The politics of the Dalai Lama's new initiative for autonomy

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 601-629

  He, Baogang ^a   Sautman, Barry ^b  

^a DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTONOMY; CULTURAL INFLUENCE; DEMOCRACY; STATE ROLE; URBAN POLITICS;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; XIZANG;

EID: 33745043559     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5509/2005784601     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. The authors would like to express sincere thanks for the constructive comments and suggestions of two anonymous referees and Professor Timothy Cheek.
2. "Dalai Lama Interviewed on Taiwan visit, Cross-Strait ties, US role," Lien Ho Pao, 2 October 2000, reprinted in British Broadcasting Corp/Summary of World Broadcasts (BBC/SWB), 7 October 2000, The newspaper is available, in translation, on Lexis Nexis (5 December 2005).
3. "Five-point Peace Plan for Tibet: Address to Members of the US Congress, September 21, 1987," Office of Tibet, New York, available on the Office of Tibet Web site, , (14 November 2005).
4. "Statement by His Holiness, die XIV Dalai Lama on his visit to the United States, September, 1995," available on the Government of Tibet in Exile (TGIE) Web site, , (14 November 2005).
5. T.C. Tethong, former Minister of Information and International Relations of the Tibet Government-in-Exile (1996-2001), said, "The Tibetan people know that we are different. We have our own language, and own race and history are separate from that of the Chinese." See "Op-ed piece from T.C. Tethong on Tibetan Cultural Week," 14 September 2002, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site,, (5 December 2005).
6. "China must Listen to the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Exile Spokesman says," Agence France Presse (AFP), 18 March 2005, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site , (5 December 2005)
7. "Tibetan Government now wants Autonomous Status, Talks with China," Press Trust of India, 22 May 2001, Lexis Nexis (5 December 2005)
8. Laurence Braham, "Conciliatory Dalai Lama Expounds on Winds of Change," South China Morning Post (SCMP), 14 March 2005, A4.
9. Sandip Roy, "Will Dalai Lama follow brother's Tibet visit," Pacific News Service, 28 August 2002, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site (5 December 2005);
10. Tenzin Namgyal, "Flashbacks and flashbulbs," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 1 (January-February 2001), available on the Tibetan Bulletin Web site, .(5 December 2005)
11. "Tibet Settlement Hopeful in Dalai Lama's Lifetime: Exiled Prime Minister," AFP, 5 July 2005, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
12. Samdhong Rinpoche has said that China now considers the Dalai Lama part of the solution, not part of the problem. Also see Tashi Rabgey and Tseten Wangchuk Sharlo, Sino-Tibetan Dialogue in the Post-Mao Era: Lessons and Prospects (Washington: East-West Center, 2004), pp. 28-29 and fn. 50; they identify a desire for negotiations with the Dalai Lama among first-generation Tibetan communists and senior officers of the 18th Army in Tibet. They refer to a "recent document circulating among Party officials [that] states, 'anyone who thinks the Tibet issue should be dragged on until after the death of the fourteenth Dalai Lama is naive, unwise, and [supporting] the wrong policy.'" They also note "The document argues that it is in China's long-term strategic interest to resolve the issue in dialogue with the current exiled Tibetan leader, and that it must do so while the historic opportunity still exists," a viewpoint with supporters among centrist reformers in Beijing.
13. "Exiled Tibetan Leaders to Discuss Autonomous State with China," Japan Economic Newswire, 14 March 2005, Lexis-Nexis (5 December 2005)
14. "Tibet Settlement Hopeful," AFP, 5 July 2005.
15. Chinese, Tibetans Hold First Talks outside China," Indo-Asian News Service, 3 July 2005, available at http://www.eians.com/stories/2005/07/ 03/americas-index.shtml.
16. Central Tibetan Administration, "The Statement of the Special Envoy of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Lodi Gyari, Head of Tibetan Delegation which met Chinese Representatives in Berne, Switzerland," Tibetan Bulletin vol. 9, no. 4 (July-August, 2005), available, , (5 December 2005).
17. "We have to Accept Ground Realities," Outlook (India), 19 March 2005, reprinted in the Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 9, no. 3 (May-June 2005), available on the Tibetan Bulletin Web site, , (5 December 2005).
18. See N. Bhanutej, "Mantra of Freedom: Cutting a New Path," The Week (India), 18 April 2005 (exile activist Tenzin Tsundue criticizes the Dalai Lama's support for a railway in Tibet);
19. Jeffrey Bowe, "Has the Dalai Lama made the final surrender?" Times of Tibet 14 March 2005, available on the Times of Tibet Web site, , (29 November 2005) (veteran British Tibet independence activist criticizes Dalai Lama);
20. "Say it ain't so," Gazette (Montreal), 16 March 2005, A28 (newspaper criticizes Dalai Lama's "surrender").
