Genetic and environmental components of phenotypic variation in body shape among populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 351-365

  Marcil, Julie ^a   Swain, Douglas P ^b   Hutchings, Jeffrey A ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b GULF FISHERIES CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Allometry; Atlantic cod larvae; Countergradient variation; Fish morphology; Genotype by environment interaction; Geometric morphometrics; Local adaptation; Phenotypic plasticity; Population genetics; Reaction norm

Indexed keywords

FISH; LARVA; PHENOTYPE; POPULATION GENETICS;

GADUS MORHUA;

EID: 33745132671     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: 10958312     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00656.x     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Alexander RM. 1974. Functional design in fishes. London: Hutchinson & Co. Publishers. Ltd.
2. Allendorf FW. 1983. Isolation, gene flow, and genetic differentiation among populations. In: Schonewald-Cox CM Chambers SM MacBryde GF Thomas WL, eds. Genetics and conservation: a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations. Reading, MA: Benjamin/Cummings, 51 65.
3. Allendorf FW. 1995. Genetics: defining the units of conservation. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17: 147 148.
4. Beacham TD. 1990. A genetic analysis of meristic and morphometric variation in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) at three different temperatures. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 225 229.
5. Bentzen P Taggart CT Ruzzante DE Cook D. 1996. Microsatellite polymorphism and the population structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the northwest Atlantic. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 2706 2721.
6. Billerbeck JM Ortí G Conover DO. 1997. Latitudinal variation in vertebral number has a genetic basis in the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 1796 1801.
7. Bookstein FL. 1986. Size and shape spaces for landmark data in two dimensions. Statistical Science 1: 181 242.
8. Brönmark C Miner JG. 1992. Predator-induced phenotypical change in body morphology in Crucian carp. Science 258: 1348 1350.
9. Carvalho GR. 1993. Evolutionary aspects of fish distribution: genetic variability and adaptation. Journal of Fish Biology 43 ( Suppl. A 53 73.
10. Comeau LA Campana SE Chouinard GA. 2002. Timing of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) seasonal migrations in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence: interannual variability and proximate control. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 333 351.
11. Conover DO. 1998. Local adaptation in marine fishes: evidence and implication for stock enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 62: 477 493.
12. Conover DO Munch SB. 2002. Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales. Science 297: 94 96.
13. Conover DO Present TMC. 1990. Countergradient variation in growth rate: compensation for length of the growing season among Atlantic silversides from different latitudes. Oecologia 83: 316 324.
14. Conover DO Schultz ET. 1995. Phenotypic similarity and the evolutionary significance of countergradient variation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10: 248 252.
15. Currens KP Sharpe CS Hjort R Schreck CB Li HW. 1989. Effects of different feeding regimes on the morphometrics of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Copeia 3: 689 695.
16. Day T McPhail JD. 1996. The effect of behavioural and morphological plasticity on foraging efficiency in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus sp.). Oecologia 108: 380 388.
17. Day T Pritchard J Schluter D. 1994. A comparison of two sticklebacks. Evolution 48: 1723 1734.
18. Frank KT Brickman D. 2000. Allee effects and compensatory population dynamics within a stock complex. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57: 513 517.
19. Gould SJ. 1966. Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biology Reviews 41: 587 640.
20. Gyllensten U. 1985. The genetic structure of fish: differences in the intraspecific distribution of biochemical genetic variation between marine, anadromous, and freshwater species. Journal of Fish Biology 26: 691 699.
21. Hard JJ. 1995. A quantitative genetic perspective on the conservation of intraspecific diversity. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17: 304 326.
22. Heath DD Fox CW Heath JW. 1999. Maternal effects on offspring size: variation through early development of chinook salmon. Evolution 53: 1605 1611.
23. Hendry AP Stearns SC, eds. 2004. Evolution illuminated: salmon and their relatives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
