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Volumn 60, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 139-159

Arthur Herbert Church FRS and the Palace of Westminster Frescoes

Author keywords

Arthur Herbert Church FRS; Chemistry in fresco decay; Chemistry in fresco painting; Conservation of frescoes

Indexed keywords


EID: 33745160373     PISSN: 00359149     EISSN: 17430178     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0145     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (4)

References (124)
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    • Sir Charles Barry (1795-1860) RA (1841) FRS (1840), architect of the Travellers' Club (1831) and the Reform Club (1837). His designs for the Palace of Westminster were chosen from 97 entries. Building work of the Palace, although essentially complete in 1852, continued for several more years, finally under the direction of Barry's architect son, Edward Middleton Barry. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4, 111-120 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.4 , pp. 111-120
    • Barry, E.M.1
  • 3
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    • A better prospect? the first mural scheme for the New Palace
    • W. Vaughan, 'A better prospect? The first mural scheme for the New Palace', Apollo, May, pp. 312-316(1992).
    • (1992) Apollo , vol.MAY , pp. 312-316
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  • 6
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    • Sir Charles Lock Eastlake (1793-1865) RA (1830) FRS (1838), English painter, President of the Royal Academy of Arts (1850), Director of the National Gallery (1855), and author of seminal works on the art of painting. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 17, 591-594 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.17 , pp. 591-594
  • 20
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    • The decorations of the New Palace of Westminster, 1841-1863
    • T. S. R. Boase, The decorations of the New Palace of Westminster, 1841-1863' J. Warburg Courtauld Insts 17, 319-358 (1954).
    • (1954) J. Warburg Courtauld Insts , vol.17 , pp. 319-358
    • Boase, T.S.R.1
  • 22
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    • Royalty and reform: State patronage at the Palace of Westminster 1841-1864
    • (note 7), ch. 2
    • Willsdon, Mural Paintings in Britain 1840-1940. Image and Meaning op. cit. (note 7), ch. 2: 'Royalty and reform: state patronage at the Palace of Westminster 1841-1864', pp. 27-61.
    • Mural Paintings in Britain 1840-1940. Image and Meaning , pp. 27-61
    • Willsdon1
  • 24
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    • Charles Heath Wilson (1809-1882), architect, administrator and educationist, Director of the Government School of Design. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 59, 497-498 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.59 , pp. 497-498
  • 25
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    • note
    • Peter von Cornelius (1784-1867), German painter, renowned for his monumental murals in public buildings, first in Munich (from 1819, where he became Director of the Academy, 1825), and later in Berlin (1841). His influence is regarded as having initiated the revival of fresco painting in Germany and subsequently elsewhere in Europe.
  • 26
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    • Frank A. J. L. James (ed.), 4 volumes (Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1991-99, continuing), (Letter 1627: Faraday to C. L. Eastlake, 22 October 1844) and p. 262 (Letter 1628: C. L. Eastlake to Faraday, 23 October 1844)
    • Frank A. J. L. James (ed.), The correspondence of Michael Faraday, 4 volumes (Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1991-99, continuing), vol. 3 (1996), p. 260 (Letter 1627: Faraday to C. L. Eastlake, 22 October 1844) and p. 262 (Letter 1628: C. L. Eastlake to Faraday, 23 October 1844).
    • (1996) The Correspondence of Michael Faraday , vol.3 , pp. 260
  • 27
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    • See notes 30, 43, 49, 51, 52 and 53 below
    • See notes 30, 43, 49, 51, 52 and 53 below.
  • 30
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    • Money expended in decoration of the Palace of Westminster with fresco paintings and statuary
    • Cd
    • 'Money expended in decoration of the Palace of Westminster with fresco paintings and statuary', Parliamentary Papers, Cd. XL, 637 (1860).
    • (1860) Parliamentary Papers , vol.40 , pp. 637
  • 31
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    • Return relating to paintings in fresco, ordered by the Fine Arts Commission, terms of engagement with each Artist, sums voted on account.of each painting, and sum each Artist has received
    • - 'Return relating to paintings in fresco, ordered by the Fine Arts Commission, terms of engagement with each Artist, sums voted on account.of each painting, and sum each Artist has received', Command Paper XXXV, 679 (1861).
