc.org/news/2001/nrjail.htm (last accessed 7 July 2003; hard copy can be obtained from author).
3. Armas, G. C. 2004. Don't fence them in: Retirees head to wide open spaces. Kalamazoo Gazette, 27 March: 18.
4. Asel, J. 1996. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 3 April: 2.
5. Atlas of Pennsylvania. 1989. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
6. Barrett, K., and R. Greene. 1989. Prisons: The punishing cost. Financial World 158 (8): 18-22.
7. Beyers, W. B., and P. B. Nelson. 2000. Contemporary development forces in the nonmetropolitan west: New insights from rapidly growing communities. Journal of Rural Studies 16: 459-74.
8. Blahna, D. J. 1990. Social bases for resource conflicts in areas of reverse migration. In Community and forestry: Continuities in the sociology of natural resources, ed. R. G. Lee, D. R. Field, and W. R. Burch Jr., 159-78. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
9. Bodenman, J. E., S. M. Smith, and S. B. Jones. 1996. The export-orientation of Pennsylvania's hardwood manufacturing industry. Pennsylvania Geographer 34 (2): 64-86.
10. Booth, W. 1998. A white migration north from Miami. Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-s...l/longterm/meltingpot/metl1109.htm (last accessed 11 November 1998; hard copy can be obtained from author).
11. Branthoover, C. E. 1996. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 29 May: 3.
12. Braun, B. 2003. On the raggedy edge of risk: Articulations of race and nature after biology. In Race, nature, and the politics of difference, ed. D. S. Moore, J. Kosek, and A. Pandian, 175-203. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
13. Brechin, G. 1996. Conserving the race: Natural aristocracies, eugenics, and the U.S. conservation movement. Antipode 28 (3): 229-45.
14. Brown, B. A. 1995. In timber country: Working people's stories of environmental conflict and urban flight. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
15. Buckso, M., and B. Dvorchak. 1998. Firings, charges shake up SCI Greene. Part I of special report: Maximum scrutiny: Turmoil at Greene. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/scrutiny (last accessed 13 February 2005).
16. Bull, J. M. R. 2001. Pennsylvania imprisons blacks at highest rate. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20010729prisons0729p4.asp (last accessed 13 February 2005).
17. Bunce, M. 1998. Thirty years of farmland preservation in North America: Discourses and ideologies of a movement. Journal of Rural Studies 14 (2): 233-47.
18. Butterfield, F. 2003. Prison rates among blacks reach a peak, report finds. The New York Times, 7 April: A12.
19. Caldwell, T. A. 1975. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 1 January: 8.
20. Carbaugh, D. 1996. Situating selves: The communication of social identities in American scenes. Albany: State University of New York Press.
21. Carlson, D. E. 1996. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 29 May: 2.
22. Carlson, K. A. 1992. Doing good and looking bad: A case study of prison/ community relations. Crime and Delinquency 38 (1): 56-69.
23. Carroll, M. S. 1995. Community and the northwestern logger: Continuities and changes in the era of the spotted owl. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
24. Center for Rural Pennsylvania. 1999. Forest County Profile (copy in author's files).
25. Center for Rural Pennsylvania. 2001. Forest County Profile (copy in author's files).
26. Che, D. 2000. Tourism, timber, and manufacturing: Rural restructuring, commodification and institutional relationships in Forest County, Pennsylvania. PhD dissertation, Clark University.
27. Christian Science Monitor. 2001. Closing in on a record: The number of Americans in jail. 30 March: 24.
28. Christopher, J. V. 1996. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 22 May: 2.
29. Clear, T. R., D. R. Rose, and J. A. Ryder. 2001. Incarceration and the community: The problem of removing and returning offenders. Crime & Delinquency 47 (3): 335-51.
30. Clement, D. 2002. Big house on the prairie. http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/fedgaz/02-01/house.cf (last accessed 24 July 2002; hard copy can be obtained from author).
31. Cloke, P., P. Milbourne, and C. Thomas. 1996. The English National Forest: Local reactions to plans for renegotiated nature-society relations in the countryside. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 21: 552-71.
32. Cloke, P., M. Phillips, and N. Thrift. 1995. The new middle classes and the social constructs of rural living. In Social change and the middle classes, ed. T. Butler and M. Savage, 220-38.London: UCL Press.
33. Daniel, W. R. 1991. Prisons and crime rates in rural areas: The case of Lassen County. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 17 (1&2): 129-70.
34. Davis, J. K. 1952. On soundings. Forest Press, 6 November: 2.
35. DeLuca, K., and A. Demo. 2001. Imagining nature and erasing class and race: Carleton Watkins, John Muir, and the construction of wilderness. Environmental History 6 (4): 541-60.
