Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children

Endocrine-Related Cancer

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 427-453

  Niedziela, M ^a  

^a POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCITONIN;

CANCER RISK; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; FAMILY HISTORY; GOITER; GRAVES DISEASE; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; IODINE DEFICIENCY; LABORATORY TEST; NODULAR HYPERPLASIA; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST; THYROID CANCER; THYROID NODULE; THYROID SCINTISCANNING; ULTRASOUND; UNITED STATES;

BIOPSY, FINE-NEEDLE; CHILD; HUMANS; RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING; THYROID DISEASES; THYROID NODULE; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 33745115856     PISSN: 13510088     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/erc.1.00882     Document Type: Review

References (217)

1. Adams HD 1967 Nontoxic nodular goiter and carcinoma of the thyroid in children 15 years of age and younger. Surgical Clinics of North America 47 601-605.
2. Alessandri AJ, Goddard KJ, Blair GK, Fryer CJH & Schultz KR 2000 Age is the major determinant of recurrence in pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 35 41-46.
3. Al-Shaikh A, Ngan B, Daneman A & Daneman D 2001 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics 138 140-142.
4. fPTC, PTEN, TSHR and TRKA in familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer: confirmation of linkage to TCO1. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 3701-3704.
5. Blackburn DJ, Michel LA, Rosiere A, Trigaux J-P & Donckier JE 2001 Occurrence of thyroid papillary carcinoma in young patients. A Chernobyl connection? Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 14 503-506.
6. Blum M 1978 Management of the solitary thyroid nodule. A selective approach. Thyroid Today 1 1-6.
7. Bockhorn M, Frilling A, Rewerk S, Liedke M, Dirsch O, Schmid KW & Broelsch CE 2004 Lack of elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen and calcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 14 468-470.
8. Bojunga J & Zeuzem S 2004 Molecular detection of thyroid cancer: an update. Clinical Endocrinology 61 523-530.
9. Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaeck FN, Wiersinga WM & Hegedus L 2000 Management of the nontoxic multinodular goitre: a European questionnaire survey. Clinical Endocrinology 53 5-12.
10. Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaeck FN, Ladenson PW & Hegedus L 2002 Management of the nontoxic multinodular goiter: a North American survey. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 112-117.
11. Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, Bilezikan JP, Beck-Peccoz P, Bordi C, Conte-Devolx B, Falchetti A, Gheri RG, Libroia A et al. 2001 Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 5658-5671
12. Bravermann LE 1994 Iodine and the thyroid: 33 years of study. Thyroid 4 351-156.
13. Bugalho MJM, Santos JR & Sobrinho L 2005 Preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma: fine needle aspiration cytology as compared with serum calcitonin measurement. Journal of Surgical Oncology 91 56-60.
14. Canzian F, Amati P, Harach R, Kraimps J-L, Lesueur F, Barbier J, Levillain P, Romeo G & Bonneau D 1998 A gene predisposing to familial thyroid tumors with cell oxyphilia maps to chromosome 19p13.2. American Journal of Human Genetics 63 1743-1748.
15. Castro MR & Gharib H 2003 Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: progress, practice, and pitfalls. Endocrine Practice 9 128-136.
16. Castro MR & Gharib H 2005 Continuing controversies in the management of thyroid nodules. Annals of Internal Medicine 142 926-931.
17. Cerutti JM, Delcelo R, Amadei MJ, Nakabashi C, Maciel RMB, Peterson B, Shoemaker J & Riggins GJ 2004 A preoperative diagnostic test that distinguishes benign from malignant thyroid carcinoma based on gene expression. Journal of Clinical Investigation 113 1234-1242.
18. Cheung CC, Carydis B, Ezzat S, Bedard YC & Asa SL 2001 Analysis of ret/PTC gene rearrangements refines the fine needle aspiration diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 2187-2190.
19. Amrikachi M, Ponder TB, Wheeler TM, Smith D & Ramzy I 2005 Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy in children and adolescents: experience with 218 aspirates. Diagnostic Cytopathology 32 189-192.
20. Apel RL, Ezzat S, Bapat BV, Pan N, LiVolsi VA & Asa SL 1995 Clonality of thyroid nodules in sporadic goiter. Diagnostic and Molecular Pathology 4 113-121.
21. Arda IS, Yildirim S, Demirhan B & Firat S 2001 Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Archives of Disease in Childhood 85 313-317.
22. Ardito G, Pintus C, Revelli L, Grottesi A, Modugno R, Vincenzoni C, Fadda G & Perrelli L 2001 Thyroid tumors in children and adolescents: preoperative study. European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 11 154-157.
23. Arici C, Erdogan O, Altunbas H, Boz A, Melikoglu M, Karayalcin B & Karpuzoglu T 2002 Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents: clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of 15 patients. Hormone Research 57 153-156.
24. Attie JA 1996 Carcinoma of the thyroid in children and adolescents. In Pediatric Endocrinology, edn 3, pp 423-432. Ed F Lifshitz F. New York: Marcel Dekker.
25. Avruch J, Khokhlatchev A, Kyriakis JM, Luo Z, Tzivion G, Vavvas D & Zhang XF 2001 Ras activation of the Raf kinase: tyrosine kinase recruitment of the MAP kinase cascade. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 56 127-155.
26. Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, Bussolati G, Lucante T, Khan A, Inohara H, Marandino F, Orlandi F, Nardi F et al. 2001 Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet 357 1644-1650.
27. Baverstock K, Egloff B, Pinchera A, Ruchti C & Williams D 1992 Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl. Nature 359 21-22.