21. "India's position on Tibet unchanged," TibetNet, 14 April 2005, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
22. "Tibet Settlement Hopeful," AFP, 5 July 2005;
23. "Rinpoche seeks Full-fledged Autonomy for Tibet," The Tribune (Chandigarh), 3 September 2005, available on the Tribune Web site, , (5 December 2005).
24. See Barry Sautman, "China's Vulnerability to Ethnic Minority Separatism in Tibet," Asian Affairs: an American Review, vol. 31, no. 2 (2005), pp. 87-118.
25. Zhu Yuchao and Dongyan Blachford, "Ethnic Minority Issues in China's Foreign Policy: Perspectives and Implications," Pacific Review vol. 18, no. 2 (2005), pp. 243-264.
26. "Dalai Lama 'has a Keen Desire to Visit China,'" Deutsche Presse Agentur (DPA), 4 November 200, Lexis Nexis (5 December 2005).
27. A.A. Shiromany, ed., The Political Philosophy of His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama: Selected Speeches and Writings (New Delhi: Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Center, 1998), p. 144.
28. "Indian Defense Minister hopes China will begin Dialogue with Dalai Lama," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 6, no. 1 (January-April 2002), p. 9.
29. "China again says no to Dialogue with Dalai Lama," Associated Press, 15 July 2002, available online at the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
30. "Hu Jintao Vows to 'Crush Tibetans,'" Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 3 (July-August 2001), p. 10.
31. H.S. Nanda, "Terrorism puts Tibet on Back Burner," United Press International 11 March 2004,
32. Lexis Nexis; Suresh Kr Pramar, "Mellowing of Dalai Lama," Asian Tribune, 22 July 2004, available on the Asian Tribune Web site, , (5 December 2005);
33. Nachammai Raman, "'Free Tibet' push fades as India-China ties warm," Christian Science Monitor, 11 April 2005, p. 7.
34. Jonathan Mann and Jaime Florcruz, "A Look at the Changing Face of Tibet," CNN, 15 September 2003,
35. Lexis Nexis, D. Pattanayak, "Watch your Step, Mr. Prime Minister," The Statesman (India), 23 June 2003, Lexis Nexis.
36. Ragbey and Shahlo, Sino-Tibet Dialogue, p. 26 (discussing "unprecedented affluence" of Tibetans who work for government).
37. See also the statement of Tibetologist Robbie Barnett, that middle-class Tibetans' incomes are increasing rapidly and "they have very good lives," from Barnett "Politics: Fighting for a Future"; the web address indicates that the article is "published" by Columbia University School of Journalism master's degree students], www.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/newmedia/masters/tibetan/ politics.html> (5 December 2005);
38. Barry Sautman, "The new Tibetan middle class," paper presented at the International Conference of Asian Scholars, August 2003, Singapore.
39. "Danish Premier tells Dalai Lama Tibet Policy will not Change,"Dansmark Radio [Copenhagen, Denmark], 6 June 2003, in BBC Monitoring International Reports, 6 June 2003, Lexis Nexis.
40. "EU ups Stakes in Lifting of China Arms Embargo," Guardian, 13 May 2005, p. 1.
41. Amy Kellam, "Foreign Devils: Law's Imperial Discourse and the Status of Tibet," Griffith Law Review, vol. 12, no. 2 (2003), pp.190-214;
42. "Britain wants China to grant Tibet freedoms," Reuters, 20 October 1999, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
43. Gyaneshwar Chaturvedi, "India's Tibet Policy," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 9, no. 1 (January -February 2005), pp. 7-11;
44. "No change in India's Tibet Policy, 'Right Direction'.on Sikkim - Vajpayee," AFX - Asia, 27 June 2003, Lexis Nexis.
45. "China-India Relations 'cannot be Normalized without Addressing the Tibetan Issue': Samdhong Rinpoche: an Interview," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 3 (May-Aug 2003), p. 24.
46. "Pragmatic India Shakes Hands with Israelis-Palestinians, China-Tibet," DPA, 8 September 2003, Lexis Nexis.
47. "Exiled Tibetan government Banks on Sino-Indian talks," AFP, 25 June 2003, available at the Phayul Web site, , (5 December 2005).
48. Austin Ramzy, "Tibetans fear for their Future after the Dalai Lama," available on the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism Web site, , (5 December 2005).
49. [Anonymous], "Vatican Keeps Dalai Lama Meeting Low Key," SCMP, 29 November 2003, p. A8.
