Kinetics of cell wall digestion and passage in ruminants

Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 535-570

  Mertens, D R ^a  

^a U S DAIRY FORAGE RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Digestion kinetic; Digestive system; Extrinsic factor; Intrinsic factor; Passage kinetic; Plant cell wall; Renewable source; Ruminant

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745090433     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/1993.foragecellwall.c21     Document Type: Chapter

References (99)

1. Akin, D.E. 1979. Microscopic evaluation of forage digestion by rumen microorganisms-A review. J. Anim. Sci. 48:701-710.
2. Allen, M.S., and D.R. Mertens. 1988. Evaluating constraints on fiber digestion by rumen microbes. J. Nutr. 118:261-270.
3. B&ldwin, R.L., L.J. Koong, and M.J. Ulyatt. 1977. A dynamic model of ruminant digestion for evaluation of factors affecting nutritive value. Agric. Systems 2:255-288.
4. Belyea, R.L., M.B. Foster, and G.M. Zinn. 1983. Effect of delignification on in vitro digestion of alfalfa cellulose. J. Dairy Sci. 66:1277-1281.
5. Ben-Ghedalia, D., and A. Rubinstein. 1984. The digestion of monosaccharide residues of the cell walls of oat and vetch hays by rumen contents in vitro. J. Appl. Bacterial. 35: 1159-1164.
6. Black, J.L., D.E. Beever, G.J. Faichney, B.R. Howarth, and N. McC. Graham. 1981. Simulation of the effects of rumen function on the flow of nutrients from the stomach of sheep. L. Description of a computer program. Agric. Systems 6:195-219.
7. Blaxter, K.L., N. McC. Graham, and F.W. Wainman. 1956. Some observations on the digestibility of food by sheep, and on related problems. Br. J. Nutr. 10:69-91.
8. Brandt, C.S., and E.J. Thacker. 1958. A concept of rate of food passage through the gastrointestinal tract. J. Anim. Sci. 17: 218-223.
9. Buxton, D.R. 1989. In vitro digestion kinetics of temperate perennial forage legume and grass stems. Crop Sci. 29:213-219.
10. Buxton, D.R. 1991. Digestibility by rumen microorganisms of neutral sugars in perennial forage stems and leaves. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 32:119-122.
11. Campling, R.C., M. Freer, and C.C. Balch. 1962. Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by cows. 3. The effects of urea on the voluntary intake of oat straw. Br. J. Nutr. 16:115-124.
12. Canale, C.J., S.M. Abrams, G.A. Varga, and L.D. Muller. 1990. Alkali-treated orchardgrass and alfalfa: Composition and in situ digestion of dry matter and cell wall components. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2404-2412.
13. Canale, C.J., G.A. Varga, and S.M. Abrams. 1991. In situ disappearance of cell wall monosaccharides in alkali-treated orchardgrass and alfalfa. J. Dairy Sci. 74:1018-1025.
14. Chandler, J.A., W.J. Jewell, J.M. Gossett, P.J. Van Soest, and J.B. Robertson. 1980. Predicting methane fermentation biodegradability. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 10:93-107.
15. Cherney, J.H., D.J.R. Cherney, and D.R. Mertens. 1988. Fiber composition and digestion kinetics in grass stem internodes as influenced by particle size. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2112-2122.
16. Cherney, D.J.R., D.R. Mertens, and J.E. Moore. 1991. Fluid and particulate retention times in sheep as influenced by intake level and forage morphological composition. J. Anim. Sci. 69:413-422.
17. Cherney, J.H., K.J. Moore, J.J. Volenec, and J.D. Axtell. 1986. Rate and extent of digestion of cell wall components of brown-midrib sorghum species. Crop Sci. 26: 1055-1059.
18. Conrad, H.R., A.O. Pratt, and J.W. Hibbs. 1964. Regulation of feed intake in dairy cows. I. Changes in importance of physical and physiological factors with increasing digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. 47:54.
