Origin of PCDDs in Ball Clay assessed with compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 40, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 3730-3735

  Holmstrand, Henry ^a,b   Gadomski, Damien ^c,e   Mandalakis, Manolis ^a,d   Tysklind, Mats ^e   Irvine, Robert ^c   Andersson, Per ^a   Gustafsson, Örjan ^b  

^a SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

^b STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^e UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION; BLACK CARBON (BC); CHLORINE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS;

CHLORINE; COASTAL ZONES; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); CONTAMINATION; ENZYMES; ISOTOPES; TOXIC MATERIALS;

SOIL POLLUTION;

1,4 DIOXANE DERIVATIVE; ALUMINUM SILICATE; CARBON; CARBON 14; CHLORIDE PEROXIDASE; CHLORINE; DIBENZOFURAN DERIVATIVE; MINERAL; OCTACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; ORGANOCHLORINE DERIVATIVE; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CHLORINE; COASTAL ZONES; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); CONTAMINATION; ENZYMES; ISOTOPES; SOIL POLLUTION; TOXIC MATERIALS;

BLACK CARBON; CHLORINATION; CHLORINE ISOTOPE; ENZYME; ORGANIC COMPOUND; RADIOCARBON DATING; SEDIMENT; VEGETATION;

ARTICLE; CARCINOGENICITY; CHLORINATION; CLAY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); FIRE; ISOTOPE ANALYSIS; SEDIMENT; TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON; VEGETATION;

ALUMINUM SILICATES; CARBON RADIOISOTOPES; CHLORINE; ISOTOPES; KENTUCKY; RIVERS; SOIL POLLUTANTS; TENNESSEE; TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN;