50. Chen Yuhui, "Dalai Lama: Xun qiu Xizang zizhi rei yu Zhongguo fenlie," [Dalai Lama: To pursue Tibetan Self-government, but not Separate from China], Xizang Tongxun, nos. 3-4 (March/April 2002), p. 2.
51. "Dalai qi zhuanshi zhidu shi hao shi: bao liu yu fo you Xizang jueding" (Dalai: Abandoning the reincarnation system is a good thing; to keep or abandon it is to be decided by the Tibetans), Ming Pao [Hong Kong], 3 April 2001, available at the WiseNews database.
52. "Dalai Lama will not be reincarnated in occupied Tibet," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 5 (Nov-Dec 2001), p. 8, available at the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
53. "After the Dalai Lama, Who?" Times of India (TOI), 21 March 2004, available at the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
54. Melvyn Goldstein, "Tibet, China and the United States: Reflections on the Tibet Question," (Washington, DC: Atlantic Council of the United States, 1995), p. xi.
55. June Teufel Dreyer, "Unrest in Tibet," Current History, vol. 88, no. 539 (1989), p. 284.
56. Dreyer, "Unrest," p. 48.
57. For a detailed discussion on the Dalai Lama's original autonomy proposal, see Baogang He, "Why Does Beijing Reject the Dalai Lama Autonomy Proposal?" Review of Asian and Pacific Studies (Seikei University, Japan), no. 22 (2001), pp. 57-72.
58. Dalai Lama, "March 10 Statement 1992," in Shiromany, The Political Philosophy, pp. 434-436.
59. "His Holiness the Dalai Lama Explains his Position on China's Preconditions," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 4 (September-October 2003), p. 25.
60. This followed an international workshop on Tibetan autonomy in November 1999 in New Delhi in India.
61. Baogang He's interview with Lodi Gyari and Bhuchung Tsering in Washington on 23 July, 31 July, 7 August 2003, with Lodi Gyari in Singapore on 25 March 2004.
62. Brahm, "Conciliatory Dalai Lama," A4. Subsequent statements of Kate Saunders, International Campaign for Tibet communications director, and Thubten Samphel, secretary, TGIE Department of Information & International Relations, did not dispute the accuracy of Brahm's report on the Dalai Lama's statements.
63. Kate Saunders, "Tibet's autonomy stance," SCMP, 19 March 2005: A14;
64. T. Samphel, "Letter to the Editor," SCMP, 29 March 2005, available at the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005). Alison Reynolds, director of the Free Tibet Campaign, UK, also did not deny accuracy of Brahm's quotes;
65. see Richard Spencer, "Dalai Lama offers China settlement over Tibet," Daily telegraph, 15 March 2005, p. 12.
66. Jyoti Malhotra, "China opens Tibet doors," Indian Express, 24 June 2004, http://www.indianexpress.com/full_story.php?Content_id=49650 (6 January 2006).
67. Jasper Becker, "China Paves the Way for Possible Return of the Dalai Lama," Independent, 24 September 2002, p. 30.
68. "Dalai Lama Demands True Autonomy for Tibet," AFP, 7 October 2004, http://www.tibet.ca/en/wtnarchive/2004/10/7_1.html (6 January 2006);
69. "Dalai Lama says Remaining in China in Tibet's Interest," PTI, 2 December 2004, Lexis Nexis.
70. Samdhong Rinpoche, Tibet: A Future Vision (New Delhi: Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre, 1997), p. 47.
71. Carole McGranahan, "Empire and the Status of Tibet: British, Chinese and Tibetan Negotiations," in Alex McKay, ed., The History of Tibet (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003), pp. 267-295.
72. Tsering Shakya, A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 (London: Pimilico, 1999), p. 62.
73. "Excerpt from ICJ interview with the Dalai Lama," in International Commission of Jurists, Tibet: Human Rights and the Law (Geneva: ICJ, 1997), pp. 349-350.
74. Luke Harding, "China Meets Dalai Lama's Envoys," Guardian 28 May 2003, p. 11.
75. D.S. Rajan, "Beijing and the Dalai Lama: Ice Melting?" South Asia Analysis Group, New Delhi, paper no. 1271 (28 February 2005), available at the SAAG Web site, , (5 December 2005);
76. Cai Yongmei, "Fangcai duli yu xizang weilai," [Abandoning independence and Tibet's future], Kaifeng (August 2003), available at the Open magazine Web site, , (5 December 2005).
77. "His Holiness the Dalai Lama Explains," 2003.