19. Cross, H.H., L.W. Smith, and J.V. DeBarth. 1974. Rates of in vitro forage digestion as influenced by chemical treatment. J. Anim. Sci. 39:808-812.
20. Darcy, B.K., and R.L. Belyea. 1980. Effect of delignification upon in vitro digestion of forage cellulose. J. Anim. Sci. 51:798-803.
21. Dehority, B.A., and R.R. Johnson. 1961. Effect of particle size upon the in vitro cellulose digestibility of forages by rumen bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 44:2242-2249.
22. Deinum, B., and J.G.P. Dirven. 1972. Climate, nitrogen and grass. V. Influence of age, light intensity and temperature on the production and chemical composition of Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Everard). Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 20: 125-132.
23. Dekker, R.F.H., G.N. Richards, and M.J. Playne. 1972. Digestion of polysaccharide constituents of tropical pasture herbage in the bovine rumen. Carbohydr. Res. 22: 173-185.
24. Ellis, W.C., J.H. Matis, K.R. Pond, C.E. Lascano, and J.P. Telford. 1984. Dietary influences on flow rate and digestive capacity. p. 269-293. In F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Machie (ed.) Herbivore nutrition in the subtropics and tropics. The Science Press, Johannesburg, S. Africa.
25. Evans, E. 1981. An evaluation of the relationships between dietary parameters and rumen solid turnover rate. Can. Anim. Sci. 61:97-103.
26. Fales, S.L. 1986. Effects of temperature on fiber concentration, composition, and in vitro digestion kinetics of tall fescue. Agron. J. 78:963-966.
27. France, J., J.H.M. Thornley, and D.E. Beever. 1982. A mathematical model of the rumen. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 99:343-353.
28. France, J., J.H.M. Thornley, M.S. Dhanoa, and R.C. Siddons. 1985. On the mathematics of digesta flow kinetics. J. Theor. Biol. 113:743-758.
29. Fritz, J.O., K.J. Moore, and E.H. Jaster. 1990. Digestion kinetics and cell wall composition of brown midrib sorghum x sudangrass morphological components. Crop Sci. 30:213-219.
30. Garner, R.J. 1964. A model for calculation of radiation doses to the gastro-intestinal tract of ruminants. Health Phys. 10:297-301.
31. Grant, R.J., and D.R. Mertens. 1991. Effect of pH and starch on kinetics of in vitro fiber digestion. p. Bl 7. In Abstracts Int. Symp. Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility, Madison, WI. 7-10 Oct. 1991. U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Ctr., Madison, WI.
32. Grant, R.J., and D.R. Mertens. 1992. Impact of in vitro fermentation techniques upon digestion kinetics of fiber digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 75:1263-1272.
33. Grovum, W.L., and V.J. Williams. 1973a. Rate of passage of digesta in sheep. 3. Differential rates of passage of water and dry matter from the reticulorumen, abomasum and caecum and proximal colon. Br. J. Nutr. 30:231-240.
34. Grovum, W.L., and V.J. Williams. 1973b. Rate of passage of digesta in sheep. 4. Passage of marker through the alimentary tract and the biological relevance of rate-constants derived from the changes in concentration of marker in faeces. Br. J. Nutr. 30:313-329.
35. Hiltner, P., and B.A. Dehority. 1983. Effect of soluble carbohydrates on digestion of cellulose by pure cultures of rumen bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:642-648.
36. Hoover, W.H. 1986. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2755-2766.
37. Hoover, W.H., C.R. Kincaid, G.A. Varga, W.V. Thayne, and L.L. Junkins, Jr. 1984. Effects of solids and liquid flows on fermentation in continuous cultures. IV. pH and dilution rates. J. Anim. Sci. 58:692-699.
38. Houser, R.H. 1970. Physiological effects of supplemental nitrogen and energy in sheep fed lowquality roughage. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. of Florida (Diss. Abstr. 31:3781-D).
