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Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 239-254

Disciplining a 'dissident' City: Hydropolitics in the City of Bulawayo, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe, 1980-1994

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DROUGHT; POST-COLONIALISM; URBAN PLANNING; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER RESOURCE;

EID: 33745062561     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: 14653893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057070600656119     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (121)
  • 3
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    • 'The Bell Tolls for Thee: Cost Recovery, Cut-offs, and the Affordability of Municipal Services in South Africa'
    • D. McDonald, J. Pape (eds), (London, Zed Press)
    • D. McDonald, 'The Bell Tolls for Thee: Cost Recovery, Cut-offs, and the Affordability of Municipal Services in South Africa', in D. McDonald, J. Pape (eds), Cost Recovery and the Crisis of Service Delivery in South Africa (London, Zed Press, 2003)
    • (2003) Cost Recovery and the Crisis of Service Delivery in South Africa
    • McDonald, D.1
  • 5
    • 27844565840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Geopolitics of Water in the Middle East: Fantasies and Realities'
    • J. Selby, 'The Geopolitics of Water in the Middle East: Fantasies and Realities', Third World Quarterly, 6, 2 (2005), p. 329.
    • (2005) Third World Quarterly , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 329
    • Selby, J.1
  • 6
    • 0027044017 scopus 로고
    • 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities: Bulawayo's Water Crisis'
    • See for example, (November)
    • See for example, E.L. Nel and B.B. Berry, 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities: Bulawayo's Water Crisis', Development Southern Africa, 9, 4 (November 1992), pp. 411-22
    • (1992) Development Southern Africa , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 411-422
    • Nel, E.L.1    Berry, B.B.2
  • 7
    • 0036260514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Urban Water Scarcity Management: Civic vs. State Response in Bulawayo'
    • T.D. Gwebu, 'Urban Water Scarcity Management: Civic vs. State Response in Bulawayo', Habitat International, 26 (2002), pp. 417-31.
    • (2002) Habitat International , vol.26 , pp. 417-431
    • Gwebu, T.D.1
  • 8
    • 33745115039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I interviewed 43 residents, the majority of whom lived in Makokoba Township and a minority in other parts of Bulawayo. Among these interviewees were City Council officials, civic group members, teachers and vendors who had lived in Bulawayo since the 1930s and 1940s. This group of interviewees provided some evidence for the perceptions explored here
    • I interviewed 43 residents, the majority of whom lived in Makokoba Township and a minority in other parts of Bulawayo. Among these interviewees were City Council officials, civic group members, teachers and vendors who had lived in Bulawayo since the 1930s and 1940s. This group of interviewees provided some evidence for the perceptions explored here.
  • 9
    • 33745111868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Because of political volatility at the time I conducted the research in Zimbabwe, i.e. during the 2002 presidential elections, I was not able to access government records. The situation has remained tense since then but I intend to revisit this subject to get the government's views when the situation allows
    • Because of political volatility at the time I conducted the research in Zimbabwe, i.e. during the 2002 presidential elections, I was not able to access government records. The situation has remained tense since then but I intend to revisit this subject to get the government's views when the situation allows.
  • 10
    • 2942552140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Conflict and Cooperation: Water, Floods, and Social Response in Colonial Guanajuato, Mexico'
    • (April)
    • G.H. Endfield, I.F. Tejedo and S.L. O'Hara, 'Conflict and Cooperation: Water, Floods, and Social Response in Colonial Guanajuato, Mexico', Environmental History, 9 (April 2004), p. 221
    • (2004) Environmental History , vol.9 , pp. 221
    • Endfield, G.H.1    Tejedo, I.F.2    O'Hara, S.L.3
  • 13
    • 33745068713 scopus 로고
    • 'The Hydrology of the Semi-Arid Regions of Rhodesia'
    • papers from the Symposium on Drought and Development, First Rhodesian Science Congress, The Association of Scientific Societies in Rhodesia (M.O. Collins)
    • W.G. Wannell and L.L. Hindson, 'The Hydrology of the Semi-Arid Regions of Rhodesia', papers from the Symposium on Drought and Development, First Rhodesian Science Congress, The Association of Scientific Societies in Rhodesia (M.O. Collins, 1968), p. 83
    • (1968) , pp. 83
    • Wannell, W.G.1    Hindson, L.L.2
  • 15
    • 33745094394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Struggles over Water: The History and Politics of Urban Water Supply Services in Makokoba Township, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 1894-1992'
    • Chapter 7 of my doctoral thesis discusses at length 'the social effects of the water crises on Makokoba residents' between 1980 and 1992. See, (PhD thesis, University of Minnesota)
    • Chapter 7 of my doctoral thesis discusses at length 'the social effects of the water crises on Makokoba residents' between 1980 and 1992. See, M. Musemwa, 'Struggles over Water: The History and Politics of Urban Water Supply Services in Makokoba Township, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 1894-1992' (PhD thesis, University of Minnesota, 2003), pp. 310-78.
