Indonesia and the west: An ambivalent, misunderstood engagement

Australian Journal of Politics and History

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 261-271

  Elson, R E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745151429     PISSN: 00049522     EISSN: 14678497     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8497.2005.00418.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. See, for example, the comments of Professor Luh Ketut Suryani quoted in Eric Ellis, "It's an end to foreign evils: Bali academic", The Australian, 22 October 2002.
2. Marty Natalegawa, interviewed in Ross Coulthart, "The bombing of Bali", 〈http://sunday.ninemsn.com.au/sunday/cover_stories/ transcript_1167.asp〉.
3. Tiarma Siboro, "Indonesia tells U.S. senators to mind own business", Jakarta Post, 5 July 2004, 〈http://www.thejakartapost.com/ detailheadlines.asp?fileid=20040705.A06&irec=5〉.
4. Raden Ajeng Kartini put it best: "knowledge of Dutch language is the key which can unlock the treasure houses of Western civilization and knowledge" (Kartini, "Give the Javanese education!", in Joost Coté, trans, Letters from Kartini: an Indonesian feminist 1900-1914 (Clayton, 1992), pp. 534-35).
5. See also Ahmat B. Adam, The Vernacular Press and the Emergence of Modern Indonesian Consciousness (1855-1913) (Ithaca, 1995), p. 87.
6. Adam, The Vernacular Press, pp. 16-17, 102-11;
7. Takashi Shiraishi, An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912-1926 (Ithaca, 1990), p. 33. The paper lasted only until 1856.
8. Furnivall's concept of plural society referred to the racially segmented nature of colonial societies like the Netherlands Indies and Burma, where "races" existed side by side but lived separate existences. Boeke's notion of economic dualism referred to the existence of allegedly separate and self-contained "Eastern" and "Western" economies in the Netherlands Indies.
9. "The native is a poor and cruel coachman, a slovenly worker, a stubborn, backward farmer, a lazy supervisor, an indifferent subordinate, a hard master. He is superstitious, unreliable, unfair, stupid, careless, childish, despotic, slavish" (K. Wybrands, in Nieuws van den Dag van Nederlandsch-Indië, 29 November 1912,
10. quoted in A. Muhlenfeld, "De Inlandsche pers", Hindia Poetra 1 (1916), p. 10n).
11. A.D.A. de Kat Angelino, Colonial Policy, trans G.J. Renier (Chicago, 1931), Vol. 2, pp. 56-57.
12. See, in this context, Benedict Anderson's discussion of the "modular" character of nation-ness (Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1983), pp. 13-14).
13. Quoted in Harry J. Benda and John A. Larkin, eds, The World of Southeast Asia (New York, 1967), p. 195.
14. A notable exception to this generalisation is provided by the thinking of the Eurasian E.F.E. Douwes Dekker, and two lively, activist Western-educated Javanese aristocrats, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo and Suwardi Suryaningrat. See especially R.M. Soewardi Soerjaningrat, "Als ik eens Nederlander was [...]", in E.F.E. Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, and R.M. Soewardi Soerjaningrat, Onze verbanning: publicatie der officieële bescheiden, toegelicht met verslagen en commentaren, betrekking hebbende op de gouvernements-besluiten van den 18en Augustus 1913, nos. la en 2a, regelende de toepassing van artikel 47 R.R. (Schiedam, 1913), p. 68.
15. Susan Abeyasekere, One Hand Clapping: Indonesian Nationalists and the Dutch, 1939-1942 (Clayton: Monash Papers on Southeast Asia No. 5, 1976), pp. 19-20. On Sutomo's 1936 visit,
16. see Imam Soepardi, "Ketika almarhoem Dr. Soetomo di Nippon", Asia Raya 1 Tahoen Nomor Peringatan [1943], n.p.
17. Quoted in Herbert Feith and Lance Castles, eds, Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965 (Ithaca, 1970), pp. 184, 187.
18. Quoted in Howard M. Federspiel, Persatuan Islam: Islamic Reform in Twentieth Century Indonesia (Ithaca, 1970), p. 87.
19. Statement of principles of the Indonesische Vereeniging, Hindia Poetra 1 (1923), p. 17.
20. Abeyasekere, One Hand Clapping, pp. 27, 55;
21. Susan Abeyasekere, "Partai Indonesia Raya, 1936-42: a study in cooperative nationalism", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 3, 2 (1972), p. 273n.
22. Sanoesi Pané, "Mengembalikan keboedajaan Timoer", Djawa Baroe, No. 12, 15 June 2603 [1943], p. 9.
23. George McT. Kahin, Southeast Asia: a Testament (London, 2003), pp. 31-32, 40, 53.
24. Soedarpo Sastrosatomo, quoted in John McBeth, "Why did we fail?", Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 August 2002, p. 46.
25. Sukarno, "Lahirnja Pantja Sila", in Anon., Pantjasila: the basis of the state of the Republic of Indonesia (Jakarta: National Committee for Commemoration of The Birth of Pantja Sila 1 June 1945 - 1 June 1964, 1964?), p. 19.
26. Quoted in Feith and Castles, eds, Indonesian political thinking 1945-1965, p. 46.
27. Quoted in ibid., Indonesian political thinking 1945-1965, p. 47.
28. Quoted in ibid., Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965, pp. 35-36.