    • (1861) Command Paper , vol.35 , pp. 679
  • 32
    • 85020798962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hansard, CLXIV, p. 1547 (1847)
    • Hansard, CLXIV, p. 1547 (1847).
  • 33
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    • On some new colouring matters
    • A. H. Church and W. H. Perkin, 'On some new colouring matters', Proc. R. Soc. 8, 48 (1857).
    • (1857) Proc. R. Soc. , vol.8 , pp. 48
    • Church, A.H.1    Perkin, W.H.2
  • 34
    • 15744367874 scopus 로고
    • Researches on Turacin, an animal pigment containing copper, Part I
    • A. H. Church, 'Researches on Turacin, an animal pigment containing copper, Part I', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 159,627-636 (1869);
    • (1869) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. , vol.159 , pp. 627-636
    • Church, A.H.1
  • 35
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    • Researches on Turacin, an animal pigment containing copper, Part II
    • 'Researches on Turacin, an animal pigment containing copper, Part II', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 183, 511-530 (1893).
    • (1893) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. , vol.183 , pp. 511-530
  • 36
    • 33745159786 scopus 로고
    • See also Proc. R. Instn 14, 44-49 (1896).
    • (1896) Proc. R. Instn , vol.14 , pp. 44-49
  • 37
    • 33745127841 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary note on a new British mineral containing cerium
    • A. H. Church, 'Preliminary note on a new British mineral containing cerium', Chem. News 12, 121 (1865);
    • (1865) Chem. News , vol.12 , pp. 121
    • Church, A.H.1
  • 38
    • 33745163698 scopus 로고
    • Chemical researches on a new and rare Cornish mineral: Hydrated cerous phosphate
    • 'Chemical researches on a new and rare Cornish mineral: hydrated cerous phosphate', J. Chem. Soc. 3, 259-268 (1865).
    • (1865) J. Chem. Soc. , vol.3 , pp. 259-268
  • 40
    • 85020820210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • idem, 4th edn, revised and enlarged (Seeley Service, London, 1915)
    • idem, 4th edn, revised and enlarged (Seeley Service, London, 1915).
  • 42
    • 84978761174 scopus 로고
    • 4 volumes (Macmillan, London, 1961-70)
    • Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932), Nobel laureate (1909), professor in Leipzig, was one of the leading physical chemists of his generation. In addition to his fundamental discoveries he made contributions to the chemistry and physics of colour, including the development of a colour scale. See J. R. Partington, A history of chemistry, 4 volumes (Macmillan, London, 1961-70), vol. 4, pp. 595-600 (1964).
    • (1964) A History of Chemistry , vol.4 , pp. 595-600
    • Partington, J.R.1
  • 43
    • 33745159785 scopus 로고
    • privately printed for the author by John Bellows, Gloucester, Parts I and II
    • Autobiography: Arthur Herbert Church, Records and recollections (privately printed for the author by John Bellows, Gloucester, Parts I and II, 1899 and 1909; editions of 40 copies for private distribution).
    • (1899) Records and Recollections
    • Church, A.H.1
  • 44
    • 33745154957 scopus 로고
    • Sir Arthur Herbert Church, KCVO
    • Obituary: A. P. Laurie, 'Sir Arthur Herbert Church, KCVO', J. Chem. Soc. 109, 374-379 (1916).
    • (1916) J. Chem. Soc. , vol.109 , pp. 374-379
    • Laurie, A.P.1
  • 45
    • 85020818164 scopus 로고
    • Baynard Press, London
    • In 1917 Church's widow, Lady Jemima Church, arranged the printing for private circulation of the several Obituary Notices and Addresses that had appeared in the press and in the journals of societies of which her late husband had been a prominent member: Arthur Herbert Church, KCVO, MA, DSc, FRS, FSA (Baynard Press, London, 1917);
    • (1917) Arthur Herbert Church, KCVO, MA, DSc, FRS, FSA
  • 50
    • 85020801783 scopus 로고
    • American Artists Group, New York
    • O. Nordmark, Fresco painting (American Artists Group, New York, 1947);
    • (1947) Fresco Painting
    • Nordmark, O.1
  • 52
    • 85020771411 scopus 로고
    • Faber & Faber, London, ch. 9
    • A good modern account of fresco painting is given in Ralph Mayer, The artist's handbook of materials and techniques. 4th edn (Faber & Faber, London, 1981), ch. 9, pp. 335-383. It is revealing that the British Library On-line catalogue lists the following number of entries: painting, 19 375; painting in oil. 439: painting in fresco, 35.