39. Howell, R.K., and L. W. Smith. 1977. Effects of ozone on nutritive quality of alfalfa. J. Dairy Sci. 60:924-928.
40. Hyer, J.C., J.W. Oltjen, and M.L. Galyean. 1991. Development of a model to predict forage intake by grazing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 69:827-835.
41. Illius, A. W., and I.J. Gordon. 1991. Prediction of intake and digestion in ruminants by a model of rumen kinetics integrating animal size and plant characteristics. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 116:145-157.
42. Lwaasa, A., K.A. Beauchemin, J.G. Buchanan-Smith, and S.N. Acharya. 1991. Shearing resistance of alfalfa stems. p. AlO. In Abstract Int. Symp. Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility, Madison, WI. 7-10 Oct. 1991. U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Ctr., Madison, WI.
43. Kalu, B.A., and G.W. Fick. 1981. Quantifying morphological development of alfalfa for studies of herbage quality. Crop Sci. 21:267-271.
44. Lechtenberg, V.L., V.F. Colenbrander, L.F. Bauman, and C.L. Rhykerd. 1974. Effect of lignin on rate of in vitro cell wall and cellulose disappearance in corn. J. Anim. Sci. 39:1165-1169.
45. Levenspiel, O. 1972. Single ideal reactors. p. 97-123. In Chemical reaction engineering. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
46. Lindberg, J.E. 1981. The effect of basal diet on the ruminal degradation of dry matter, nitrogenous compounds and cell walls in nylon bags. Swed. J. Agric. Res. 11: 159-169.
47. Martz, F.A., and R.L. Belyea. 1986. Role of particle size and forage quality in digestion and passage by cattle and sheep. J. Dairy Sci. 69:1996-2008.
48. Matis, J.H. 1972. Gamma time-dependency in Blaxter’s compartmental model. Biometrics 28:597-602.
49. McLeod, M.N., and D.J. Minson. 1988. Large particle breakdown by cattle eating ryegrass and alfalfa. J. Anim. Sci. 66:992-999.
50. Mertens, D.R. 1973. Application of theoretical mathematical models to cell wall digestion and forage intake in ruminants. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (Diss. Abstr. 74-10882).
51. Mertens, D.R. 1977. Dietary fiber components: Relationship to the rate and extent of ruminal digestion. Fed. Proc. 36:187-192.
52. Mertens, D.R. 1990. Evaluating alternative models of passage and digestion kinetics. p. 79-99. In A.B. Robson and D.P. Poppi (ed.) Int. Workshop on Modelling Digestion and Metabolism in Farm Animals, 3rd, Canterbury, New Zealand. 4-6 Sept. 1989. Lincoln Univ., Canterbury.
53. Mertens, D.R., and L.O. Ely. 1979. A dynamic model of fiber digestion and passage in the ruminant for evaluating forage quality. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1085-1095.
54. Mertens, D.R., and J.R. Loften. 1980. The effect of starch on forage fiber digestion kinetics in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 63: 1437-1446.
55. Mertens, D.R., T.L. Strawn, and R.S. Cardoza. 1984. Modelling ruminal particle size reduction:Its relationship to particle size description. p. 134-141. In P.M. Kennedy (ed.) Techniques in particle size analysis of feed and digesta in ruminants. Can. Soc. Anim. Sci. 0cc. Pub. no. L., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
56. Moore, K.J., and J.H. Cherney. 1986. Digestion kinetics of sequentially extracted cell wall components of forages. Crop Sci. 26:1230-1235.
57. Morrison, M., R.M. Murray, and A.N. Boniface. 1990. Nutrient metabolism and rumen microorganisms in sheep fed a poor-quality tropical grass hay supplemented with sulphate. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 115:269-275.
58. Mould, F.L., and E.R.. 1983. Manipulation of ruman fluid pH and its influence on cellulolysis in sacco, dry matter degradation and the rumen microflora of sheep offered either hay or concentrate. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 10:1-14.