    • (2003) , pp. 310-378
    • Musemwa, M.1
  • 17
    • 33745109945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Paurino Thomson Mhlanga, Makokoba Township, Bulawayo, 3 July
    • Interview with Paurino Thomson Mhlanga, Makokoba Township, Bulawayo, 3 July 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 19
    • 0040948081 scopus 로고
    • 'Conflict in Zimbabwe: The Matabeleland Problem'
    • See also, (London, Institute for the Study of Conflict)
    • See also, R. Hodder-Williams, 'Conflict in Zimbabwe: The Matabeleland Problem', Conflict Studies, 151 (London, Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1983), pp. 1-20.
    • (1983) Conflict Studies , vol.151 , pp. 1-20
    • Hodder-Williams, R.1
  • 22
    • 0242418484 scopus 로고
    • 'The Unity Accord: Its Promise for the Future'
    • C.S. Banana (ed.), (Harare, College Press)
    • R.G. Mugabe, 'The Unity Accord: Its Promise for the Future', C.S. Banana (ed.), Turmoil and Tenacity: Zimbabwe, 1890-1990 (Harare, College Press, 1989), p. 344.
    • (1989) Turmoil and Tenacity: Zimbabwe, 1890-1990 , pp. 344
    • Mugabe, R.G.1
  • 23
    • 25444521322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'City, State and the Struggle over African Housing: The Native (Urban Areas) Accommodation and Registration Act and the Transformation of Bulawayo, 1946-1960'
    • For detailed discussions see, (unpublished paper, Harare)
    • For detailed discussions see, T. Ranger, 'City, State and the Struggle over African Housing: The Native (Urban Areas) Accommodation and Registration Act and the Transformation of Bulawayo, 1946-1960' (unpublished paper, Harare, 2001).
    • (2001)
    • Ranger, T.1
  • 24
    • 0003760387 scopus 로고
    • For more on the voting patterns in Matabeleland and the rest of the country see (Harare, University of Zimbabwe Publications)
    • For more on the voting patterns in Matabeleland and the rest of the country see J.N. Moyo, Voting for Democracy: A Study of Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe (Harare, University of Zimbabwe Publications, 1992).
    • (1992) Voting for Democracy: A Study of Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe
    • Moyo, J.N.1
  • 26
    • 32844467702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More information on human-rights violations in the Matabeleland province can be found in
    • More information on human-rights violations in the Matabeleland province can be found in Alexander et al. Violence and Memory
    • Violence and Memory
    • Alexander, J.1
  • 27
    • 0037941340 scopus 로고
    • Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights, (New York, Lawyers' Committee)
    • Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights, Zimbabwe: Wages of War (New York, Lawyers' Committee, 1986).
    • (1986) Zimbabwe: Wages of War
  • 28
    • 42649125955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Current Politics in Zimbabwe: Confronting the Crisis'
    • D. Harold-Barry (ed.), (Harare, Weaver Press)
    • B. Raftopoulos, 'Current Politics in Zimbabwe: Confronting the Crisis', in D. Harold-Barry (ed.), Zimbabwe: The Past is the Future (Harare, Weaver Press, 2004), pp. 7-8.