24. Hutchings JA. 2004. Norms of reaction and phenotypic plasticity in salmonid life histories. In: Hendry AP Stearns SC, eds. Evolution illuminated; salmon and their relatives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 154 174.
25. Hutchings JA Myers RA. 1994. Timing of cod reproduction: interannual variability and the influence of temperature. Marine Ecology Progress Series 108: 21 31.
26. Hutchings JA Reynolds JD. 2004. Marine fish population collapses: consequences for recovery and extinction risk. Bioscience 54: 297 309.
27. ICES. 1994. Spawning and life history information for north Atlantic cod stocks. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Cooperative Research Report 205: 1 150.
28. Imre I McLaughlin RL Noakes DLG. 2002. Phenotypic plasticity in brook charr: changes in caudal fin induced by water flow. Journal of Fish Biology 61: 1171 1181.
29. Karhu A Hurme P Karjalainen M Karvonen P Kärkkäinen K Neale D Savolainen O. 1996. Do molecular markers reflect patterns of differentiation in adaptive traits of conifers? Theoretical and Applied Genetics 93: 215 221.
30. Koskinen MT Haugen TO Primmer CR. 2002. Contemporary fisherian life-history evolution in small salmonid populations. Nature 419: 826 830.
31. Lawson GL Rose GA. 2000a. Seasonal distribution and movements of coastal cod (Gadus morhua L.) in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. Fisheries Research 49: 61 75.
32. Lawson GL Rose GA. 2000b. Small-scale spatial and temporal patterns in spawning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal Newfoundland waters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57: 1011 1024.
33. Lett PF. 1980. A comparative study of the recruitment mechanisms of cod and mackerel, their interaction, and its implication for dual stock assessment. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 988. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada.
34. Loy A Cataudella S Corti M. 1996. Shape changes during the growth of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostea: Perciformes), in relation to different rearing conditions. In: Marcus LF Corti M Loy A Naylor GJP Slice D, eds. Advances in morphometrics. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 399 405.
35. Marcil J. 2004. Genetic and environmental components of phenotypic variation in body shape among populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). MSc Thesis, Dalhousie University.
36. Martin WR. 1949. The mechanics of environmental control of body form in fishes. Publications of the Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory, No. 70. University of Toronto Studies Biological Series, No. 58. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1 91.
37. McPhail JD. 1984. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): morphological and genetic evidence for a species pair in Enos Lake, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1402 1408.
38. McPhail JD. 1992. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): evidence for a species-pair in Paxton Lake, Texada Island, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 361 369.
39. Meyer A. 1987. Phenotypic plasticity and heterochrony in Cichlasoma managuense (Pisces, Cichlidae) and their implications for speciation in cichlid fishes. Evolution 41: 1357 1369.
40. Meyer A. 1990. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of the tropic polymorphism in Cichlasoma citrinellum (Pisces: Cichlidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 39: 279 299.
41. Myers RA Mertz G Bishop CA. 1993. Cod spawning in relation to physical and biological cycles of the northern North-west Atlantic. Fisheries Oceanography 2: 154 165.
42. Purchase CF Brown JA. 2000. Interpopulation difference in growth rates and food conversion efficiencies of young Grand Banks and Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57: 2223 2229.
43. Puvanendran V Brown JA. 1998. Effect of light intensity on the foraging and growth of Atlantic cod larvae: interpopulation difference? Marine Ecology Progress Series 167: 207 214.
44. Reed DH Frankham R. 2001. How closely correlated are molecular and quantitative measures of genetic variation? A meta-analysis. Evolution 55: 1095 1103.
45. Reznick DN Shaw FH Rodd HF Shaw RG. 1997. Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Science 275: 1934 1937.
46. Rice WR. 1989. Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43: 223 225.
47. Robinson BW Parsons KJ. 2002. Changing times, spaces, and faces: tests and implications of adaptive morphological plasticity in the fishes of northern postglacial lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59: 1819 1833.