59. Murphy, M. 1989. The influence of non-structural carbohydrates on rumen microbes and rumen metabolism in milk producing cows. Ph.D. diss. Swedish Univ. Agric. Sci., Uppsala (ISBN 91-576-3776-8).
60. Ndlovu, L.R., and J.G. Buchanan-Smith. 1985. Utilization of poor quality roughages by sheep:Effects of alfalfa supplementation on ruminal parameters, fiber digestion and rate of passage from the rumen. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 65:693-703.
61. Prskov, E.R. 1972. Technology of feeding so that the rumen is by-passed following artificial rearing. 2nd World Congr. Animal Feeding. Gen. Rep. Vol. 4
62. Prskov, E.R. 1982. Nitrogen in the rumen. p. 40-84. In Protein nutrition in ruminants. Academic Press, New York.
63. Paul, C., and V. Mika. 1981. Measurements on milling resistance in roughages. II. Relationships between milling resistance and forage quality parameters. Landbauforsch. Volkenrode 31:163-169.
64. Penry, D.L., and P.A. Jumars. 1987. Modeling animal guts as chemical reactors. Am. Nat. 129:69-96.
65. Petri, A., H. Muschen, G. Breves, O. Richter, andE. Pfeffer. 1988. Response of lactating goats to low phosphorus intake. 2. Nitrogen transfer from rumen ammonia to rumen microbes and proportion of milk protein derived from microbial amino acids. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 111:265-271.
66. Pienaar, J.P., C.Z. Roux, P.J.K. Morgan, and L. Grattarola. 1980. Predicting voluntary intake on medium quality roughages. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 10:215-225.
67. Pond, K.R., W.C. Ellis, J.H. Matis, H.M. Ferreiro, and J.D. Sutton. 1988. Compartment models for estimating attributes of digesta flow in cattle. Br. J. Nutr. 60:571-595.
68. Poppi, D.P., D.J. Minson, and J.H. Ternouth. 1981. Studies of cattle and sheep eating leaf and stem fractions of grasses. III. The retention time in the rumen of large feed particles. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 32: 123-127.
69. Robinson, P.H., S. Tamminga, and A.M. vanVuuren. 1986. Influence of declining level of feed intake and varying the proportion of starch in the concentrate on rumen f ermentation in dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 15:173-189.
70. Robles, A.Y., R.L. Belyea, F.A. Martz, and M.F. Weiss. 1980. Effect of particle size upon digestible cell wall and rate of in vitro digestion of alfalfa and orchardgrass forages. J. Anim. Sci. 51:783-790.
71. Russell, J., and R.L. Baldwin. 1978. Substrate preferences in rumen bacteria: Evidence of catabolite regulatory mechanisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:319-329.
72. Russell, J.B., and R.L. Baldwin. 1979. Comparison of substrate affinities among several rumen bacteria: A possible determinant of rumen bacterial competition. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:531-536.
73. Russell, J.B., and D.B. Dombrowski. 1980. Effect of pH on the efficiency of growth by pure cultures of rumen bacteria in continuous culture. Appl. Environ. 39:604-610.
74. Sanderson, M.A., J.S. Hornstein, and W.F. Wedin. 1989. Alfalfa morphological stage and its relations to in situ digestibility of detergent fiber fractions of stems. Crop Sci. 29:1315-1319.
75. Sanderson, M.A., and W.F. Wedin. 1988. Cell wall composition of alfalfa stems at similar morphological stages and chronological age during spring growth and summer regrowth. Crop Sci. 29:1315-1319.
76. Shaver, R.D., A.J. Nytes, L.D. Satter, and N.A. Jorgensen. 1988. Influence of feed intake, forage physical form, and forage fiber content on particle size of masticated forage, ruminal digesta, and feces of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:1566-1572.
77. Shriver, B.J., W.H. Hoover, J.P. Sargent, R.J. Crawford, Jr., and W.V. Thayne. 1986. Fermentation of a high concentrate diet as affected by ruminal pH and digesta flow. J. Dairy Sci. 69:413-419.