28. Belfiore A, Giuffrida D, La Rosa GL, Ippolito O, Russo G, Fiumara A, Vigneri R & Filetti S 1989 High frequency of thyroid cancer in cold thyroid nodules occurring at young age. Acta Endocrinologica 121 197-202.
29. Bennedbaeck FN & Hegedus L 2000 Management of the solitary thyroid nodule: results of a North American survey. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 2493-2498.
30. Bennedbaeck FN, Perrild H & Hegedus L 1999 Diagnosis and treatment of the solitary thyroid nodule. Results of a European survey. Clinical Endocrinology 50 357-363.
31. Bernet VJ, Anderson J, Vaishnav Y, Solomon B, Adair CF, Saji M, Burman KD, Burch HB & Ringel MD 2002 Determination of galectin-3 messenger ribonucleic acid overexpression in papillary thyroid cancer by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 4792-4796.
32. Bettendorf M 2002 Thyroid disorders in children from birth to adolescence. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 29 (Suppl 2) S439-S446.
33. Bevan S, Pal T, Greenberg CR, Green H, Wixey J, Bignell G, Narod SA, Foulkes WD, Stratton MR & Houlston RS 2001 A comprehensive analysis of MNG1, TCO1, Chhieng DC, Ross JS & McKenna BJ 1997 CD44 immunostaining of thyroid fine-needle aspirates differentiates thyroid papillary carcinoma from other lesions with nuclear grooves and inclusions. Cancer 81 157-162.
34. Chiesa F, Tradati N, Calabrese L, Gibelli B, Giugliano G, Paganelli G, De Cicco C, Grana C, Tosi G, DeFiori E et al. 2004 Thyroid disease in northern Italian children born around the time of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Annals of Oncology 15 1842-1846.
35. Ciampi R & Nikiforov YE 2005 Alterations of the BRAF gene in thyroid tumors. Endocrine Pathology 16 163-172.
36. Ciampi R, Knauf JA, Kerler R, Gandhi M, Zhu Zhaowen, Nikiforova MN, Rabes HM, Fagin JA & Nikiforov YE 2005 Oncogenic AKAP9-BRAF fusion is a novel mechanism of MAPK pathway activation in thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 94-101.
37. Cohen A, Rovelli A, van Lint MT, Merlo F, Gaiero A, Mulas R, Balduzzi A, Corti P, Uderzo C & Bacigalupo A 2001 Secondary thyroid carcinoma after allogenic bone marrow transplantation during childhood. Bone Marrow Transplantation 28 1125-1128.
38. Cohen Y, Xing M, Mambo E, Guo Z, Wu G, Trink B, Beller U, Westra WH, Ladenson PW & Sidransky D 2003 BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95 625-627.
39. Cooper DS, Axelrod L, De Groot LJ, Vickery AL Jr & Maloof F 1981 Congenital goiter and the development of metastatic follicular carcinoma with evidence for a leak of nonhormonal iodide: clinical, pathological, kinetic, and biochemical studies and a review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 52 294-306.
40. Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorbou E, Weber G, Crino A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, De Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M et al. 2001 Accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 4644-4648.
41. Cotterill SJ, Perace MS & Parker L 2001 Thyroid cancer in children and young adults in the North of England. Is increasing incidence related to the Chernobyl accident? European Journal of Cancer 37 1020-1026.
42. Crooks J, Greig WR & Branwood AW 1963 Dyshormonogenesis and carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Scottish Medical Journal 8 303-307.
43. Croom RD 3rd, Thomas CG Jr, Reddick RL & Tawil MT 1987 Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in childhood and adolescence. Surgery 102 1101-1108.
44. Cvejic D, Savin S, Paunovic I, Tatic S, Havelka M & Sinadinovic J 1998 Immunohistochemical localization of galectin-3 in malignant and benign human thyroid tissue. Anticancer Research 18 2637-2641.
45. Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, Stephens P, Edkins S, Clegg S, Teague J, Woffendin H, Garnett MJ, Bottomley W et al. 2002 Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417 949-954.
46. Deftos LJ 2004 Should serum calcitonin be routinely measured in patients with thyroid nodules - will the law answer before endocrinologists do? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 4768-4769.
47. Degnan BM, McClellan DR & Francis GL 1996 An analysis of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 31 903-907.
48. De Groot LJ & Paloyan E 1973 Thyroid carcinoma and radiation, a Chicago epidemic. Journal of the American Medical Association 225 487-501.
49. Delange F & Lecomte P 2000 Iodine supplementation: benefits outweigh risks. Drug Safety 22 89-95.
50. Demidchik E, Kazakov VS, Astakhova LN, Okeanov AE & Demidchik YE 1994 Thyroid cancer in children after the Chernobyl accident: clinical and epidemiological evaluation of 251 cases in the Republic of Belarus. In Nagasaki Symposium, Chernobyl Update and Future, pp 21-30. Ed. S Nagataki. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, Elsevier Press.
51. Derwahl M & Studer H 2000 Multinodular goitre: 'much more to it than simply iodine deficiency'. Bailliere's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 14 577-600.
52. Derwahl M & Studer H 2002 Hyperplasia versus adenoma in endocrine tissues: are they different? Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 13 23-28.
53. Derwahl M, Broecker M & Kraiem Z 1999 Clinical Review 101: Thyrotropin may not be the dominant growth factor in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 829-834.
54. Desjardins JG, Khan AH, Montupet P, Collin PP, Leboeuf G, Polychronakos C, Simard P, Boisvert J & Dube LJ 1987 Management of thyroid nodules in children: a 20-year experience. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 22 736-739.