48. Robinson BW Wilson DS. 1995. Experimentally induced morphological diversity in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Copeia 1995: 294 305.
49. Robinson BW Wilson DS. 1996. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in a trophically polymorphic population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Evolutionary Ecology 10: 631 652.
50. Rohlf JF. 1990. Morphometrics. Annual Review in Ecology and Systematics 21: 299 316.
51. Rohlf JF. 2003a. Tpsdig, Version 1.39. Stony Brook, NY: Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York.
52. Rohlf JF. 2003b. Tpsrelw: analysis of relative warps, Version 1.35. Stony Brook, NY: Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York.
53. Rohlf JF Bookstein FL. 2003. Computing the uniform component of shape variation. Systematic Biology 52: 66 69.
54. Rohlf JF Slice D. 1990. Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Systematic Zoology 39: 40 59.
55. Ruzzante DE Taggart CT Cook D. 1999. A review of the evidence for genetic structure of cod (Gadus morhua) populations in the NW Atlantic and population affinities of larval cod of Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Fisheries Research 43: 79 97.
56. Sarà M Favaloro E Mazzola A. 1999. Comparative morphometrics of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo Cetti, 1777), reared in different conditions. Aquacultural Engineering 19: 195 209.
57. SAS. 1999-2001. SAS user's guide: statistics, Version 8.02. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
58. Schultz ET Reynolds KE Conover DO. 1996. Countergradient variation in growth among newly hatched Fundulun heteroclitus: geographic differences revealed by common-environment experiments. Functional Ecology 10: 366 374.
59. Sinclair A Currie L. 1994. Timing of cod migrations into and out of the Gulf of St. Lawrence based on commercial fisheries, 1986-93. DFO Atlantic Fisheries Research Document 94/47: 18p.
60. Snorrason SS Skùlason S Jonsson B Malmquist HJ Jonasson PM Sandlund OT Lindem T. 1994. Trophic specialization in Artic charr Salvelinus alpinus (Pisces; Salmonidae): morphological divergence and ontogenetic niche shifts. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 52: 1 18.
61. Sokal RR Rohlf JF. 1981. Biometry. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.
62. Strauss RE Bookstein FL. 1982. The truss: body form reconstructions in morphometrics. Systematic Zoology 31: 113 135.
63. Swain DP Foote CJ. 1999. Stocks and chameleons: the use of phenotypic variation in stock identification. Fisheries Research 43: 113 128.
64. Swain DP Holtby LB. 1989. Differences in morphology and behavior between juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rearing in a lake or in its tributary stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 1406 1414.
65. Tallman RF. 1986. Genetic differentiation among seasonally distinct spawning populations of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Aquaculture 57: 211 217.
66. Tallman RF Healey MC. 1991. Phenotypic differentiation in seasonal ecotypes of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 661 671.
67. Taylor EB McPhail JD. 1985a. Variation in body morphology among British Columbia populations of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42: 2020 2028.
68. Taylor EB McPhail JD. 1985b. Variation in burst and prolonged swimming performance among British Columbia populations of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42: 2029 2033.
69. Toline AC Baker AJ. 1993. Foraging tactic as a potential selection pressure influencing geographic differences in body shape among populations of dace (Phoxinus eos). Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 2178 2184.
70. Toline AC Baker AJ. 1997. Evidence of a heritable component to body shape in the northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos). Canadian Journal of Zoology 75: 1247 1253.
71. Via S Gomulkiewicz R De Jong G Scheiner SM Schlichting CD Van Tienderen PH. 1995. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10: 212 217.
72. Wainwright PC Osenberg CW Mittelbach GG. 1991. Trophic polymorphism in the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus): effects of environment on ontogeny. Functional Ecology 5: 40 55.
73. Ward RD Woodwark M Skibinski DOF. 1994. A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater, and anadromous fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 44: 213 232.
74. Wimberger PH. 1991. Plasticity of jaw and skull morphology in the neotropical cichlids Geophagus brasiliensis and G. steindachneri. Evolution 45: 1545 1563.
75. Wimberger PH. 1992. Plasticity of fish body shape. The effects of diet, development, family and age in two species of Geophagus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45: 197 218.