    • (2004) Zimbabwe: The Past Is the Future , pp. 7-8
    • Raftopoulos, B.1
  • 29
    • 33745076487 scopus 로고
    • 'Relations between Government and the City Council of Bulawayo'
    • Bulawayo City Council Minutes (hereinafter referred to as the BCC Minutes). These are located at the Bulawayo City Hall. Letter from Bulawayo Mayor, Enoch Mdlongwa, to Enos Chikowore, Minister of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development, 13 August
    • Bulawayo City Council Minutes (hereinafter referred to as the BCC Minutes). These are located at the Bulawayo City Hall. Letter from Bulawayo Mayor, Enoch Mdlongwa, to Enos Chikowore, Minister of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development, 'Relations between Government and the City Council of Bulawayo', 13 August 1985.
    • (1985)
  • 30
    • 33745090548 scopus 로고
    • 'Good Local Government in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Bulawayo: 1980-1981'
    • (unpublished paper, Birmingham, April)
    • D. Pasteur and M. Ndlovu, 'Good Local Government in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Bulawayo: 1980-1981' (unpublished paper, Birmingham, April 1992), p. 72.
    • (1992) , pp. 72
    • Pasteur, D.1    Ndlovu, M.2
  • 31
    • 33745106627 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Annual Report of the City Engineer, July
    • BCC Minutes: Annual Report of the City Engineer, July 1984.
    • (1984)
  • 32
    • 33745083983 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Annual Report of the City Engineer, July
    • Ibid.
    • (1984)
  • 34
    • 33745096844 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Report of the Director of Housing and Community Services
    • BCC Minutes: Report of the Director of Housing and Community Services, 1987/88, p. 2
    • (1987) , pp. 2
  • 35
    • 33745095307 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Report of the Director of Housing and Community Services
    • Ibid.
    • (1987) , pp. 2
  • 36
    • 33745094394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Struggles over Water'
    • In my doctoral thesis, I argued and demonstrated that the challenges of water scarcity were more acute in Makokoba Township than in any other African suburb of Bulawayo (see)
    • In my doctoral thesis, I argued and demonstrated that the challenges of water scarcity were more acute in Makokoba Township than in any other African suburb of Bulawayo (see Musemwa, 'Struggles over Water').
    • Musemwa, M.1
  • 37
    • 33745112282 scopus 로고
    • (May)
    • Masiye Pambili, 14 (May 1994), p. 27.
    • (1994) Masiye Pambili , vol.14 , pp. 27
  • 38
    • 33745102328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the period between 1982 and 1992, the Bulawayo City Council implemented severe water restrictions: in 1983, and subsequently water rationing provisions in 1984, 1987 and 1991
    • In the period between 1982 and 1992, the Bulawayo City Council implemented severe water restrictions: In 1983, and subsequently water rationing provisions in 1984, 1987 and 1991.
  • 39
    • 33745112282 scopus 로고
    • (May)
    • Masiye Pambili, 14 (May 1994), p. 27.
    • (1994) Masiye Pambili , vol.14 , pp. 27
  • 40
    • 33745079587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Lungisa Manzini, in Makokoba Township, 13 May
    • Interview with Lungisa Manzini, in Makokoba Township, 13 May 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 41
    • 33745101717 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes, Minutes of the 2259th Meeting of the Bulawayo City Council, 19 June
    • BCC Minutes, Minutes of the 2259th Meeting of the Bulawayo City Council, 19 June 1991.
    • (1991)
  • 42
    • 33745115038 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes, Minutes of the Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee, 12 October
    • BCC Minutes, Minutes of the Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee, 12 October 1992.
    • (1992)
  • 43
    • 0027736555 scopus 로고
    • '"Operation Pipeline" - Bulawayo's Search for Water'
    • (July)
    • E.L. Nel and B.B. Berry, '"Operation Pipeline" - Bulawayo's Search forWater', Geography, 78 (July 1993), p. 314.
    • (1993) Geography , vol.78 , pp. 314
    • Nel, E.L.1    Berry, B.B.2
  • 44
    • 33745100221 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the General Purposes Committee Meeting, 4 April
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the General Purposes Committee Meeting, 4 April 1993.