55. Dobyns BM, Sheline GE, Workman JB, Tompkins EA, McConahey WM & Becker DV 1974 Malignant and benign neoplasms of the thyroid in patients treated for hyperthyroidism: a report of the cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 38 976-998.
56. Domingues R, Mendonca E, Sobrinho L & Bugalho MJ 2005 Searching for RET/PTC rearrangements and BRAF V599E mutation in thyroid aspirates might contribute to establish a preoperative diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cytopathology 16 27-31.
57. Drozd V, Polyanskaya O, Ostapenko V, Biko I & Reiners C 2002 Systematic ultrasound screening as a significant tool for early detection of thyroid carcinoma in Belarus. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 15 979-984.
58. Duesbery NS, Webb CP & Vande Woude GF 1999 MEK wars, a new front in the battle against cancer. Nature Medicine 5 736-737.
59. Duffy BJ & Fitzgerald PJ 1950 Cancer of the thyroid in children. A report of 28 children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 10 1296-1308.
60. Eden K, Mahon S & Helfand M 2001 Screening high-risk populations for thyroid cancer. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 36 583-591.
61. Halac I & Zimmermann D 2005 Thyroid nodules and cancers in children. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 34 725-744.
62. Hamburger JI 1994 Diagnosis of thyroid nodules by fine needle aspiration biopsy: use and abuse. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 79 335-339.
63. Harach HR & Williams ED 1995 Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in the goitrous region of Salta, Argentina, before and after iodine prophylaxis. Clinical Endocrinology 43 701-706.
64. Harach HR, Escalante DA, Onativia A, Lederer Outes J, Saravia Day E & Williams ED 1985 Thyroid carcinoma and thyroiditis in an endemic goitre region before and after iodine prophylaxis. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen) 108 55-60.
65. Harach HR, Sanchez SS & Williams ED 2002 Pathology of the autonomously functioning (hot) thyroid nodule. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology 6 10-19.
66. Haugen BR, Nawaz S, Markham N, Hashizumi T, Shroyer AL, Werness B & Shroyer KR 1997 Telomerase activity in benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Thyroid 17 337-342.
67. Haugen BR, Woodmansee WW & McDermott MT 2002 Toward improving the utility of fine-needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of thyroid tumours. Clinical Endocrinology 56 281-290.
68. Hayles AB, Kennedy RL, Beahrs OH & Woolner LB 1960 Management of the child with thyroid carcinoma. Journal of the American Medical Association 173 21-28.
69. Hegedus L 2001 Thyroid ultrasound. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 30 339-360.
70. Hegedus L, Bonnema SJ & Bennedbaek 2003 Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives. Endocrine Reviews 24 102-132.
71. Hempelmann JH 1968 Risk of thyroid neoplasms after irradiation in childhood: studies of population exposed to radiation in childhood show a dose-response over a wide dose range. Science 160 159-163.
72. Hirokawa M, Carney JA, Goellner JR, DeLellis RA, Heffess CS, Katoh R, Tsujimoto M & Kakudo K 2002 Observer variation of encapsulated follicular lesions of the thyroid gland. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 26 1508-1514.
73. Hodak SP & Burman KD 2004 The calcitonin conundrum - is it time for routine measurement of serum calcitonin in patients with thyroid nodules? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 511-514.
74. Holmes JM, Engel JM, Ticho BH, Mets MB & Del Monte MA 1995 Syndromes with ophthalmic manifestations. In Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, edn 1, pp 707-721. Ed. KW Wright. St Louis: Mosby.
75. Hu S, Ewertz M, Tufano RP, Brait M, Lopes Carvalho A, Liu D, Tufaro AP, Basaria S, Cooper DS, Sidransky D et al. 2006 Detection of serum DNA methylation markers: a novel diagnostic tool for thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91 98-104.
76. Huang SM, Chen HD, Wen TY & Kun MS 2002 Right thyroid hemiagenesis associated with papillary thyroid cancer and an ectopic prelaryngeal thyroid: a case report. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 101 368-371.
77. Hung W 1999 Solitary thyroid nodules in 93 children and adolescents: a 35-years experience. Hormone Research 52 15-18.
78. Ingbar SH & Woeber KA 1985 The thyroid gland. In Textbook of Endocrinology, edn 7, pp 801-803. Ed. RE Williams. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
79. Inskip PD 2001 Thyroid cancer after radiotherapy for childhood cancer. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 36 568-573.
80. Ito T, Seyam T, Tsuyama N, Hayashi T, Hayashi Y, Dohi K, Nakamura N & Akiyama N 1992 Unique association of p53 mutations with undifferentiated but not with differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Cancer Research 52 1369-1371.
81. Jarzab B, Handkiewicz-Junak D & Wloch J 2005 Juvenile differentiated thyroid carcinoma and the role of radioiodine in its treatment: a qualitative review. Endocrine-Related Cancer 12 773-803.
82. Jonckheer MH, Velkeniers B, Van Haelst L & Van Blerk M 1992 Further characterization of iodide-induced hyperthyroidism based on the direct measurement of intrathyroidal iodine stores. Nuclear Medicine Communications 13 114-118.
83. Kazakov VS, Demidchik EP & Astakhova LN 1992 Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl. Nature 359 21.
84. Khurana KK, Labrador E, Izquierdo R, Mesonero CE & Pisharodi LR 1999 The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules in children, adolescents, and young adults: a multi-institutional study. Thyroid 9 383-386.
85. Khurana KK, Truong LD, LiVolsi VA & Baloch ZW 2003 Cytokeratin 19 immunolocalization in cell block preparation of thyroid aspirates. An adjunct to fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 127 579-583.