    • (1981) The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques. 4th Edn , pp. 335-383
    • Mayer, R.1
  • 53
    • 33745150545 scopus 로고
    • Church quoted these figures on the authority of Dr Samuel Rideal (1863-1929), a leading London public analyst and one of the originators of the Walker-Rideal Test for disinfectant activity. Rideal was President of the Society of Public Analysts (1918). Who was Who, vol. 3, p. 1144 (1929-1940):
    • (1929) Who Was Who , vol.3 , pp. 1144
  • 55
    • 33745154956 scopus 로고
    • A new process for producing permanent mural paintings, invented by Adolf Keim of Munich
    • Rev. J. A. Rivington, 'A new process for producing permanent mural paintings, invented by Adolf Keim of Munich'. K. Soc. Arts J. 32, 245-257 (1884). This article was based on a lecture delivered at the Society; in the ensuing discussion. Church resolved several doubtful points.
    • (1884) K. Soc. Arts J. , vol.32 , pp. 245-257
    • Rivington, R.J.A.1
  • 56
    • 85020791474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In a further variant, the silicate solution was added to the water colours at the painting stage.
  • 57
    • 33745166410 scopus 로고
    • Mural painting by the aid of soluble silicates and metallic oxides, with examples chiefly from St. Martin's. Wonersh
    • Lea Merritt and Professor Roberts Austin, 'Mural painting by the aid of soluble silicates and metallic oxides, with examples chiefly from St. Martin's. Wonersh', R. Soc. Arts J. 44, 39-51 (1895).
    • (1895) R. Soc. Arts J. , vol.44 , pp. 39-51
    • Merritt, L.1    Austin, R.2
  • 58
    • 33745123096 scopus 로고
    • Richard Bentley & Son, London.
    • C. W. Cope, who was one of the participating artists, subsequently revealed that the frescoes in the Poets' Hall were painted on plaster spread on a framework of laths, fixed some inches from the masonry: damp was trapped in the intervening space without means of escape, and exerted its destructive effect (C. H. Cope. Reminiscences of Charles West Cope (Richard Bentley & Son, London. 1891), p. 158. In 1871, J. C. Horsley pronounced his work and that of his fellow artists of this apartment to be 'utterly dilapidated', and begged that it might be screened from public view.
    • (1891) Reminiscences of Charles West Cope , pp. 158
    • Cope, C.H.1
  • 59
    • 85020832068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from Easllake to Prince Albert, dated 28 July 1851 (R. A. (W), F.31/1)
    • Letter from Easllake to Prince Albert, dated 28 July 1851 (R. A. (W), F.31/1).
  • 62
    • 85020763088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 2
    • J. C. Horsley wrote later, 'None of us knew that fresco-painting required not only fresh plaster on which to work, but fresh air to preserve the work when done. ... The Thames was the main sewer of vast London and ... was charged with foul and most destructive gases ... while coal gas was pouring forth its destructive powers night and day' (quoted in Bond, A Century of Painters of the English School; with Critical Notices of Their Works and An Account of the Progress of Art in England op. cit. (note 2), p. 84).