    • (1993)
  • 45
    • 33745061340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Coping with Water Scarcity: The Governance Challenge'
    • (unpublished paper, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, University of California, Multi-Campus Research Unit, IGCC Policy Papers No. PP54) Paper posted at the Scholarship Repository, University of California
    • A. Richards, 'Coping with Water Scarcity: The Governance Challenge' (unpublished paper, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, University of California, Multi-Campus Research Unit, IGCC Policy Papers No. PP54, 2002). Paper posted at the Scholarship Repository, University of California: http://repositories.cdlib.org/igcc/PP/PP54, p. 1.
    • (2002) , pp. 1
    • Richards, A.1
  • 46
    • 33745060438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Water Restrictions - Appeal by Mayor to Public to Reduce Consumption'
    • BCC Minutes: Box No. 2185, BCC Bye-Laws [sic]: Water Restrictions, (n.d.)
    • BCC Minutes: Box No. 2185, BCC Bye-Laws [sic]: Water Restrictions, 'Water Restrictions - Appeal by Mayor to Public to Reduce Consumption' (n.d.).
  • 47
    • 33745075919 scopus 로고
    • See also, 20 June 1991 and 1 August
    • See also, The Financial Gazette, 20 June 1991 and 1 August 1991.
    • (1991) The Financial Gazette
  • 48
    • 33745091486 scopus 로고
    • 2 February
    • The Chronicle, 2 February 1984.
    • (1984) The Chronicle
  • 49
    • 33745082445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Box No. 2185, Water Restrictions - Appeal by Mayor to Public to Reduce Consumption, n.d
    • BCC Minutes: Box No. 2185, Water Restrictions - Appeal by Mayor to Public to Reduce Consumption, n.d.
  • 50
    • 33745083694 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the 2157th Meeting of the Bulawayo City Council, 2 February
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the 2157th Meeting of the Bulawayo City Council, 2 February 1987.
    • (1987)
  • 51
    • 33745111547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Urban Water Scarcity Management'
    • Gwebu, 'Urban Water Scarcity Management', p. 424.
    • Gwebu, T.D.1
  • 52
    • 33745094394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Struggles over Water'
    • For a more sustained discussion on the social, environmental, and health implications of water scarcity and water rationing see, Chapter 7
    • For a more sustained discussion on the social, environmental, and health implications of water scarcity and water rationing see, Musemwa, 'Struggles over Water', Chapter 7, pp. 310-78.
    • Musemwa, M.1
  • 54
    • 33745111547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Urban Water Scarcity Management'
    • Gwebu, 'Urban Water Scarcity Management', p. 424.
    • Gwebu, T.D.1
  • 55
  • 56
    • 33745095617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Current Politics in Zimbabwe'
    • Raftopoulos, 'Current Politics in Zimbabwe', p. 7
    • Raftopoulos, B.1
  • 58
    • 33745060440 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee (FWSWAC), 4 May
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee (FWSWAC), 4 May 1992.
    • (1992)
  • 59
    • 33745109948 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the FWSWAC, 12 October
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the FWSWAC, 12 October 1992.
    • (1992)
  • 60
    • 33745111547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Urban Water Scarcity Management'
    • Gwebu, 'Urban Water Scarcity Management', p. 426.
    • Gwebu, T.D.1
  • 61
    • 33745102762 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the Engineering Services Committee Meeting, 5 December
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the Engineering Services Committee Meeting, 5 December 1989.
    • (1989)
  • 62
    • 33745066108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities'
    • See also
    • See also, Nel and Berry, 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities', p. 418
    • Nel, E.L.1    Berry, B.B.2
  • 63
    • 33745111547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Urban Water Scarcity Management'
    • Gwebu lists the number of occasions that senior government officials scoffed at the BCC's insistence on the idea of embarking on the Zambezi Water Project and argued that it was not the best solution and was cost-ineffective
    • Gwebu, 'Urban Water Scarcity Management', p. 426. Gwebu lists the number of occasions that senior government officials scoffed at the BCC's insistence on the idea of embarking on the Zambezi Water Project and argued that it was not the best solution and was cost-ineffective.