86. Kim KH, Suh KS, Kang DW & Kang DY 2005 Mutations of the BRAF gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Pathology International 55 540-545.
87. Kimura ET, Nikiforova MN, Zhu Z, Knauf JA, Nikiforov YE & Fagin JA 2003 High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Research 1 1454-1457.
88. Kini SR 1996 Papillary carcinoma. In Guides to Clinical Aspiration Biopsy: Thyroid, edn 2, pp 129-223. Ed. SR Kini. New York, Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin Medical Publisher.
89. Kirkland RT, Kirkland JL, Rosenberg HS, Harberg FJ, Librik L & Clayton GW 1973 Solitary thyroid nodules in 30 children and report of a child with a thyroid abscess. Pediatrics 51 85-90.
90. Kneafsey B, Gillen P & Brady MP 1994 Limitation of thyroid scanning in solitary thyroid nodules. Irish Journal of Medical Science 163 451-454.
91. Koch CA & Sarlis NJ 2001 The spectrum of thyroid diseases in childhood and its evolution during transition to adulthood: Natural history, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 24 659-675.
92. Korman E & Niedziela M 2001 Diagnostyka i leczenie choroby guzkowej tarczycy u dzieci i mlodziezy (Diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodular disease in children and adolescents). Standardy Medyczne 1 26-32.
93. Korman E, Niedziela M, Rybakowa M, Dziatkowiak H, Dorant B, Kalicka-Kasperczyk A, Malecka-Tendera E, Nizankowska-Blaz T, Romer TE, Szewczyk L et al. 1999 Thyroid nodular disease in children - a preliminary Polish multicenter study. Hormone Research 51 (Suppl. 2) 18.
94. Kotani T, Umeki K, Yamamoto I, Maesaka H, Tachibana K & Ohtaki S 1999 A novel mutation in the human thyroid peroxidase gene resulting in a total iodide organification defect. Journal of Endocrinology 160 267-273.
95. Koutras DA 2001 Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents: consequences in adult life. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 14 1283-1287.
96. Kovacs RB, Foldes J, Winkler G, Bodo M & Sapi Z 2003 The investigation of galectin-3 in diseases of the thyroid gland. European Journal of Endocrinology 149 449-453.
97. Kraiem Z & Newfield RS 2001 Graves' disease in childhood. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 14 229-243.
98. Kroll TG, Sarrat P, Pecciarini L, Chen C-J, Mueller E, Spiegelman BM & Fletcher JA 2000 PAXS-PPARγ1 fusion in oncogene human thyroid carcinoma. Science 289 1357-1360.
99. T1796A mutations in childhood carcinomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 4280-4284.
100. Lafferty AR & Batch JA 1997 Thyroid nodules in childhood and adolescence - thirty years of experience. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 10 479-486.
101. Leenhardt L & Aurengo A 2000 Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma in children. Bailliere's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 14 667-677.
102. Leenhardt L, Hejblum G, Franc B, Du Pasquier Fediaevsky L, Delbot T, Le Guillouzic D, Menegaux F, Guillausseau C, Hoang C, Turpin G et al. 1999 Indications and limits of ultrasound-guided cytology in the management of nonpalpable thyroid nodules. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 24-28.
103. Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, Dahia PLM, Wang SI, Zheng Z, Bose S, Call KM, Tsou HC, Peacocke M et al. 1997 Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nature Genetics 16 64-67.
104. Likhtarev IA, Sobolev BG, Kairo IA, Tronko ND, Bogdanova TI, Oleinic VA, Epshtein EV & Beral V 1995 Thyroid cancer in the Ukraine. Nature 375 365.
105. Lima J, Trovisco V, Soares P, Máximo V, Magalhães J, Salvatore G, Santoro M, Bogdanova T, Tronko M, Abrosimov A et al. 2004 BRAF mutations are not a major event in post-Chernobyl childhood thyroid carcinomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 4267-4271.
106. Lima J, Trovisco V, Soares P, Máximo V, Magalhães J, Salvatore G, Santoro M, Bogdanova T, Tronko M, Abrosimov A et al. 2005 Reply to: Low prevalence of BRAF mutations in radiation-induced thyroid tumors in contrast to sporadic papillary carcinomas. Cancer Letters 230 149-150.
107. Lippi F, Ferrari C, Manetti L, Rago T, Santini F, Monzani F, Bellitti P, Papini E, Busnardo B, Angelini F et al. 1996 Treatment of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules by percutaneous ethanol injection: results of an Italian multicenter study. The Multicenter Study Group. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81 3261-3264.
108. LiVolsi V, Perzin KH & Savetsky L 1974 Carcinoma arising in median ectopic thyroid including thyroglossal duct tissue. Cancer 34 1303-1315.
109. Loh K-C, Greenspan FS, Dong F, Miller TR & Yeo PPB 1999 Influence of lymphocytic thyroiditis on the prognostic outcome of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 458-463.
110. Lugo-Vicente H & Ortiz VN 1998 Pediatric thyroid nodules: insights in management. Boletin de la Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico 90 74-78.
111. Lugo-Vicente H, Ortiz VN, Irizarry H, Camps JI & Pagan V 1998 Pediatric thyroid nodules: management in the era of fine-needle aspiration. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 33 302-305.
112. Lyshchik A, Drozd V, Demidchik Y & Reiners C 2005 Diagnosis of thyroid cancer in children: value of gray-scale and power doppler US. Radiology 235 604-613.
113. Malchoff CD & Malchoff DM 2002 The genetics of hereditary nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 2455-2459.
