Automatic processing of emotional faces in high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders: An affective priming study

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 155-167

  Kamio, Yoko ^a   Wolf, Julie ^b   Fein, Deborah ^b  

^a KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

Affective priming; Autism; Facial emotions; High functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Social deficit

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; AUTISM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMOTION; FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIOPATHY;

AFFECT; AUTOMATISM; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; COGNITION DISORDERS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL PROCESSES; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 33745096326     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0056-z     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adolphs, R. (2001). The neurobiology of social cognition. Current opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 231-239.
2. Adolphs, R., & Tranel, D. (1999). Preference for visual stimuli following amygdala damage. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 610-616.
3. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damaio, H., & Damaio, A. (1994). Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature, 372, 669-672.
4. Aggleton, J. P. (2000). The amygdala: A functional analysis (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Baird, A. A., Gruber, S. A., Fein, D. A., Maas, L. C., Steingard, R. J., Renshaw, P. F., Cohen, B. M., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (1999). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of facial affect recognition in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 195-199.
7. Baron-Cohen, S. (1991). Do people with autism understand what causes emotion? Child Development, 62, 385-395.
8. Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. The Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
9. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition, 21, 37-46.
10. Baron-Cohen, S., Spitz, A., & Cross, P. (1993). Do children with autism recognize surprise? A research note. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 507-516.
11. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. C. R. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience. 11, 1891-1898.
12. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. R. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 24, 355-364.
13. Bertenthal, B. I., Proffitt, D. R., & Cutting, J. E. (1984). Infant sensitivity to figural coherence in biomechanical notions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 214-230.
14. Biehl, M., Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P., Hearn, V., Heider, K., Kudoh, T., & Ton, V. (1997). Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion. (JACFEE): Reliability data and cross-national differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 3-21.
15. Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 33, 843-859.
16. Braverman, M., Fein, D., Lucci, D., & Waterhouse, L. (1989). Affect comprehension in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 301-316.
17. Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buekner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S. E., & Rosen, B. R. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, 17, 875-887.
18. Brothers, L. (1996). Brain mechanism of social cognition. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 10, 2-8.
19. Carey, S., & Diamond, R. (1977). From piecemeal to configural representation of faces. Science, 195, 312-314.
20. Carey, S., Diamond, R., & Wood, B. (1980). Development of face recognition - a maturational component? Developmental Psychology, 16, 257-269.
21. Critchley, H. D., Daly, E. M., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C. R., Amelsvoort, T. V., Robertson, D. M., Rowe, A., Phillips, M., McAlonan, G., Howlin, P., & Murphy, D. G. M. (2001). The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: Changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain, 123, 2203-2212.
22. Davies, S., Bishop, D., Manstead, S. R., & Tantam, D. (1994). Face perception in children with autism and Asperger's syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1033-1057.
23. Dawson, G., & Lewy, A. (1989). Arousal, attention, and the socioemotional impairments of individuals with autism. In G. Dawson. (Ed.), Autism: Nature, diagnosis, and treatment. (pp. 49-74). New York: Guilford.
24. Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., Rinaldi, J., & Brown, E. (1998). Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 479-485.
25. Dawson, G., Webb, S., Schellenberg, G. D., Dager, S., Friedman, S., Aylward, E., & Richards, T. (2002a). Defining the broader phenotype of autism: Genetic, brain, and behavioral perspectives. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 581-611.
26. Dawson, G., Munson, J., Estes, A., Osterling, J., McPartland, J., Toth, K., Carver, L., & Abbott, R. (2002b). Neurocognitive function and joint attention ability in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Child Development, 73, 345-358.
27. DeCasper, A. J., & Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mother's voices. Science, 208, 1174-1176.
28. Esteves, F., & Öhman, A. (1993). Masking the face: Recognition of emotional facial expressions as a function of the parameters of backward masking. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 34, 1-18.
29. Fein, D., Pennington, B., Markowitz, P., Braverman, M., Waterhouse, L. (1986). Toward a neuropsychological model of infantile autism: Are the social deficits primary? Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 198-212.
30. Fein, D., Lucci, D., Braverman, M., & Waterhouse, L. (1992). Comprehension of affect in context in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1157-1167.
31. Field, T. M., Woodson, R., Greenberg, R., & Cohen, D. (1982). Discrimination and imitation of facial expressions by neonates. Science, 218, 179-181.
32. Flin, R. H. (1985). Development of face recognition: An encoding switch? British Journal of Psychology, 76, 123-134.
33. Goren, C. C., Sarty, M., & Wu, P. Y. K. (1975). Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics, 56, 544-549.
34. Grady, C. L., & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). Changes in memory processing with age. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 224-231.
35. Grossman, J. B., Klin, A., Carter, A. S., & Volkmar, F. R. (2000). Verbal bias in recognition of facial emotions in children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 369-379.
36. Halgren, E. (1992). Emotional neurophysiology of the amygdala within the context of human cognition. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction. (pp. 191-228). New York: Wiley-Liss.
37. Hauck, M., Fein, D., Maltby, N., Waterhouse, L., & Feinstein, C. (1998). Memory for faces in children with autism. Child Neurospsychology, 4, 187-198.
38. Hertzig, M. E., Snow, M. E., & Sherman, M. (1989). Affect and cognition in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 195-199.
39. Hobson, R. P. (1986a). The autistic child's appraisal of expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 321-342.