29. Quoted in Kompas, 1 May 1966.
30. Quoted in Kompas, 5 April 1966.
31. Speech on 3 April 1967;
32. see G. Dwipayana and Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, eds, Jejak langkah Pak Harto 1 Oktober 1965-27 Maret 1968 (Jakarta, 1991), p. 171.
33. Scenarto, Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiografi seperti dipaparkan kepada G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. (Jakarta, 1989), p. 346.
34. Quoted in Kompas, 5 March 1969.
35. Adam, The vernacular press, p. 102n;
36. Harry A. Poeze, "Inleiding", in Harry A. Poeze, ed., Politiek-politioneele Overzichten van Nederlandsche-Indië, vol. I, The Hague, 1982), p. xxvi.
37. Even the American traveller Eliza Scidmore could speak of "all Indonesians as they are, under the rule of the one governor-general of Netherlands India, representing the little queen at The Hague" (Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore, Java, the garden of the East (New York, 1907), p. 76). Growing self-reflectiveness was manifested in and multiplied by the popularity amongst the turn-of-the-century Indonesian elite of new journals such as Bintang Hindia which showed its readers both the world outside the Indies and the commonalities within the various parts - now conceived as component parts -of the Indies itself, and which created and popularised the startlingly novel concept of an Indies people (bangsa Hindia, anak Hindia).
38. C. Snouck Hurgronje wrote that: "On the sea-voyage, and still more in Mekka Jâwah pilgrims come together from the most remote parts of the Archipelago: their exchange of ideas acquires a deeper significance because their country-folk, settled in Mekka, give them a certain definite lead. In a very mixed Ĵawah society, one Javanese settled in Mekka will enquire of the Achèhnese present, as to the progress of events in their home [...]" (C. Snouck Hurgronje, Mekka in the latter part of the 19th century: daily life, customs and learning of the Moslems of the East-Indian-archipelago, trans. J.H. Monahan (Leiden, 1931), p. 244). For a more elaborate discussion of this often unrecognised phenomenon,
39. see Michael Francis Laffan, Islamic nationhood and colonial Indonesia: the umma below the winds (London, 2003).
40. R.M.S. Soeriokoesoemo, "Javaansch nationalisme", in R.M.S. Soeriokoesoemo, A. Muhlenfeld, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, and J.B. Wens, Javaansche of Indisch nationalisme? Pro en contra (Semarang, 1918), p. 4.
41. Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, "Een slotwoord", in Soeriokoesoemo, Muhlenfeld, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, and Wens, Javaansche of Indisch nationalisme, p. 60.
42. Letter of H.Z. Zegers de Beijl, Hindia Poetra 2 (1920), p. 180.
43. Surya Ningrat, "Van de Indonesiche redactietafel", Hindia Poetra, Congresnummer, 29 August 1918, pp. 2-3.
44. Sukarno, An Autobiography (Indianapolis, 1965), p. 63.
45. Ibid., Sukarno, An Autobiography, p. 243.
46. George Samuel Windsor Earl coined the term "Indu-nesians", in his effort to find an ethnographic name to describe "that branch of the Polynesian race inhabiting the Indian Archipelago" or "the brown races of the Indian Archipelago" ("On the leading characteristics of the Papuan, Australian, and Malayu-Polynesian nations", Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Vol. 4 (1850), p. 71n).
47. An early indication of the pattern was the fact that whilst one-third of the local Sarekat Islam branches represented at the 1916 congress in Bandung came from outside Java, most of those were from Sumatra (A.P.E. Korver, Sarekat Islam 1912-1916: opkomst, bloei en structuur van Indonesië's eerste massabeweging (Amsterdam, 1982), p. 184).
48. See Howard Dick, "State, Nation-State and National Economy", in Howard Dick, Vincent J.H. Houben, J. Thomas Lindblad and Thee Kian Wie, The Emergence of a National Economy: an Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000 (Sydney, 2002), p. 18.
49. Anderson, Imagined Communities, p. 16.
50. See, for example, G.J. Resink, Indonesia's History between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory (The Hague, 1968), p. 21.
51. Richard Chauvel, Nationalists, Soldiers and Separatists: the Ambonese Islands from Colonialism to Revolt, 1880-1950 (Leiden, 1990), p. 169.
52. Mestika, 3 August 1948, as reported in Rapportage Indonesië 1945-1950, no. 71, Nationaal Archief, The Hague.
53. nd ed., Jakarta, 1970 [1953]), pp. 71-72.
54. Clifford Geertz, "Soekarno daze", Latitudes, 8 (2001), p. 15.
55. Goenawan Mohamad, Sidelines: Writings from Tempo, trans. Jennifer Lindsay (South Melbourne, 1994). p. 195.
56. Juwono Sudarsono, "The diplomatie scam called human rights", in David Bourchier and Vedi R. Hafiz, eds, Indonesian Politics and Society: a Reader (London, 2003), p. 248.
57. "Muhammadiyah chairman disbelieves Ba'asyir mastermind of bombings", The Jakarta Post, 29 October 2002, 〈http://www. thejaltartapost.com/detaillatestnews.asp?fileid=20021028214037&irec=1〉.