114. Marsh DJ, Mulligan LM & Eng C 1997 RET protooncogene mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Hormone Research 47 168-178.
115. Mazzaferri EL 1993 Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. New England Journal of Medicine 328 553-559.
116. McGirr EM, Clement WE, Currie AR & Kennedy JS 1959 Impaired dehalogenase activity as a cause of goiter with malignant changes. Scottish Medical Journal 4 232-240.
117. McHenry CR, Danish R, Murphy T & Marty JJ 1993 Atypical thyroglossal duct cyst: a rare cause for a solitary cold thyroid nodule in childhood. Surgery 59 223-228.
118. Medeiros-Neto GA & Oliveira NRC 1970 Follicular adenocarcinomas of thyroid associated with congenital hyperplastic goiter. Acta Endocrinologica Panamericana 1 73-89.
119. Medeiros-Neto G & Stanbury JB 1994 Thyroid malignancy and dyshormonogenetic goiter. In Inherited Disorders of the Thyroid System, pp 207-218. Eds G Medeiros-Neto & JB Stanbury. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
120. Medeiros-Neto G, Gil-da-Costa MJ, Santos CLS, Medina AM, Costa e Silva J, Tsou RM & Sobrinho-Simoes M 1998 Metastatic thyroid carcinoma arising from congenital goiter due to mutation in the thyroperoxidase gene. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 4162-4166.
121. Meller J & Becker W 2002 The continuing importance of thyroid scintigraphy in the era of high-resolution ultrasound. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 29 S425-S438.
122. Miao J, Kusafuka T & Fukuzawa M 2004 Hotspot mutations of BRAF gene are not associated with pediatric solid neoplasms. Oncology Reports 12 1269-1272.
123. Millman B & Pellitteri PK 1997 Nodular thyroid disease in children and adolescents. Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery 116 604-609.
124. Namba H, Nakashima M, Hayashi T, Hayashida N, Maeda S, Rogounovitch TI, Ohtsuru A, Saenko VA, Kanematsu T & Yamashita S 2003 Clinical implication of hot spot BRAF mutation, V599E, in papillary thyroid cancers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 4393-4397.
125. Nascimento AC, Guedes DR, Santos CS, Knobel M, Rubio IG & Medeiros-Neto G 2003 Thyroperoxidase gene mutations in congenital goitrous hypothyroidism with total and partial iodide organification defect. Thyroid 13 1145-1151.
126. Niedziela M 2002 Choroba guzkowa tarczycy u dzieci i mlodziezy w regionie wielkopolskim - analiza klinicznych i genetycznych czynnikow wystepowania nowotworu (Thyroid nodular disease of children and adolescents in the Wielkopolska region - an analysis of clinical and genetic factors in the occurrence of neoplasia). Rozprawa habilitacyjna (Habilitation thesis) Akademia Medyczna im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu. Poznan: Poznan University of Medical Sciences.
127. Niedziela M & Korman E 2001 Niepalpacyjne guzki tarczycy - kontrowersje diagnostyczno-terapeutyczne u dzieci (Nonpalpable thyroid nodules - diagnostic and therapeutic controversies). Pediatria Polska 6 449-454.
128. Niedziela M & Korman E 2002 Thyroid carcinoma in a fourteen-year-old boy with Graves disease. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 38 290-291.
129. Niedziela M & Korman E 2003 Risk of neoplasm in autoimmune thyroid disease in children - transition from iodine deficiency to iodine sufficiency. 42nd Annual Meeting ESPE: Miniposters, 15 (MP2-5/P1-380) Ljubljana (Slovenia), 18-21 September 2003.
130. Niedziela M, Ambrugger P, Biebermann H, Krude H, Schnabel D, Korman E & Grueters-Kieslich A 2001 TPO gene as a candidate gene in the pathogenesis of thyroid neoplasia of patients with congenital hypothyroidism. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 24 (Suppl to No. 6) 43.
131. Niedziela M, Breborowicz D, Trejster E & Korman E 2002a Hot nodules in children and adolescents in western Poland from 1996 to 2000: clinical analysis of 31 patients. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 15 823-830.
132. Niedziela M, Maceluch J & Korman E 2002b Galectin-3 is not an universal marker of malignancy in thyroid nodular disease in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 4411-4415.
133. Niedziela M, Korman E, Breborowicz D, Trejster E, Harasymczuk J, Warzywoda M, Rolski M & Breborowicz J 2004 A prospective study of thyroid nodular disease in children and adolescents in western Poland from 1996 to 2000 and the incidence of thyroid carcinoma relative to iodine deficiency and the Chernobyl disaster. Pediatric Blood and Cancer 42 84-93.
134. Nikiforov YE & Fagin J 1997 Risk factors for thyroid cancer. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 8 20-25.
135. Nikiforov Y, Gnepp DR & Fagin JA 1996 Thyroid lesions in children and adolescents after the Chernobyl disaster: implications for the study of radiation tumorigenesis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81 9-14.
136. Nikiforov YE, Rowland JM, Bove KE, Monforte-Munoz H & Fagin JA 1997 Distinct pattern of ret oncogene rearrangements in morphological variants of radiation-induced and sporadic thyroid papillary carcinomas in children. Cancer Research 57 1690-1694.
137. Nikiforova MN, Kimura ET, Gandhi M, Biddinger PW, Knauf JA, Basolo F, Zhu Z, Giannini R, Salvatore G, Fusco A et al. 2003a BRAF mutations in thyroid tumors are restricted to papillary carcinomas and anaplastic or poorly differentiated carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 5399-5404.
138. Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, Alexander EK, Dorn GW 2nd, Tallini G, Kroll TG & Nikiforov YE 2003b Point mutations and PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathway in thyroid follicular carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 2318-2326.
139. Nikiforova MN, Ciampi R, Salvatore G, Santoro M, Gandhi M, Knauf JA, Thomas GA, Jeremiah S, Bogdanova TI, Tronko MD et al. 2004 Low prevalence of BRAF mutations in radiation-induced thyroid tumors in contrast to sporadic papillary carcinomas. Cancer Letters 209 1-6.
140. Pacini F & DeGroot LJ 2001 Thyroid neoplasia. In Endocrinology, edn 4, pp 1541-1566. Eds LJ DeGroot & JL Jameson. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company.
141. Pacini F, Mariotti S, Formica N, Elisei R, Anelli S, Capotorti E & Pinchera A 1988 Thyroid autoantibodies in thyroid cancer: incidence and relationship with tumour outcome. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen) 119 373-380.
142. Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Demidchik EP, Molinaro E, Agate L, Romel C, Shavrova E, Cherstvoy ED, Ivashkevitch Y, Kuchinskaya E et al. 1997 Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma in Belarus children and adolescents: comparison with naturally occurring thyroid carcinoma in Italy and France. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82 3563-3569.
143. Pannett AA & Thakker RV 1999 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Endocrine-Related Cancer 6 449-473.
144. Papini E, Guglielmi R, Bianchini A, Crescenzi A, Taccogna S, Nardi F, Panunzi C, Rinaldi R, Toscano V & Pacella CM 2002 Risk of malignancy in nonpalpable thyroid nodules: predictive value of ultrasound and color-Doppler features. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 1941-1946.
145. Papotti M, Volant M, Saggiorato E, Deandreis D, Veltri A & Orlandi F 2002 Role of galectin-3 immunodetection in the cytological diagnosis of thyroid cystic papillary carcinoma. European Journal of Endocrinology 147 515-521.
146. Papotti M, Rodriguez J, De Pompa R, Bartolazzi A & Rosai J 2004 Galectin-3 and HBME-1 expression in well-differentiated thyroid tumors with follicular architecture of uncertain malignant potential. Modern Pathology 18 541-546.
147. Paracchi A, Ferrari C, Livraghi T, Reschini E, Macchi RM, Bergonzi M & Raineri P 1992 Percutaneous intranodular ethanol injection: a new treatment for autonomous thyroid adenoma. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 15 353-362.
148. Patti G, Ragni G & Calisti A 2000 Papillary thyroid carcinoma in a thyroglossal duct cyst in a child. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 34 67-69.
149. Pellegriti G, Belfiore A, Giuffrida D, Lupo L & Vigneri R 1998 Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer in Graves' patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 2805-2809.
150. Penko K, Livezey J, Fenton C, Patel A, Nicholson D, Flora M, Oakley K, Tuttle RM & Francis G 2005 BRAF mutations are uncommon in papillary thyroid cancer of young patients. Thyroid 15 320-325.
151. Pizzini AM, Papi G, Corrado S, Carani C & Roti E 2005 Thyroid hemiagenesis and incidentally discovered papillary thyroid cancer: case report and review of the literature. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 28 66-71.
152. Polish Guidelines 2001 [Diagnosis and treatment of malignant thyroid neoplasms. Recommendations of the Scientific Committee of the 2nd Scientific Conference 'Thyroid Carcinoma 2000']. Wiadomosci Lekarskie 45 (Suppl 1) 443-461.
153. Potter EB & Morris WR 1935 Carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Report of five cases in young individuals. American Journal of Surgery 27 546-550.
154. Powell N, Jeremiah S, Morishita M, Dudley E, Bethel J, Bogdanova T, Tronko M & Thomas G 2005 Frequency of BRAF T1796A mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma relates to age of patient at diagnosis and not to radiation exposure. Journal of Pathology 205 558-564.
155. Psarras A, Papadopoulos SN, Livadas D, Pharmakiotis AD & Koutras DA 1972 The single thyroid nodule. British Journal of Surgery 59 545-548.
156. Raab SS, Silvermann JF, Elsheikh TM, Thomas PA & Wakely PE 1995 Pediatric thyroid nodules: disease demographics and clinical management as determined by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Pediatrics 95 46-49.
157. Rabska-Pietrzak B, Niedziela M & Korman E 1998 Ropne zapalenie tarczycy u 11-letniej dziewczynki (Suppurative thyroiditis in a 11-year-old girl). Pediatria Praktyczna 6 5-11.
158. Rallison ML, Dobyns BM, Keating FR Jr, Rail JE & Tyler FH 1975 Thyroid nodularity in children. Journal of the American Medical Association 233 1069-1072.
159. Raue F, Kotzerke J, Reinwein D, Schroder S, Roher HD, Deckart H, Hofer R, Ritter M, Seif F & Buhr H 1993 Prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma: evaluation of 741 patients from the German Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Register. Clinical Investigation 71 7-12.
160. Reed Larsen P, Davies TF & Hay ID 1998 The thyroid gland. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, edn 9, pp 389-515. Eds JD Wilson, DW Foster, HM Kronenberg & P Reed Larsen. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company.
161. Refetoff S, Harrison J, Karanfilski BT, Kaplan EL, De Groot LJ & Bekerman C 1975 Continuing occurrence of thyroid carcinoma after irradiation to the neck in infancy and childhood. New England Journal of Medicine 269 171-175.
162. Ridgway EC 1991 Clinical evaluation of solitary thyroid nodules. In Werner's and Ingbar's The Thyroid, edn 6, pp 1197-1203. Eds LE Bravermann & RD Utiger. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott.