36. The Derrick. 1982. Shutdown: Marienville Glass Plant halts production. 16 October: 1.
37. Dorst, J. D. 1989. The written suburb: An American site, an ethnographic dilemma. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
38. Duke, L. 2000. Building a boom behind bars; Prisons revive small towns, but costs are emerging. Washington Post, 8 September: A1, A16.
39. Duncan, J. S., and N. G. Duncan. 2001. The aestheticization of the politics of landscape preservation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91: 387-409.
40. Dunk, T. 1994. Talking about trees: Environment and society in forest workers' culture. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 3 (1): 14-34.
41. Dunlap, T. R. 1988. Sport hunting and conservation, 1880-1920. Environmental Review 12 (1): 51-60.
42. Earth First! The Radical Environmental Journal. n.d. Lockdown society. http://www.earthfirstjournal.org/efj/feature.cfM?ID=97&issue=v21n7 (last accessed 13 February 2005).
43. Etzel, J. O. 2000. Forest County prison approved. The Derrick. http://www.thederrick.com/stories/3002.shtml (last accessed 21 April 2000; hard copy can be obtained from author).
44. Fagan, T.J., Jr. 1975. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 1 January: 8.
45. Fairclough, N. 1989. Language and power. London: Longman.
46. Farrington, K., and R. P. Parcells. 1991. Correctional facilities and community crime rates: Alternative hypotheses and competing explanations. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 17 (1&2): 17-127.
47. Flint, C. 2001. Right-wing resistance to the process of American hegemony: The changing political geography of nativism in Pennsylvania, 1920-1998. Political Geography 20: 763-86.
48. Forest County Action Team. 1994. Forest County action plan (copy in author's files).
49. Forest County Action Team. 1997. Proposal for wood waste recycling pilot project (copy in author's files).
50. Forest County Assessment Office. 1978. Alphabetic listing of camp names in Forest County 1978 (copy in author's files).
51. Forest County Conservation District and Planning Commission. 1998. Comprehensive plan. Tionesta, PA: Forest County Conservation District and Planning Commission.
52. Forest County/Kinzua Country Tourism Promotion Agency. 1995. Forest County - "The Natural Escape." Brochure (copy in author's files).
53. Forest County Planning Commission. 1980. Housing and land use plan. Tionesta, PA: Forest County Planning Commission.
54. Forest Press. 1974. Forest County crime rate, the Sheriff wasn't surprised. 24 July: 4.
55. Forest Press. 1976. Planning Commission does survey on Forest County homes. 2 June:1, 4.
56. Forest Press. 1978. Election code clear on residency say party chairman. 1 February:1, 3.
57. Forest Press. 1982. Officials confirm glass plant closing. 16 June: 13
58. Forest Press. 1991. Proposed prison is seen as economic blessing. 9 January: 1, 12.
59. Forest Press. 1996a. Capital budget bill includes 1,000 bed facility for Forest County. 3 July: 1.
60. Forest Press. 1996b. Prison facility included in Governor's budget. 14 February: 1.
61. Forest Press. 1996c. Special report: A prison in the forest. 17 April:4.
62. Forest Press. 1997. Prison meeting in Marienville. 1 October:17.
63. Forest Press. 2003. Evenflo plans to close plant in Georgia. 29 January:1.
64. Fortmann, L., and J. Kusel. 1990. New voices, old beliefs: Forest environmentalism among new and long-standing rural residents. Rural Sociology 55 (2): 214-52.
65. Foster, J. B. 1993. The limits of environmentalism without class: Lessons from the ancient forest struggle in the Pacific Northwest. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 4 (1): 11-42.
66. Frey, W. H., and K. -L. Liaw. 1998. Immigrant concentration and domestic migrant dispersal: Is movement to nonmetropolitan areas "white flight"? The Professional Geographer 50: 215-32.
67. Frolik, J. 1999. Forging new businesses. The Plain Dealer. http://www.cleveland.com/news/pdnews/metro/monday/w03entr.ssf (last accessed 5 May 1999; hard copy can be obtained from author).
68. Fullan, J. 1989. Gray walls in the redwoods: How Crescent City found itself wed to a maximum-security prison. San Francisco Chronicle 11 June: 14-16.
69. Furuseth, O. 2003. Change in rural North Carolina: The new Hispanic presence. Paper presented at the 5th British-American-Canadian conference on Rural Geography, Exeter and Plymouth, U.K. 14-19 July, 2003.
70. Gee, J. P. 1996. Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. London: Taylor & Francis.
71. Gilmore, R. W. 1998. From military Keynesianism to post Keynesian militarism: Finance capital, land, labor, and opposition in the rising California prison system. PhD dissertation. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
72. Glimm, J. Y. 1983. Flatlanders and ridgerunners: Folktales from the mountains of northern Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
73. Green, G. P. 2001. Amenities and community economic development: Strategies for sustainability. The Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy 31 (2): 61-75.