    • A Century of Painters of the English School; with Critical Notices of Their Works and An Account of the Progress of Art in England , pp. 84
    • Bond1
  • 64
    • 33745168761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sir Frederick Augustus Abel (1827-1902) FRS (1860), leading expert on explosives, inventor of smokeless gunpowder ('Cordite'), was successively Chemist to the War Department and official Scientific Adviser to the Government; he was President of the Chemical Society (1875-77). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1, 62-63 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.1 , pp. 62-63
  • 65
    • 33745140996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Percy (1817-1889) FRS (1847), metallurgist, established metallurgy as a distinct scientific discipline. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 43, 732-733 (2004);
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.43 , pp. 732-733
  • 67
    • 85020809453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • According to an Office of Works record, certain frescoes had on one occasion (1873) been washed with warm water, hut this was drawn from the nearest well, and containing saline matter, was unsuitable for the purpose, for which distilled water is essential (see Church Memorandum I, note 39 below).
  • 72
    • 33745121322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daniel Maclise (1806-1870) RA (1840), historical and portrait painter. The two frescoes in the Royal Gallery are considered his masterpieces. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 35, 837-841 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.35 , pp. 837-841
  • 73
    • 85020831577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Finding the plain technique on the required large scale unmanageable, Maclise wished to resign the commission. However, encouraged by the Prince Consort, he went to Berlin to study the 'stereochrome' method with its chief exponents, Wilhelm Kaulbach and Peter von Cornelius (see note 11 above), and employed it with success.
  • 76
    • 33745162355 scopus 로고
    • Conservation of historic buildings and frescoes
    • A. H. Church, 'Conservation of historic buildings and frescoes', Proc. R. Instn G.B. 18, 597-608 (1905-07), p. 599.
    • (1905) Proc. R. Instn G.B. , vol.18 , pp. 597-608
    • Church, A.H.1
  • 77
    • 85020807727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memoranda II and III
    • note 39
    • Church, Memoranda II and III, Proc. R. Instn G.B. op. cit. (note 39).
    • Proc. R. Instn G.B.
    • Church1
  • 78
    • 33745164060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • William Dyce (1806-1864) RA (1848), historical painter. He painted other notable frescoes in All Saints' Church, Margaret Street, and for the Prince Consort, in the Summer House, Buckingham Palace, and in Osborne House. Isle of Wight. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 17, 461-465 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.17 , pp. 461-465
  • 79
    • 85020761969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The frescoes represent the chivalrous virtues (Mercy, Courtesy, Generosity, Hospitality and Religion), illustrated by themes from the King Arthur Legend. They are 11 feet high and range in width from 6 feet to 22 feet.
  • 80
    • 33745165014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Rogers Herbert (1810-90) RA (1846), portrait and historical painter. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 26, 705-707 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.26 , pp. 705-707
  • 81
    • 33745126072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charles West Cope (1811-90) RA (1848), historical painter, Professor of Painting to the Royal Academy. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 13, 311-314 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.13 , pp. 311-314
  • 82
    • 33745134495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Callcott Horsley (1817-1903) RA (1864), historical and genre painter. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 28, 197-198 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.28 , pp. 197-198
  • 85
    • 84876120960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 6
    • After Church's adverse report, the panels were indeed covered with what was described, in 1954, as 'thin boards papered with a diaper pattern, themselves in none too good repair" (Boase, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography op. cit. (note 6), p. 346.).
    • Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , pp. 346
    • Boase1
  • 86
    • 85020785046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 83 below
    • However, most recently, all eight frescoes have been resurrected by careful restoration and are once again on view (see Hay and Riding, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography op. cit. (note 83 below), pp. 95-97).
    • Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , pp. 95-97
    • Hay1    Riding2
  • 87
    • 85020759028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The magnitude of the task is illustrated by the fact that Maclise's 'Wellington' and 'Nelson' between them covered an area of some 1000 square feet. The operations of 1894 in the Robing Rooms and the Gallery continued uninterruptedly for nearly two months, from 2 October until 23 November.
  • 89
    • 85020772760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • These were, in the Peers' Corridor, eight panels painted between 1859 and 1866 by C.W. Cope depicting events in the reign of Charles I and in the Commons' Corridor eight more, by E. M. Ward, illustrating the reign of Charles II.
  • 91
    • 85020795643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction by the first commissioner of HM works to Church's memorandum VIII
    • note 42
    • Introduction by the First Commissioner of HM Works to Church's Memorandum VIII, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography op. cit. (note 42).
    • Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  • 92
    • 85020830717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Figures supplied by Dr F. Clowes, Chief Chemist and Superintending Gas Examiner to the London County Council. Although burning illuminating gas was a minor contribution to the total atmospheric pollution, it was disproportionately harmful in confined spaces.
  • 93
    • 85020787324 scopus 로고
    • 25 August
    • Correspondence in Gas World (25 August 1906)
    • (1906) Gas World
  • 95
    • 33745134191 scopus 로고
    • 1 volumes
    • Sir Thomas Edward Thorpe (1845-1925) FRS (1876), Professor of Chemistry at Leeds (1874), Imperial College London (1885), studied (inter alia) phosphorus compounds, edited the Dictionary of Applied Chemistry (1 volumes, 1921-27).
    • (1921) Dictionary of Applied Chemistry
  • 96
    • 85020839810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memorandum by the Commissioners of Works, Parliamentary Papers, Cd 2930, CIX (1906) (including correspondence and evidence by Dr T. E. Thorpe)
    • Memorandum by the Commissioners of Works, Parliamentary Papers, Cd 2930, CIX (1906) (including correspondence and evidence by Dr T. E. Thorpe).
  • 97
    • 33745145939 scopus 로고
    • Arthur Pillans Laurie (1861-1949), lecturer in physics and chemistry at St Mary's Hospital Medical School (1895), Professor of Chemistry of the Royal Academy of Arts (1912), member of several official scientific committees, and author of numerous scientific works related to paints and painting. Who was Who, vol. 4, p. 665 (1941-1950).
    • (1941) Who Was Who , vol.4 , pp. 665
  • 98
    • 84974905005 scopus 로고
    • The use of wax and wax resin preservatives on English mediaeval wall paintings: Rationale and consequences
    • (ed. N. S. Bromelle and P. Smith) (International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works)
    • Sharon Cather and Helen Howard, 'The use of wax and wax resin preservatives on English mediaeval wall paintings: rationale and consequences', in Case studies in the conservation of stone and wall paintings. Preprints of the contributions to the Bologna Congress, 21-26 September 1986 (ed. N. S. Bromelle and P. Smith) (International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 1986), pp. 48-53.
    • (1986) Case Studies in the Conservation of Stone and Wall Paintings. Preprints of the Contributions to the Bologna Congress, 21-26 September 1986 , pp. 48-53
    • Cather, S.1    Howard, H.2
  • 100
  • 101
    • 85020769640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The incrustation beneath a cornice of St Paul's Cathedral contained, according to Church's analysis, 73.8% gypsum. 2.2% calcium phosphate and 1% each of carbon and tar.
  • 102
    • 85020837299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2O) but only 0.0025 g of barium sulphate under the same conditions.
  • 103
    • 85020812550 scopus 로고
    • 'Improvements in the means of preserving stone from the injurious action of atmospheric and other influences', British Patent No. 220
    • As early as 1862, Church patented a form of this process, which involved additional alternative treatment with a dialysed solution of silica: A. H. Church, 'Improvements in the means of preserving stone from the injurious action of atmospheric and other influences', British Patent No. 220 (1862).
    • (1862)
    • Church, A.H.1
  • 104
    • 33745136887 scopus 로고
    • Notes on a process for the preservation of building stones
    • idem
    • See also idem, 'Notes on a process for the preservation of building stones', Chem. Newa 22, 205 (1870),
    • (1870) Chem. Newa , vol.22 , pp. 205
  • 105
    • 0007625690 scopus 로고
    • 19 November
    • and letter to The Times, 19 November 1904.
    • (1904) The Times
  • 106
    • 85020789660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 47
    • Church, The Times op. cit. (note 47), p. 603.
    • The Times , pp. 603
    • Church1
  • 107
    • 85020809064 scopus 로고
    • His Majesty's Stationery Office, London
    • Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Palace of Westminster. Together with the Proceedings of the Committee and Minutes of Evidence. House of Lords Sessional Papers. 256, Vol. III. pp. 317-391 (His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1906). This verbatim report of the four days' proceedings gives full details of the often divergent opinions of the witnesses. The exchanges between the Chairman, a former great colonial governor, and the eminent artist-witnesses, being no less great individualists, led to occasional terse although always urbane passages.