163. Rieger R, Pimpl W, Money S, Rettembacher L & Galvan G 1989 Hyperthyroidism and concurrent thyroid malignancies. Surgery 106 6-10.
164. Rivkees SA, Sklar C & Freemark M 1998 Clinical review 99: The management of Graves' disease in children, with special emphasis on radioiodine treatment. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 3767-3776.
165. Rosai J, Carcangiu ML & De Lellis RA 1992 Tumors of the Thyroid Gland. In Atlas of Tumor Pathology, third series, pp 49-62. Eds J Rosai & LH Sobin. Washington DC: Armed Force Institute of Pathology.
166. Rosen J, He M, Umbricht C, Alexander HR, Dackiw AP, Zeiger MA & Libutti SK 2005 A six-gene model for differentiating benign from malignant thyroid tumors on the basis of gene expression. Surgery 138 1050-1056.
167. Rosenbaum E, Hosler G, Zahurak M, Cohen Y, Sidransky D & Westra WH 2005 Mutational activation of BRAF is not a major event in sporadic childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma. Modern Pathology 18 898-902.
168. Rovelli A, Cohen A, Uderzo C, Dodero P, Brisigotti M, Castellani MR & Romano C 1997 Follicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid in a child after bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Acta Haematologica 97 225-227.
169. Russo D, Arturi F, Pontecorvi A & Filetti S 1999 Genetic analysis in fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid: a new tool for the clinic. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 10 280-285
170. Sabel MS, Staren ED, Gianakakis LM, Dwarakanathan S & Prinz RA 1997 Effectiveness of the thyroid scan in evaluation of the solitary thyroid nodule. American Surgeon 63 660-663.
171. Sack MJ, Astengo-Osuna C, Lin BT, Battifora H & LiVolsi VA 1997 HBME-1 immunostaining in thyroid fine-needle aspirations: a useful marker in the diagnosis of carcinoma. Modern Pathology 10 668-674.
172. Saggiorato E, Cappia S, De Giuli P, Mussa A, Pancani G, Caraci P, Angeli A & Orlandi F 2001 Galectin-3 as a presurgical immunocytodiagnostic marker of minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 5152-5158.
173. Saggiorato E, De Pompa R, Volante M, Cappia S, Arecco F, Dei Tos AP, Orlandi F & Papotti M 2005 Characterization of thyroid 'follicular neoplasm' in fine-needle aspiration cytological specimens using a panel of immunohistochemical markers: a proposal for clinical application. Endocrine-Related Cancer 12 305-317.
174. Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Haynie TP, Johnston DA & Ordonez NG 1992 The results of various modalities of treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinomas: a retrospective review of 1599 patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 75 714-720.
175. Salas M 1995 Thyroid nodules in children and adolescents. In Pediatric Endocrinology, edn 3, pp 415-422. Ed. F Lifshitz. New York: Marcel Dekker.
176. Santoro M, Melillo RM, Carlomagno F, Vecchio G & Fusco A 2004 RET: Normal and abnormal functions. Endocrinology 145 5448-5451.
177. Scott MD & Crawford JD 1976 Solitary thyroid nodules in childhood: is the incidence of thyroid carcinoma declining? Pediatrics 58 521-525.
178. Shafford EA, Kingston JE, Healy JC, Webb JA, Plowman PN & Reznek RH 1999 Thyroid nodular disease after radiotherapy to the neck for childhood Hodgkin's disease. British Journal of Cancer 80 808-814.
179. Silverman SH, Nussbaum M & Rausen AR 1979 Thyroid nodules in children: a ten year experience at one institution. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 46 460-463.
180. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Bravermann LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV et al. 1996 Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association. Archives of Internal Medicine 156 2165-2172.
181. Sklar C, Whitton J, Mertens A, Stovall M, Green D, Marina N, Greffe B, Wolden S & Robison L 2000 Abnormalities of the thyroid in survivors of Hodgkin's disease: data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 3227-3232.
182. Soares P, Trovisco V, Rocha AS, Lima J, Castro P, Preto A, Maximo V, Botelho T, Seruca R & Sobrinho-Simoes M 2003 BRAF mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements are alternative events in the etiopathogenesis of PTC. Oncogene 22 4578-4580.
183. Solbiatti L, Cioffi V & Ballarati E 1992 Ultrasonography of the neck. Radiologic Clinics of North America 30 941-954.
184. Stanbury JB, Ermans AE, Bourdoux P, Todd C, Oken E, Tonglet R, Vidor G, Bravermann LE & Medeiros-Neto G 1998 Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: occurrence and epidemiology. Thyroid 8 83-100.
185. Stankowiak-Kulpa H, Niedziela M, Ziemnicka K, Gryczynska M, Korman E & Sowinski J 2002 Children with differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the years 1999-2001. Pediatria Praktyczna 10 240.
186. Stratakis CA, Courcoutsakis NA, Abati A, Filie A, Doppman JL, Carney JA & Shawker T 1997 Thyroid gland abnormalities in patients with the syndrome of spotty skin pigmentation, myxomas, endocrine overactivity, and schwannomas (Carney complex). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82 2037-2043.
187. Studer H & Derwahl M 1995 Mechanisms of nonneoplastic endocrine hyperplasia - a changing concept: a review focused on the thyroid gland. Endocrine Reviews 16 411-426.
188. Suarez GH 1998 Genetic alterations in human epithelial thyroid tumours. Clinical Endocrinology 48 531-546.
189. Takano T & Amino N 2002 Cancer-specific mRNAs in thyroid carcinomas: detection, use, and their implication in thyroid carcinogenesis. Endocrine Journal 49 97-107.