    • Gwebu, T.D.1
  • 64
    • 33745104113 scopus 로고
    • Financial Gazette
    • 12 March
    • Financial Gazette, 12 March 1992
    • (1992)
  • 65
    • 33745111547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Urban Water Scarcity Management'
    • Gwebu, 'Urban Water Scarcity Management', p. 427.
    • Gwebu, T.D.1
  • 66
    • 33745111547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Urban Water Scarcity Management'
    • For more on the details of the structure of the MZWT, see
    • For more on the details of the structure of the MZWT, see ibid.
    • Gwebu, T.D.1
  • 67
    • 33745111547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Urban Water Scarcity Management'
    • Gwebu, 'Urban Water Scarcity Management', p. 428.
    • Gwebu, T.D.1
  • 68
    • 33745079588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarly, figures on the pipeline's planned length cited by various sources range from 320 km to 450km and are one substantial source of the differences in estimated cost
    • Similarly, figures on the pipeline's planned length cited by various sources range from 320 km to 450km and are one substantial source of the differences in estimated cost.
  • 70
    • 33745066108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities'
    • (N.B. Z$ = Zimbabwe Dollar. The rate of exchange as at 27 August 1992 was: SAR1 = Z$1.75 and US$1 = Z$4.81)
    • Nel and Berry, 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities', p. 410. (N.B. Z$ = Zimbabwe Dollar. The rate of exchange as at 27 August 1992 was: SAR1 = Z$1.75 and US$1 = Z$4.81).
    • Nel, E.L.1    Berry, B.B.2
  • 74
    • 33745069630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Unfounded Rumours of Bulawayo's Death'
    • See the Erich Bloch Column, 29 October
    • See the Erich Bloch Column, 'Unfounded Rumours of Bulawayo's Death,' The Independent, 29 October 2004.
    • (2004) The Independent
  • 75
    • 33745085242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Sainot Munapo Sithole, Makokoba, 6 July
    • Interview with Sainot Munapo Sithole, Makokoba, 6 July 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 76
    • 33745079986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Edward Simela, BURA, held at the National Railways of Zimbabwe in Bulawayo, 27 June
    • Interview with Edward Simela, BURA, held at the National Railways of Zimbabwe in Bulawayo, 27 June 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 77
    • 33745092100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Unity Accord: Its Promise for the Future'
    • Mugabe, 'The Unity Accord: Its Promise for the Future', p. 344.
    • Mugabe, R.G.1
  • 78
    • 33745092100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Unity Accord: Its Promise for the Future'
    • Ibid.
    • Mugabe, R.G.1
  • 79
    • 33745066108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities'
    • Nel and Berry, 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities', pp. 411-22.
    • Nel, E.L.1    Berry, B.B.2
  • 80
    • 33745083693 scopus 로고
    • In a collection of essays on the history of Zimbabwe's independence struggle and the political process leading to the Unity Accord in 1987, (ed.), (Harare, College Press) senior ZANU-PF leaders, including Mugabe, Mutasa, and Mnangagwa, were at pains to emphasise the readiness of the central government to channel development assistance to many parts of Matabeleland but that this was made impossible by the ongoing banditry in the province
    • In a collection of essays on the history of Zimbabwe's independence struggle and the political process leading to the Unity Accord in 1987, C.S. Banana (ed.), Turmoil and Tenacity: Zimbabwe, 1890-1990 (Harare, College Press, 1989), senior ZANU-PF leaders, including Mugabe, Mutasa, and Mnangagwa, were at pains to emphasise the readiness of the central government to channel development assistance to many parts of Matabeleland but that this was made impossible by the ongoing banditry in the province.
    • (1989) Turmoil and Tenacity: Zimbabwe, 1890-1990
    • Banana, C.S.1
  • 81
    • 33745077074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Managing Ethnic Conflicts in Zimbabwe'
    • O. Nnoli (ed.), (CODESRIA Book Series)
    • M. Sithole, 'Managing Ethnic Conflicts in Zimbabwe', in O. Nnoli (ed.), Ethnic Conflicts in Africa (CODESRIA Book Series, 1998), p. 351.