    • (1906) Proceedings of the Committee and Minutes of Evidence. House of Lords Sessional Papers. 256 , vol.3 , pp. 317-391
  • 108
    • 85020800748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In the Royal Gallery, for example, where the two vast Maclise frescoes continued in splendid isolation, there were still 15 panels to be filled up. Two of the witnesses (W. S. Lethaby and S. C. Cockerell) referred in the most uncompromising terms to the 'bleakness and coldness of certain parts of the palace', and deplored their disfigurement by such vulgar necessities as telephone boxes and refreshment bars. They both championed the cause of tapestries as the most desirable and practical decorations.
  • 109
    • 79958951140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthur Charles Hamilton Gordon, Baron Stanmore (1829-1912), colonial administrator. In his retirement he was an active member of various House of Lords Committees. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 22, 860-862 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.22 , pp. 860-862
  • 110
    • 85020760728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Robert George Windsor-Clive, 1st Earl of Plymouth (1857-1923), Paymaster-General (1895-96). First Commissioner of Works (1902-05), Trustee of the National Gallery (1900), Chairman of Trustees of the Tate Gallery.
  • 111
    • 33745128868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl Lytton (1876-1947), grandson of E. G. Bulwer-Lytton, the novelist, and son of E. R. Bulwer-Lytton, Viceroy of India and poet (Owen Meredith). Statesman and colonial governor. Served on the Advisory Council of the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the governing bodies of several societies with cultural objectives. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 34, 995-997 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.34 , pp. 995-997
  • 112
    • 33745173935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • George James Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle (1843-1911), artist and politician, wealthy patron of the arts, owner of Castle Howard and its art treasures, friend of foremost painters, Chairman of Trustees of the National Gallery. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 28, 354-355 (2004).
    • (2004) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , vol.28 , pp. 354-355
  • 113
    • 85020772739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The well-known mural artist, Professor G. E. Moira (1867-1959), one of the witnesses, had used plaster of Paris mortar empirically in his work with success and was delighted to have his practice rationalized by Church's scientific interpretation.
  • 114
    • 33745136888 scopus 로고
    • Wall painting versus English climate
    • T. Gambier Parry, 'Wall painting versus English climate', Ecclesiologist, 111, 136 (1862);
    • (1862) Ecclesiologist , vol.111 , pp. 136
    • Parry, T.G.1
  • 117
    • 85020838952 scopus 로고
    • The spirit fresco technique and its historical context
    • Courtauld Institute Exhibition Catalogue
    • For a modern appraisal, see Tracy Manning, The spirit fresco technique and its historical context', in Thomas Gambier Parry (1816-1888) as Artist and Collector (Courtauld Institute Exhibition Catalogue, 1993), pp. 46-52. By the 1900s, this technique, too, was falling out of favour.
    • (1993) Thomas Gambier Parry (1816-1888) As Artist and Collector , pp. 46-52
    • Manning, T.1
  • 118
    • 85020813362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The East Corridor of the Palace received (in 1910) a group of six compositions illustrating the Tudor period, and St Steven's Hall (1927) eight large panels, relating to the building of Britain, all by different artists.
  • 120
    • 85020759358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • These included D. G. Rossetti and William Morris's ceiling frescoes at the Oxford Union (1857) (which, however, survived for no more than 30 years), Ford Maddox Brown's murals in Manchester Town Hall, and F. L. Leighton's large representations of The industrial arts of war and peace' at the Victoria and Albert Museum (done in spirit fresco).
  • 122
    • 84972206108 scopus 로고
    • T. Rawlins (ed.), for the Trustees of the Gallery, London
    • T. Rawlins (ed.), From the National Gallery Laboratory (for the Trustees of the Gallery, London, 1940).
    • (1940) From the National Gallery Laboratory
  • 123
    • 85020813243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 68
    • See, for example, the contributions of David Perry, Krystyna Barakan and others, to the paper of Ballantyne, From the National Gallery Laboratory op. cit. (note 68), pp. 136 and 138.
    • From the National Gallery Laboratory , pp. 136


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.