190. Takano T, Miyauchi A, Matsuzuka F, Liu G, Higashiyama T, Yokozawa T, Kuma K & Amino N 1999 Preoperative diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma by RT-PCR using RNA extracted from leftover cells within a needle used for fine needle aspiration biopsy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 951-955.
191. Takano T, Miyauchi A, Yoshida H, Kuma K & Amino N 2004 High-throughput differential screening of mRNAs by serial analysis of gene expression: decreased expression of trefoil factor 3 mRNA in thyroid follicular carcinomas. British Journal of Cancer 90 1600-1605.
192. Tanaka T, Umeki K, Yamamoto I, Sugiyama S, Noguchi S & Ohtaki S 1996 Immunohistochemical loss of thyroid peroxidase in papillary thyroid carcinoma: strong suppression of peroxidase gene expression. Journal of Pathology 179 89-94.
193. Thakker RV 1995 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1). In Endocrinology, edn 3, pp 2815-2831. Eds LJ DeGroot, GK Besser, HG Burger, JL Jameson, DL Loriaux, JC Marshall, WD Odell, JT Potts & AH Rubinstein. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company.
194. Tronko MD, Bogdanova TI, Komissarenko IV, Epshtein OV, Oliynyk V, Kovalenko A, Likhtarev IA, Kairo I, Peters SB & LiVolsi VA 1999 Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents in Ukraine after the Chernobyl nuclear accident: statistical data and clinicomorphologic characteristics. Cancer 86 149-156.
195. Tronko N, Bogdanova T, Kommisarenko I, Bolshova E, Oleinik V, Tereshchenko V, Epshtein Y & Chebotarev V 1996 Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents in Ukraine after the Chernobyl accident (1986-1995). In The Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident, pp 683-690. Eds A Karaoglou, G Desmet, GN Kelly & HG Menzel, ERU 16544 EN. Luxembourg: European Commission.
196. Trump D, Farren B, Wooding C, Pang JT, Besser GM, Buchanan KD, Edwards CR, Heath DA, Jackson CE, Jansen S et al. 1996 Clinical studies of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Quarterly Journal of Medicine 89 653-669.
197. Valentin L, Ramirez C, Valentin WH & Figueroa I 1986 Thyroid nodules in children. Boletin de la Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico 78 92-94.
198. Van Vliet G, Glinoer D, Verelst J, Spehl M, Gompel C & Delange F 1987 Cold thyroid nodules in childhood: is surgery always necessary? European Journal of Pediatrics 146 378-382.
199. Varverakis E & Neonakis E 2002 Contribution of high-resolution ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of benign from malignant thyroid nodules. Hormones 1 51-56.
200. Vecchio G & Santoro M 2000 Oncogenes in thyroid cancer. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 38 113-116.
201. Wainscoat JS & Fey MF 1990 Assessment of clonality in human tumors: a review. Cancer Research 50 1355-1360.
202. Wasikowa R, Iwanicka Z, Zak T, Lukienczuk T & Sawicz-Birkowska K 1999 Nodular goiter and thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents in a moderate endemic area (lower Silesia-Sudeten endemia) in the last twelve years. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 12 645-652.
203. Watanabe I 1983 Dyshormonogenesis. Horumon to Rinsho 31 627-636.
204. Weber KB, Shroyer KR, Heinz DE, Nawaz S, Said MS & Haugen BR 2004 The use of a combination of galectin-3 and thyroid peroxidase for the diagnosis and prognosis of thyroid cancer. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 122 524-531.
205. Weiss SD & Orlich CC 1991 Primary papillary carcinoma of a thyroglossal duct cyst: report of a case and literature review. British Journal of Surgery 78 87-89.
206. White AK & Smith RJH 1986 Thyroid nodules in children. Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 95 70-75.
207. Wiersinga D 2001 Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents - consequences in later life. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 4 1289-1296.
208. Williams D 1996 Childhood thyroid cancer and Chernobyl. Topical Endocrinology 2 10-12.
209. Williams ED, The Chernobyl Pathologists Group 2000 Guest editorial: two proposals regarding the terminology of thyroid tumors. International Journal of Surgical Pathology 8 181-183.
210. Xing M 2005a BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer 12 245-262.
211. Xing M 2005b The T1799A BRAF mutation is not a germline mutation in familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer. Clinical Endocrinology 63 263-266.
212. Xu X, Gandhi M, Nikiforova MN, Fischer AH & Nikiforov YE 2003 Molecular profile and clinical-pathologic features of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. An usually high prevalence of ras mutations. Cancer Research 120 71-77.
213. Yano Y, Uematsu N, Yashiro T, Hara H, Ueno E, Miwa M, Tsujimoto G, Aivoshi Y & Uchida K 2004 Gene expression profiling identifies platelet-derived growth factor as a diagnostic molecular marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research 10 2035-2043.
214. Yashiro T, Ito K, Akiba M, Kamaji Y, Obara T, Fujimoto Y, Hirayama A & Nakajima H. 1987 Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid arising from dyshormonogenetic goiter. Endocrinologia Japonica 34 955-964.
215. Yip FW, Reeve TS, Poole AG & Delbridge L 1994 Thyroid nodules in childhood and adolescence. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 64 676-678.
216. Yoskovitch A, Laberge J-M, Rodd C, Sinsky A & Gaskin D 1998 Cystic thyroid lesion in children. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 33 866-870.
217. Zimmermann D 1997 Thyroid neoplasia in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 9 413-418.