    • (1998) Ethnic Conflicts in Africa , pp. 351
    • Sithole, M.1
  • 82
    • 0039169465 scopus 로고
    • 'Matabeleland Since the Amnesty'
    • See
    • See T. Ranger, 'Matabeleland Since the Amnesty', African Affairs, 88 (1989), p. 165
    • (1989) African Affairs , vol.88 , pp. 165
    • Ranger, T.1
  • 83
    • 33745077074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Managing Ethnic Conflicts in Zimbabwe'
    • Sithole, 'Managing Ethnic Conflicts in Zimbabwe', pp. 351-78.
    • Sithole, M.1
  • 85
    • 33745080641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Managing Ethnic Conflicts'
    • Sithole, 'Managing Ethnic Conflicts', p. 373.
    • Sithole, M.1
  • 86
    • 33745080641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Managing Ethnic Conflicts'
    • As Sithole notes, 'in the three elections held since independence, ZAPU or former ZAPU members won overwhelmingly in Matabeleland. Similarly, ZANU won overwhelmingly among the Shona-speaking regions. Sithole's (Ndabaningi) [sic] party has held on to the seat in the Chipinge constituency for every successive election'
    • As Sithole notes, 'in the three elections held since independence, ZAPU or former ZAPU members won overwhelmingly in Matabeleland. Similarly, ZANU won overwhelmingly among the Shona-speaking regions. Sithole's (Ndabaningi) [sic] party has held on to the seat in the Chipinge constituency for every successive election', in Sithole, 'Managing Ethnic Conflicts', pp. 373-4.
    • Sithole, M.1
  • 87
    • 27744538737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Rochester, University of Rochester Press)
    • T. Falola, The Power of African Cultures (Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2003), pp. 119-20.
    • (2003) The Power of African Cultures , pp. 119-120
    • Falola, T.1
  • 88
    • 3342900596 scopus 로고
    • 24 October
    • The Sunday Mail, 24 October 1993.
    • (1993) The Sunday Mail
  • 89
    • 33745066108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities'
    • Nel and Berry, 'The Problems of Supplying Water to Third World Cities', p. 416.
    • Nel, E.L.1    Berry, B.B.2
  • 90
    • 3342900596 scopus 로고
    • 24 October
    • The Sunday Mail, 24 October 1993.
    • (1993) The Sunday Mail
  • 92
    • 33745102761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sidney Malunga was one of the most vocal members of PF-ZAPU until 1987. He, together with others, became a ZANU-PF Member of Parliament after the Unity Accord and remained one of the foremost and most fearless critics of the government
    • Sidney Malunga was one of the most vocal members of PF-ZAPU until 1987. He, together with others, became a ZANU-PF Member of Parliament after the Unity Accord and remained one of the foremost and most fearless critics of the government.
  • 93
    • 3342900596 scopus 로고
    • 24 October
    • The Sunday Mail, 24 October 1993.
    • (1993) The Sunday Mail
  • 94
    • 33745062543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Water Losses and the Political Constraints to Demand Management: The Case of the City of Mutare, Zimbabwe'
    • (unpublished paper, second WARFSA/Waternet Symposium: Integrated Water Resources Management: Theory, Practice, Cases: Cape Town, 30-31 October)
    • B. Gumbo and P. Van der Zaag, 'Water Losses and the Political Constraints to Demand Management: The Case of the City of Mutare, Zimbabwe' (unpublished paper, second WARFSA/Waternet Symposium: Integrated Water Resources Management: Theory, Practice, Cases: Cape Town, 30-31 October, 2001), p. 1
    • (2001) , pp. 1
    • Gumbo, B.1    Van der Zaag, P.2
  • 95
    • 33745069018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Is the Pungwe Water Supply Project a Solution to Water Accessibility and Sanitation Problems for the Households of Sakubva, Zimbabwe?'