78. Smith, L.W., H.K. Goering, and C.H. Gordon. 1972. Relationships of forage compositions with rates of cell wall digestion and indigestibility of cell walls. J. Dairy Sci. 55:1140-1147.
79. Smith, L.W., H.K. Goering, D.R. Waldo, and C.H. Gordon. 1971. In vitro digestion rate of forage cell wall components. J. Dairy Sci. 54:71-76.
80. Spalinger, D.E., C.T. Robbins, and T.A. Hanley. 1986. The assessment of handling time in ruminants: The effect of plant chemical and physical structure on the rate of breakdown of plant particles in the rumen of mule deer and elk. Can. J. Zool. 64:312-321.
81. Stewart, C.S. 1977. Factors affecting the cellulolytic activity of rumen contents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:497-502.
82. Sutherland, T.M. 1987. Particle separation in the forestomachs of sheep. p. 1-16. In A. Dobson (ed.) Aspects of digestive physiology in ruminants. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
83. Terry, R.A., J.M. Tilley, and G.E. Outen. 1969. Effect of pH on cellulose digestion under in vitro conditions. J. Sci. Food Agric. 20:317-320.
84. Tomlin, D.C. 1960. Crystallinity of cellulose and digestibility of feedstuff cellulose in the bovine rumen. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Florida.
85. Troelsen, J.E., and J.B. Campbell. 1968. Voluntary consumption of forage by sheep and its relation to the size and shape of particles in the digestive tract. Anim. Prod. 10:289-296.
86. Twidwell, E.K., K.D. Johnson, J.H. Cherney, and J.J. Volenec. 1988. Forage quality and digestion kinetics of switchgrass herbage and morphological components. Crop Sci. 28:778-782.
87. Van Milgen, J., M.R. Murphy, and L.L. Berger. 1991. A compartmental model to analyze ruminal digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 74:2515-2529.
88. Varga, G.A., and T.J. Whitsel. 1991. Effect of nonstructural carbohydrate ratio on rate and extent of nutrient utilization in situ. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 32:275-286.
89. Waldo, D.R. 1969. Factors influencing the voluntary intake of forages. p. El-E22. In Proc. Natl. Conf. Forage Qual. Eval. Util., Lincoln, NE.
90. Waldo, D.R., L.W. Smith, and E.L. Cox. 1972. Model of cellulose disappearance from the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 55:125-129.
91. Wattiaux, M.A., L.D. Satter, and D.R. Mertens. 1992. Effect of microbial fermentation on functional specific gravity of small forage particles. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1262-1270.
92. Weimer, P.J., J.M. Lopez-Guisa, and A.O. French. 1990. Effect of cellulose fine structure on kinetics of its digestion by mixed microorganisms in vitro. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:2421-2429.
93. Welch, J.G. 1986. Physical parameters of fiber affecting passage from the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2750-2754.
94. Wilkins, R.J. 1969. The potential digestibility of cellulose in forage and faeces. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 83:57-64.
95. Wilson, J.R., D.E. Akin, M.N. McLeod, and D.J. Minson. 1989. Particle size reduction of the leaves of a tropical and a temperate grass by cattle. II. Relation of anatomical structure to the process of leaf breakdown through chewing and digestion. Grass Forage Sci. 44:65-75.
96. Wilson, J.R., R.H. Brown, and W.R. Windham. 1983. Influence of leaf anatomy on the dry matter digestibility of C3, C4 and C3/C4 intermediate types of Panicum species. Crop Sci. 23:141-146.
97. Wilson, J.R., and P.W. Hattersley. 1989. Anatomical characteristics and digestibility of leaves of panicum and other grass genera of C4 photosynthetic pathway. Aust. J. Res. 40: 125-136.
98. Wilson, J.R., and D.J. Minson. 1980. Prospects for improving the digestibility and intake of tropical grasses. Trop. Grassl. 14:253-259.
99. Winter, K.A., and D.P. Collins. 1987. Fibrosity index as an estimate of forage digestibility. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:445-449.