74. Green, G. P., D. Marcouiller, S. Deller, D. Erkkila, and N. R. Sumathi. 1996. Local dependency, land use attitudes, and economic development: Comparisons between seasonal and permanent residents. Rural Sociology 61 (3): 427-45.
75. Gregory, S. J. 1975. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 8 January: 9.
76. Gridley, C. 1990. Pennsylvania's hardwood initiative has forest industry up and growing. Appalachia 2 (3): 10-17.
77. Halseth, G. 1993. Communities within communities: Changing 'residential' areas at Cultus Lake, British Columbia. Journal of Rural Studies 9 (2): 175-87.
78. Hayes, C. 2004. New prison receiving inmates. Warren Times-Observer, 11 November: A-1,A-3.
79. Henschel, E. 1997. Statement at Forest County Prison Project Meeting, Marienville, PA, 25 September.
80. Hinshaw, J., and J. Modell. 1996. Perceiving racism: Homestead from depression to deindustrialization. Pennsylvania History 63 (1): 17-52.
81. Holmes, S. A. 1997. White flight from suburbs fuels rural growth. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 19 October: A14.
82. Horn, M. 1997. Statement at Forest County prison project meeting, Marienville, PA, 25 September.
83. Jarosz, L., and V. Lawson. 2002. Sophisticated people versus rednecks: Economic restructuring and class difference in America's West. Antipode 34 (1): 8-27.
84. Jasen, P. 1995. Wild things: Nature, culture, and tourism in Ontario 1790-1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
85. Kimmel, M., and A. L. Ferber. 2000. "White men are this nation": Right-wing militias and the restoration of rural American masculinity. Rural Sociology 65 (4): 582-604.
86. King, R. S., M. Mauer, and T. Huling. 2003. Big prisons, small towns: Prison economics in rural America. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.
87. Koester, M. C. 1991. Market effects of an export embargo of publicly-owned logs in Pennsylvania. Master's thesis. Pennsylvania State University.
88. Kolbert, E. 1989. Who wants new prisons? In New York, all of upstate. The New York Times 9 June: B1-B2.
89. Krause, J. D. 1991. Community opposition to correctional facility siting: Beyond the "NIMBY"explanation. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 17 (1-2): 239-62.
90. Krause, J. D. 1992. The effects of prison siting practices on community status arrangements: A framework applied to the siting of California state prisons. Crime & Delinquency 38 (1): 27-55.
91. Lawrence, S., and J. Travis. 2004. The new landscape of imprisonment: Mapping America's prison expansion. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
92. Lenhart, J. E. 1975. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 8 January: 9.
93. Louis Harris Associates. 1978. A survey of citizen views and concerns about urban life. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
94. Lynch, J. 1997. Statement at Forest County prison project meeting, Marienville, PA, 25 September.
95. McCarthy, J. 2002. First World political ecology: Lessons from the Wise Use movement. Environment and Planning A 34: 1281-1302.
96. McDonald, N. 1997. Written statement at Forest County prison project meeting, Marienville, PA, 25 September.
97. McGranahan, D. A. 1999. Natural amenities drive rural population change, Agricultural Economic Report Number 781. Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service.
98. Milbourne, P. 2004. Rural poverty: Marginalization and exclusion in Britain and the United States. London: Routledge.
99. Millay, J. R. 1991. From asylum to penitentiary: The social impact of Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution upon Pendleton. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 17 (1&2): 171-95.
100. Moberg, D. 1996. State jobs: Economic boon or bust? http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/ii960214.htm (last accessed 26 July 2002; hard copy can be obtained from author).
101. Molitoris, M. 1999a. Forest County prison project is still alive. The Derrick. http://www.thederrick.com/articles/showarticle.asp?t=ts&id=12607 (last accessed 10 April 1999; hard copy can be obtained from author).
102. Molitoris, M. 1999b. Seasonal real estate: Forest County enjoys $17 million in sales. The Derrick. http://www.thederrick.com/articles/showarticle.asp?t=ts&id=12924 (last accessed 25 April 1999; hard copy can be obtained from author).
103. Molitoris, M. 2004. Leadership team in place at Forest County prison. The Derrick. http://www.thederrick.com/stories/07142004-3014.shtml (last accessed 13 February 2005).
104. Moore, D. S., A. Pandian, and J. Kosek. 2003. Introduction. The cultural politics of race and nature: Terrains of power and practice. In Race, nature, and the politics of difference, ed. D. S. Moore, J. Kosek, and A. Pandian, 1-70. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
105. Musgrave, M. 1978. Registration - Residency of voters to be challenged. Forest Press, 25 January: 1, 3.
106. The Nation. 1995. The prison boom. 260 (7): 223-25.
107. Nelson, P. B. 2001. Rural restructuring in the American West: Land use, family, and class discourses. Journal of Rural Studies 17: 395-407.