    • (Unpublished paper, second WARFSA/Waternet Symposium: Integrated Water Resources Management: Theory, Practice, Cases: Cape Town, 30-31 October)
    • A. Mukheli, G. Mosupye, and L.A. Swatuk, 'Is the Pungwe Water Supply Project a Solution to Water Accessibility and Sanitation Problems for the Households of Sakubva, Zimbabwe?' (Unpublished paper, second WARFSA/ Waternet Symposium: Integrated Water Resources Management: Theory, Practice, Cases: Cape Town, 30-31 October, 2001), p. 1.
    • (2001) , pp. 1
    • Mukheli, A.1    Mosupye, G.2    Swatuk, L.A.3
  • 96
    • 33745099614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Water Losses and the Political Constraints to Demand Management'
    • For more on how the political dimension to the project was carefully navigated leading to the swift construction of the Pungwe pipeline see
    • For more on how the political dimension to the project was carefully navigated leading to the swift construction of the Pungwe pipeline see Gumbo and Van Der Zaag, 'Water Losses and the Political Constraints to Demand Management', pp. 1-10.
    • Gumbo, B.1    Van Der Zaag, P.2
  • 98
    • 33745071222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the Special Joint Meeting of General Purposes Committee and Future Water Supplies
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the Special Joint Meeting of General Purposes Committee and Future Water Supplies.
  • 99
    • 33745073508 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Report of the Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee Meeting, 28 September
    • BCC Minutes: Report of the Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee Meeting, 28 September 1992.
    • (1992)
  • 100
    • 33745073220 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Report of the Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee Meeting, 28 September
    • Ibid.
    • (1992)
  • 101
    • 33745057773 scopus 로고
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the Special Joint Meeting of General Purposes Committee and Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee Meeting, 18 June
    • BCC Minutes: Minutes of the Special Joint Meeting of General Purposes Committee and Future Water Supplies and Water Action Committee Meeting, 18 June 1992.
    • (1992)
  • 102
    • 3342900596 scopus 로고
    • 24 October
    • The Sunday Mail, 24 October 1993.
    • (1993) The Sunday Mail
  • 105
    • 33745098361 scopus 로고
    • 12 December
    • The Sunday News, 12 December 1993.
    • (1993) The Sunday News
  • 107
    • 33745098361 scopus 로고
    • 12 December
    • The Sunday News, 12 December 1993
    • (1993) The Sunday News
  • 108
    • 84901389750 scopus 로고
    • 30 December
    • Chronicle, 30 December 1993.
    • (1993) Chronicle
  • 109
    • 33745094394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Struggles Over Water'
    • See Chapter 7 of
    • See Chapter 7 of Musemwa, 'Struggles Over Water'.
    • Musemwa, M.1
  • 110
    • 33745059611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with A.C. Ndambe, BURA executive official and former Deputy Mayor, held in Bulawayo, 27 June
    • Interview with A.C. Ndambe, BURA executive official and former Deputy Mayor, held in Bulawayo, 27 June 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 111
    • 33745069976 scopus 로고
    • 'A History of Bulawayo'
    • Notes on BCC Minutes, April-June
    • O. Ransford, Notes on 'A History of Bulawayo', in BCC Minutes, Volume 2, April-June, 1967.
    • (1967) , vol.2
    • Ransford, O.1
  • 112
    • 33745069326 scopus 로고
    • See also, (London, Robert Hall)
    • See also, G. Keith, The Fading Colour Bar (London, Robert Hall, 1966), pp. 47-9.
    • (1966) The Fading Colour Bar , pp. 47-49
    • Keith, G.1
  • 113
    • 33745084902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'African Participation in Housing Management in Rhodesia'
    • (Occasional Paper, City Housing and Amenities Department, Bulawayo, n.d.)
    • M.M. Ndubiwa, 'African Participation in Housing Management in Rhodesia' (Occasional Paper, City Housing and Amenities Department, Bulawayo, n.d.), p. 54.