MISSISSIPPI; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33745152689     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es0602142     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Baker, J. I.; Hites, R. A. Is combustion the major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to the environment? A mass balance investigation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 2879-2886.
2. Gribble, G. W. Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 141-152.
3. Ando, K.; Kato, A.; Suzuki, S. Isolation of 2,4-dichorophenol from a soil fungus and its biological significance. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1970, 39, 1104-1107.
4. Öberg, G. M. The biogeochemistry of chlorine in soil. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Gribble G. W., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, 2003; Vol. 3, pp 43-62.
5. Gaus, C.; Brunskill, G. J.; Connell, D. W.; Prange, J.; Muller, J. F.; Papke, O.; Weber, R. Transformation processes, pathways, and possible sources of distinctive polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin signatures in sink environments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 3542-3549.
6. Gaus, C.; Papke, O.; Dennison, N.; Haynes, D.; Shaw, G. R.; Connell, D. W.; Muller, J. F. Evidence for the presence of a widespread PCDD source in coastal sediments and soils from Queensland, Australia. Chemosphere 2001, 43, 549-558.
7. Prange, J. A.; Gaus, C.; Papke, O.; Muller, J. F. Investigations into the PCDD contamination of topsoil, river sediments and kaolinite clay in Queensland, Australia. Chemosphere 2002, 46, 1335-1342.
8. Rappe, C.; Anderson, R.; Bonner, M.; Cooper, K.; Fiedler, H.; Howell, F.; Kulp, S. E.; Lau, C. PCDDs and PCDFs in soil and river sediment samples from a rural area in the United States of America. Chemosphere 1997, 34, 1297-1314.
9. Tysklind, M.; Andersson, R.; Rappe, C.; Stout, D. Sources of PCDDs and PCDFs in sediments and wetland soils from the lower Roanoke River basin in North Carolina, USA: Part II. Organohalogen Compd. 2002, 57, 293-296.
10. Green, N. J. L.; Hassanin, A.; Johnston, A. E.; Jones, K. C. Observations on historical, contemporary, and natural PCDD/Fs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 715-723.
11. Meharg, A. A.; Killham, K. A pre-industrial source of dioxins and furans. Nature 2003, 421, 909-910.
12. Ferrario, J. B.; Byrne, C. J.; Cleverly, D. H. 2,3,7,8-dibenzo-p-dioxins in mined clay products from the United States: evidence for possible natural origin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 4524-4532.
13. Abad, E.; Llerena, J. J.; Saulo, J.; Caixach, J.; Rivera, J. Comprehensive study on dioxin contents in binder and anti-caking agent feed additives. Chemosphere 2002, 46, 1417-1421.
14. Gadomski, D.; Tysklind, M.; Irvine, R. L.; Burns, P. C.; Andersson, R. Investigations into the vertical distribution of PCDDs and mineralogy in three ball clay cores from the United States exhibiting the natural formation pattern. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4956-4963.
15. Hoekstra, E. J.; De Weerd, H.; De Leer, E. W. B.; Brinkman, U. A. T. Natural formation of chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in soil of a Douglas fir forest. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 2543-2549.
16. Öberg, G. The natural chlorine cycle - fitting the scattered pieces. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2002, 58, 565-581.
17. Reddy, C. M.; Xu, L.; Drenzek, N. J.; Sturchio, N. C.; Heraty, L. J.; Kimblin, C.; Butler, A. A chlorine isotope effect for enzyme-catalyzed chlorination. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14526-14527.
18. Drenzek, N. J.; Tarr, C. H.; Eglinton, T. I.; Heraty, L. J.; Sturchio, N. C.; Shiner, V. J.; Reddy, C. M. Stable chlorine and carbon isotopic compositions of selected semi-volatile organochlorine compounds. Org. Geochem. 2002, 33, 437-444.
19. Jendrzejewski, N.; Eggenkamp, H. G. M.; Coleman, M. L. Characterisation of chlorinated hydrocarbons from chlorine and carbon isotopic compositions: scope of application to environmental problems. Appl. Geochem. 2001, 16, 1021-1031.
20. Holmstrand, H.; Andersson, P.; Gustafsson, Ö. Chlorine isotope analysis of submicromole organochlorine samples by sealed tube combustion and thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 2336-2342.
21. Reddy, C. M.; Heraty, L. J.; Holt, B. D.; Sturchio, N. C.; Eglinton, T. I.; Drenzek, N. J.; Xu, L.; Lake, J. L.; Maruya, K. A. Stable chlorine isotopic compositions of Arochlors and Arochlor-contaminated sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 2866-2870.
22. Pearson, A.; McNichol, A. P.; Schneider, R. J.; von Reden, K. F.; Zheng, Y. Microscale AMS C-14 measurement at NOSAMS. Radiocarbon 1998, 40, 61-75.
23. 14C-AMS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 1994, 92, 162-165.
24. 14C data. Radiocarbon 1977, 19, 355-363.
25. Gustafsson, Ö.; Haghseta, F.; Chan, C.; MacFarlane, J.; Gschwend, P. M. Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 203-209.
26. Elmquist, M.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Andersson, P. Quantification of sedimentary black carbon using the chemothermal oxidation method: an evaluation of ex situ pretreatments and standard additions approaches. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 2004, 2, 417-427.
27. Holmstrand, H.; Mandalakis, M.; Zencak, Z.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Andersson, P. Chlorine isotope fractionation of a semi-volatile organochlorine compound during preparative megaborecolumn capillary gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr., A 2006, 1103, 133-138.
28. Mandalakis, M.; Gustafsson, O. Optimization of a preparative capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the isolation and harvesting of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 996, 163-172.
29. Ferrario, J.; Byrne, C.; Schaum, J. An assessment of dioxin levels in processed ball clay from the United States. Organohalogen Compd. 2004, 66, 1639-1644.
30. Öberg, L. G.; Glas, B.; Swanson, S. E.; Rappe, C.; Paul, K. G. Peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chlorophenols to polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1990, 19, 930-938.
31. Heraty, L. J.; Fuller, M. E.; Huang, L.; Abrajano, T., Jr.; Sturchio, N. C. Isotopic fractionation of carbon and chlorine by microbial degradation of dichloromethane. Org. Geochem. 1999, 30, 793-799.
32. Gullett, B. K.; Touati, A. PCDD/F emissions from forest fire simulations. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 803-813.
33. Criss, R. Principles of Stable Isotope Distribution; Oxford University Press: New York, 1999.
34. Prange, J. A.; Gaus, C.; Weber, R.; Papke, O.; Muller, J. F. Assessing forest fire as a potential PCDD/F source in Queensland, Australia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4325-4329.
35. Cornelissen, G.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Bucheli, T. D.; Jonker, M. T. O.; van Noort, P. C. M. Extensive sorption of organic compounds to black carbon, coal, and kerogen in sediments and soils: mechanisms and consequences for distribution, bioaccumulation and biodegradation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6881-6895.
36. Lohmann, R.; MacFarlane, J. K.; Gschwend, P. M. Importance of black carbon to sorption of native PAHs, PCBs, and PCDDs in Boston and New York Harbor sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 141-148.
37. Persson, N. J.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Bucheli, T. D.; Ishaq, R.; Næs, R.; Broman, D. Soot-carbon influenced distribution of PCDD/Fs in the marine environment of the Grenlandsfjords, Norway. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 4968-4974.
38. Cornelissen, G.; Elmquist, M.; Groth, I.; Gustafsson, Ö. Effect of sorbate planarity on environmental black carbon sorption. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 3574-3580.
39. Makino, M. Dependence of GC-RRTs on the solvent accessible surface area of dioxins and related compounds. Chemosphere 2001, 44, 1307-1314.
40. Rappe, C.; Tysklind, M.; Andersson, R.; Burns, P. C.; Irvine, R. L. Dioxin in ball clay and kaolin. Organohalogen Compd. 2001, 51, 259.
41. Keppler, F.; Eiden, R.; Niedan, V.; Pracht, J.; Scholer, H. F. Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter. Nature 2000, 403, 298-301.
42. Chip, G. K.; Grossert, J. S. Aromatic halogenation with titanium-(IV) chloride in presence of peroxytrifluoroacetic acid. Can. J. Chem. 1972, 50, 1233-1240.
43. Delaude, L.; Laszlo, P. Aromatic chlorination of toluene and of anisole using clay-supported iron(III) chloride and M-chloroperbenzoic acid - a biomimetic approach. Catal. Lett. 1990, 5, 35-44.
44. Gadomski, D.; White, D.; Irvine, R.; Tysklind, M. Characterization of organic matter in U. S. ball clay exhibiting the "natural formation" profile utilizing pyrolysis-GC/MS: Trends between PCDD homologue distributions and specific pyrolysis products. Organohalogen Compd. 2004, 66, 1653-1658.
45. Laszlo, P. Catalysis of organic-reactions by inorganic solids. Pure Appl. Chem. 1990, 62, 2027-2030.
46. Lee, J. E.; Choi, W.; Mhin, B. J. DFT calculation on the thermodynamic properties of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: Intramolecular Cl-Cl repulsion effects and their thermochemical implications. J. Phys. Chem. A 2003, 107, 2693-2699.
47. Kjeller, L.-O.; Jones, K. C.; Johnston, A. E.; Rappe, C. Increases in the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan content of soils and vegetation since the 1840s. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 1619-1627.