78. Ken Gewertz, "Panel examines Beijing/Dalai Lama negotiations," Harvard Gazette 4 December 2003, available at the Harvard Gazette Web site, , (5 December 2005).
79. "Commentary: Dalai Lama's 'autonomy' claim hypocritical," Xinhua, 1 September 2005, available at the China Tibet Information Center Web site, , (5 December 2005);
80. "6.4b yuan Worth of Projects Approved in Tibet," SCMP, 31 May 2005, p. 6.
81. Rabgey and Sharlho, Sino-Tibetan Dialogue in the Post-Mao Era, p. 37.
82. Language and family planning policies evince such coordination, as does the distribution of Five Provinces and Regions Tibetan language textbooks. Ashild Kolas and Monika Thowsen, On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier (Seattle, WA: University of Washington, 2005), pp. 114-116.
83. "Sichuan to exempt ethnic regions from agricultural taxes," People's Daily (Beijing), 12 March 2004, available at the People's Daily Web site, , (5 December 2005).
84. Samdhong Rinpoche, Tibet: A Future Vision, p. 52.
85. Cai, "Fangcai duli."
86. "Tibetans Begin Talks with China for Autonomy," Star of Mysore, 8 August 2005, available at the Phayul Web site, , (5 December 2005) (Samdhong Rinpoche says "no need for defense forces" in Tibet).
87. Please also see "In exile, they Keep their Fingers Crossed," Indian Express, 24 June 2003 (Tibetan parliament in exile seeks zone of peace)
88. Lexis Nexis. "Tibetans Seek to Broaden Support Base at Anti-Globalisation Forum," AFP, 20 January 2004, available on the Students for a Free Tibet Web site, , (5 December 2005).
89. [Untitled anonymous news item], Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 5 (November-December 2003), p. 4.
90. Barry Sautman and Lo Shiu-hing, The Tibet Question and the Hong Kong Experience (Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland School of Law, 1995).
91. "Statement by Special Envoy Lodi Gyari, Head of the Delegation sent by his Holiness the Dalai Lama to China," the Government of Tibet in Exile, 11 June 2003, available on the TGIE Web site, , (5 December 2005).
92. "Talks Progressing, says Tibet's PM-in-Exile," The Nation (Bangkok), 10 March 2005, Lexis Nexis, (5 December 2005);
93. S.N.M. Abdi, "Hardliners reject Softer stance by Dalai Lama," SCMP, 15 March 15, 2005, p. 9;
94. "Kashag's Urgent Appeal to the Tibetan people and Tibet Supporters in the USA and Canada," The Kashag, 3 September 2005, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
95. The TGIE does not criticize the demonstrations that do occur, however. See Albert Amateau, "Chinese takeover of Tibet protested at art opening," The Villager (New York), 3 March 2005, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
96. "His Holiness the Dalai Lama Explains," p. 24.
97. Lodi Gyari's question to He Baogong, author's interview of Gyari, 31 July 2003, Washington, DC.
98. "Commentary: No more Playing Tibet as 'card' for Leaving Tibetans Alone," Xinhua, 26 July 2004, available on the Chinese Embassy in India website, (6 January 2006).
99. [Untitled anonymous news item], Xizang Liaowang, no. 5, 2003, p. 4.
100. Lodi Gyari, "Statement by Special Envoy Kasur Lodi Gyari, Head of the Delegation to China," 13 October 2004, available on the Central Tibetan Administration Web site, , (5 December 2005).
101. "The Sect with Two Heads," Economist, vol. 331, no. 7858 (9 April 1994), pp. 40-42;
102. Barry Searak, "Lama's escape inflames Buddhist rivalry," New York Times, 3 February 2000, p. A1. The Tibetan exiles' apparent order of preference is: 1) the Dalai Lama dies in Tibet and is reincarnated there; 2) he dies outside China and is reincarnated there; and 3) the reincarnation system ends. For some PRC hardliners, the order is reversed.
103. Lobsang Wangyal, "Tibetan Activists Hold onto Hope as Dalai Lama Marks 45 years in Exile," AFP, 10 March 2004, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (5 December 2005).
104. Baogang He's interview with Lodi Gyari and Bhuchung Tsering in Washington on 23 July, 31 July and 7 August 2003, and with Lodi Gyari in Singapore on 25 March 2004. For a detailed analysis of different concepts of autonomy, see Baogang He, "Minority Rights with Chinese Characteristics", in Will Kymlicka and Baogang He, eds., Multiculturalism in Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 56-79;
105. for a philosophical approach to the issue see Baogang He, "Confucianism versus Liberalism over Minority Rights: A Critical Responses to Will Kymlicka," Journal of Chinese Philosophy, vol. 31, no. 1 (March 2004), pp. 103-123.