    • Ndubiwa, M.M.1
  • 114
    • 33745103093 scopus 로고
    • (December)
    • Masiye Pambili, 15 (December 1994)
    • (1994) Masiye Pambili , vol.15
  • 115
    • 33745078013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17 April 'Harare Changes Face Drastically' provides a detailed list of numerous postmodern buildings that have mushroomed in Harare since independence. The number and style of these buildings far outstrip equivalent change in Bulawayo, which continues to look like the colonial city that it had always been. Although most of the property development in Harare was carried out by the private sector (Old Mutual, Zesa Pension Fund, etc), the fact that such development was concentrated in Harare raises questions about Bulawayo's status as an investment destination given its proneness to drought - a situation that could be corrected if water supplies were abundant
    • The Sunday Mail, 17 April 2005, 'Harare Changes Face Drastically' provides a detailed list of numerous postmodern buildings that have mushroomed in Harare since independence. The number and style of these buildings far outstrip equivalent change in Bulawayo, which continues to look like the colonial city that it had always been. Although most of the property development in Harare was carried out by the private sector (Old Mutual, Zesa Pension Fund, etc), the fact that such development was concentrated in Harare raises questions about Bulawayo's status as an investment destination given its proneness to drought - a situation that could be corrected if water supplies were abundant.
    • (2005) The Sunday Mail
  • 116
    • 33745112608 scopus 로고
    • (December)
    • Masiye Pambili, 15 (December 1994).
    • (1994) Masiye Pambili , vol.15
  • 118
    • 0034536432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Workers, the MDC and the 2000 Election'
    • The MDC won all the urban parliamentary seats in 2000, and almost all the municipal wards in the 2001 local elections that saw a mayor from the opposition party take office. For details on the elections and the rise of the MDC as the first formidable opposition in post-independence Zimbabwe that came close to dislodging the ZANU-PF government from the seat of power, see (September)
    • The MDC won all the urban parliamentary seats in 2000, and almost all the municipal wards in the 2001 local elections that saw a mayor from the opposition party take office. For details on the elections and the rise of the MDC as the first formidable opposition in post-independence Zimbabwe that came close to dislodging the ZANU-PF government from the seat of power, see P. Alexander, 'Workers, the MDC and the 2000 Election', Review of African Political Economy, 27, 85 (September, 2000), pp. 385-406
    • (2000) Review of African Political Economy , vol.27 , Issue.85 , pp. 385-406
    • Alexander, P.1
  • 119
    • 33745063644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Travails of Opposition Politics in Zimbabwe since Independence'
    • and D. Harold-Barry (ed.), (Harare, Weaver Press)
    • and E. Masunungure, 'Travails of Opposition Politics in Zimbabwe since Independence', in D. Harold-Barry (ed.), Zimbabwe: The Past is the Future (Harare, Weaver Press, 2004), pp. 147-92.
    • (2004) Zimbabwe: The Past Is the Future , pp. 147-192
    • Masunungure, E.1
  • 120
    • 33745062243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Return of the Jettisoned: ZANU-PF's Crack at "Re-urbanising" in Harare'
    • See Kamete's article, in this issue of the
    • See Kamete's article, 'The Return of the Jettisoned: ZANU-PF's Crack at "Re-urbanising" in Harare', in this issue of the Journal of Southern African Studies.
    • Journal of Southern African Studies
  • 121
    • 33745090550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sacking of Harare Mayor, Engineer Elias Mudzuri, by the Local Government Minister and putting the Municipality under a curator - the ZANU-PF filled Commission led by former MDC Deputy Mayor, Sekesai Makwavarara - who defected to ZANU-PF, is a case in point. Deprived of political control over the two most important cities in Zimbabwe, the ZANU-PF government also declared the two cities provinces and, like other provinces, ZANU-PF provincial governors were appointed to run them and to oversee local government.
    • The sacking of Harare Mayor, Engineer Elias Mudzuri, by the Local Government Minister and putting the Municipality under a curator - the ZANU-PF filled Commission led by former MDC Deputy Mayor, Sekesai Makwavarara - who defected to ZANU-PF, is a case in point. Deprived of political control over the two most important cities in Zimbabwe, the ZANU-PF government also declared the two cities provinces and, like other provinces, ZANU-PF provincial governors were appointed to run them and to oversee local government.


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