108. Nelson, P. B., and A. Sewall. 2003. Regional comparisons of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan migration in the 1970s and 1980s: Age and place implications. The Professional Geographer 55: 83-99.
109. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. 2001. History of the Department of Corrections. http://www.cor.state.pa.us/history.html (last accessed 2 July 2001; hard copy can be obtained from author).
110. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. n.d. Institutions. http://www.cor.state.pa.us/portal/cwp/ view.asp?a=376&q=126815&portalNav= (last accessed 2 July 2004; hard copy can be obtained from author).
111. Philo, C. 1997. Of other rurals? In Contested countryside cultures: Otherness, marginalisation and rurality, ed. P. Cloke and J. Little, 19 -50. London: Routledge.
112. Rollenhagen, M. 1999. Wisconsin city shows jails don't hurt property value. The Plain Dealer http://www.cleveland.com/news/pdnews/metro/Sunday/ca13hou.ssf (last accessed 15 June 1999; hard copy can be obtained from author).
113. Ruether, R. R. 1997. We love our prisons more than our prisoners. National Catholic Reporter 33 (10): 16.
114. Rural Perspectives. 2001. Prison population change. 10 (6): 7.
115. Salazar, D. J., C. H. Schallau, and R. G. Lee. 1986. The growing importance of retirement income in timber-dependent areas. Research Paper PNW-359. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
116. Singletary, L. 1993. Quality of life survey: Measuring citizens' attitudes toward local economic development in the Allegheny Plateau Region (Forest County). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology/ Cooperative Extension Service.
117. Smith, M. 1995. Riot linked to clash of cultures; Audit cites poor prison conditions. Houston Chronicle 3 February: A29.
118. Smith, M. D., and R. S. Krannich. 2000. "Culture clash" revisited: Newcomer and longer-term residents' attitudes toward land use, development, and environmental issues in rural communities in the Rocky Mountain West. Rural Sociology 65 (3): 396-421.
119. Smutny, G., and L. Takahashi. 1999. Economic change and environmental conflict in the Western Mountain states of the USA. Environment and Planning A 31: 979-95.
120. Spain, D. 1993. Been-heres versus come-heres: Negotiating conflicting community identities. Journal of American Planning Association 59 (3): 156-71.
121. Stein, J. 1998. Running steel, running America: Race, economic policy, and the decline of liberalism. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
122. Thompson,. L. 1997. Man arrested in Marienville killing. The Derrick 9 September: 1, 2.
123. Tierney, P. T., R. Dahl, and D. Chavez. 2001. Cultural diversity in use of undeveloped natural areas by Los Angeles county residents. Tourism Management 22: 271 -77.
124. Uhland, V. 1992. Cell blocks and economic bars. Colorado Business Magazine 19 (9): 94-101.
125. Urry, J. 1992. The tourist gaze and the 'environment' Theory, Culture, and Society 9: 1-26.
126. USDA Economic Research Service. 2000. Rural population and migration: Rural population change. http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/Population/popchange (last accessed 13 July 2001).
127. USDA Forest Service, Allegheny National Forest. 1998. ANF Fact Sheet (copy in author's files).
128. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census. 2004. Pennsylvania - Metropolitan areas, counties, and central cities. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/mapGallery/stma99.pdf (last accessed 26 June 2004).
129. Virden, R. J., and G. J. Walker. 1999. Ethnic/racial and gender variations among meanings given to, and preferences for, the natural environment. Leisure Sciences 21: 219-39.
130. Wagner, J. 1996. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 13 April: 2.
131. Walker, L., and B. C. Wilson. 2002. Black Eden: The Idlewild community. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
132. Weiser, C. 2001. More Americans buy, build vacation homes. Florida Today, 3 June: 14A.
133. West, P. C. 1993. The tyranny of metaphor: Interracial relations, minority recreation, and the wildland-urban interface. In Culture, conflict, and communication in the wildland-urban interface, eds, A. W. Ewert, D. J. Chavez, and A. W. Magill, 109 -15. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
134. White, R. 1996. Are you an environmentalist or do you work for a living? Work and nature. In Uncommon ground: Rethinking the human place in nature, ed. W. Cronon, 171-85. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.
135. Willits, F. K., and A. E. Luloff. 1995. Urban residents' views of rurality and contacts with rural places. Rural Sociology 60 (3): 454-66.
136. Wilson, L. 1996. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 27 March: 2.
137. Zahns, The. 1996. Letter to the editor. Forest Press, 20 March: 2.
138. Zelinsky, W. 1995. Recreation and tourism. In A geography of Pennsylvania, ed. E. W. Miller, 165-82. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University.