40. Hobson, R. P. (1986b). The autistic child's appraisal of expressions of emotion: A further study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 671-680.
41. Hobson, R. P. (1993). Autism and the development of mind. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
42. Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988). What's in a face? The case of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 441-453.
43. Howard, M. A., Cowell, P. E., Boucher, J., Broks, P., Mayes, A., Farrant, A., & Roberts, N. (2000). Convergent neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence of an amygdala hypothesis of autism. Neuroreport, 11, 2931-2935.
44. Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, 1-19.
45. Joseph, R. M., & Tanaka, J. (2003). Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 529-542.
46. Kamio, Y., Ishisaka, Y., & Takagi, R. (1992). Kyotoshi niokeru jiheisho no ekigakukennkyu [Epidemiology of autism in Kyoto City, Japan]. In Dai 12 kai kokusai jidoseinenseishinnigaku kaigi happyo rombunshu henshuiinkai (Ed.), Jidoseinenseishinigaku eno chosen (pp. 218-233). Tokyo: Seiwa Shoten.
47. Kamio, Y., & Toichi, M. (1998). Affective understanding in high-functioning autistic adolescents. Japanese Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 340-351.
48. Kamio, Y., Saitoh, T., Yamamoto, Y., & Inokuchi, E. (2003). Automatic processing of facial emotions in autism and its developmental changes. Paper presented at the 44th meeting of the Japanese Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fukuoka, Japan.
49. Kirk, R. E. (1995). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
50. Klin, A. (1992). Listening preferences in regard to speech in four children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 763-769.
51. Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 809-816.
52. Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: An approach to the study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 255-268.
53. LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Emotion and the amygdala. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction. (pp. 339-351). New York: Wiley-Liss.
54. Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1988). Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion (JACFEE) [Computer images]. San Francisco: Intercultural and Emotion Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University.
55. Mesibov, G. B., Schopler, E., Schaffer, B., & Michal, N. (1989). Use of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale with autistic adolescents and adults. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 538-541.
56. Morris, J. S, Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature, 383, 812-815.
57. Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1998b). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature, 393, 467-474.
58. Mottron, L., & Burack, J. A. (2001). Enhanced perceptual functioning in the development of autism. In J. A. Burack, T. Charman, N. Yirmiiya, & P. R. Zelazo (Eds.), The development of autism: Perspectives from theory and research. (pp. 131-148). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
59. Mundy, P. (1995). Joint attention, social-emotional approach in children with autism. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 63-82.
60. Mundy, P., & Stella, J. (2000). Joint attention, social orienting, and communication in autism. In A. M. Wetherby, & B. M. Prizant (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders: A transactional developmental perspective. (pp. 55-77). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
61. Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723-739.
62. Nomura, M., Ohira, H., Haneda, K., Iidaka, T., Sadato, N., Okada, T., & Yonekura, Y. (2004). Functional association of the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex during cognitive evaluation of facial expressions primed by masked angry faces: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 21, 352-363.
63. Osterling, J., & Dawson, G. (1994). Early recognition of children with autism: A study of first birthday home videotapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 247-257.
64. Osterling, J. A., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. A. (2002). Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 239-251.
65. Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1990). Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 343-361.
66. Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249-261.
67. Pierce, K., Muller, R.-A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform 'face area' in autism: Evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124, 2059-2073.
68. Rolls, E. T. (1999). The brain and emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
69. Russell, J. A., & Bullock, M. (1985). Multidimensional scaling of emotional facial expressions: Similarity from preschoolers to adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1290-1298.
70. Russell, J. A., Lewicha, M., & Nilt, T. (1989). A cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 848-856.
71. Rutter, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: Concepts and challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 256-296.
72. Sattler, J. M. (1998). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San Diego: Jerome M. Sattler Publisher Inc.
73. Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., & Renner, B. R. (1988). The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
74. Schultz, R., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F., Skudlarski, P., Lacadie, C., Cohen, D., & Gore, J. C. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 331-340.
75. Scott, S. K., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., Hellawell, D. J., Aggleton, J. P., & Johnson, M. (1997). Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger following bilateral amygdala lesions. Nature, 385, 254-257.
76. Tantam, D., Monaghan, L., Nicholson, H., & Stirling, J. (1989). Autistic children's ability to interpret faces: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 623-630.
77. Valenza, E., Simion, F., Macchi Cassia, V., & Umilta, C. (1996). Face processing at birth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 892-903.
78. Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Distinct spatial frequency sensitivities for processing faces and emotional expressions. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 624-631.
79. Waterhouse, L., Fein, D., & Modahl, C. (1996). Neurofunctional mechanisms in autism. Psychological Review, 103, 457-489.
80. Weeks, S. J., & Hobson, R. P. (1987). The salience of facial expressions for autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 137-152.
81. Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.
82. Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C., Fischer, H., Wright, C. I., & Rauch, S. L. (2001). A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion, 1, 70-83.
83. Wolf, J. (2002). Effects of subliminal and supraliminal affective primes on liking ratings. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Connecticut.
84. Wolf, J., Kamio, Y., & Fein, D. (2001). Awareness threshold for processing of faces in children with autism. San Diego, CA: The International Meeting for Autism Research.
85. Young, A. W., Aggleton, J. P., Hellawell, D. J., Johnson, M., Broks, P., & Hanley, J. R. (1995). Face processing impairments after amygdalotomy. Brain, 118, 15-24.