106. Quoted in Lodi Gyari, "Don't Shut out the Dalai Lama," Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 January 2000, p. 28.
107. Becker, "China Paves," p. 30.
108. Lodi Gyari, quoted in Mann and Florcruz, 2003.
109. John Gittings, "Cultural clash in land on the roof of the world," Guardian, 8 February 2002, p. 17.
110. "6.4b yuan Worth of Projects Approved in Tibet," SCMP, 31 May 2005;
111. Minnie Chan," Beijing Pledges to Continue Selection Method for Next Dalai Lama," SCMP, 19 July 2005
112. See Robert Barnett, "Beyond the Collaborator-Martyr Model: Strategies of Compliance, Opportunism and Opposition within Tibet," in Barry Sautman and June Dreyer, eds., Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development and Society in a Disputed Region (Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 2006), pp. 25-66;
113. "Tibetan cadres today: collaborators or patriots?" Tibet Press Watch, vol. 10, no. 4 (July 2002), pp. 6-7.
114. See, for example, the statement of Raidi, former TAR CCP executive deputy secretary, who advised the Dalai Lama to "make some clear choices, and not have at his side those who advocate and incite Tibetan independence with their actions, nor be surrounded by bone-dry Tibetan independence elements." "Tibet Leader says China Opposes Collusion of Taiwan, Tibet separatists," Xinhua, 14 March 2001, available on website of University of Dusseldorf East Asian Institute, (5 December 2005).
115. Exile leaders are aware of the negative effects of at least some such mobilizational efforts. "Tibetans urged not to Mar Hu Jintao's America Visit," TibetNet, 5 September, 2005 (6 January 2006) (Samdhong Rinpoche states, in the just cited article, "Over aggressive agitations like burning the national flag of China will achieve no more than further hardening and alienating the attitude of Chinese leaders." The PRC government has in turn said, "A person who is pure-hearted in seeking compromise certainly will not sling mud on the other part, while an attempt to win international interference on an internal affair is an obvious denial of the framework that Tibet is part of China."
116. See "Dalai Laima's 'Autonomy' Claim Hypocritical," Xinhua, 1 September 2005, available on the Xinhua Web site, , (5 December 2005).
117. Frank Ching, "Hong Kong Solution for Tibet?" Far Eastern Economic Review, vol. 161, no. 31 (30 July 1998), p. 37.
118. "Chinese Premier Presses U.S. on Taiwan, Trade; Wen Addresses Wide Range of Issues," Washington Post, 23 November 2003, p. A01.
119. See, for example, "China Strongly Opposes US Presidential Report on Tibet Issue," Xinhua, 24 April 2005, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (8 December 2005).
120. Baogang He's interviews with TGIE ministers, 15 November 1999, New Delhi, India.
121. Samphel, "Letter to the Editor," SCMP, 29 March 2005
122. "His Holiness the Dalai Lama explains," Tibetan Bulletin, p. 25.
123. "Dalai zai Yindu Dajile" [Dalai Lama at Darjeeling, India], People's Daily, 3 March 2004, available on the People's Daily Web site, , (8 December 2005).
124. Dalai Lama, "Tibet was an Independent Country," Siromany, The Political Philosophy..., p. 60.
125. "Chinese Offer 'Not Genuine,'" Tribune News Service (India), 4 February 2002, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (8 December 2005).
126. Richard Baum, "Britain's 'Betrayal' of Hong Kong: a Second Look," Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 8, no. 20 (March 1999), pp. 9-28.
127. "A Breakthrough on Tibet?" Boston Globe 2 July 1998, p. A18;
128. interview by Barry Samman, with a Tibet-specialist UFWD official, Beijing, 26 December 2004.
129. "His Holiness the Dalai Lama explains," Tibetan Bulletin, p. 24.
130. "China Opposes Dalai Lama's Political Activities Overseas-Spokesman, "Xinhua, 14 June 2005, available on the Peoples Daily Web site, , (8 December 2005);
131. "China's Top Legislator, Danish Parliament Speaker Discuss Ties, Tibet," Xinhua, 2 June 2004, available on People's Daily Web site, http://english.people.com.cn/200406/02/eng20040602_145127.html.
132. "Dalai Lama Opposes Independence for Taiwan," DPA, 17 July 1998, Lexis Nexis.
133. "Dalai Lama's strategy for China talks explained," Lianhe Bao, 28 October 1998, p. 13, in BBC/SWB, November 9, 1998, Lexis Nexis.
134. "Dalai Lama Shuns Tibet Independence," The Advertiser (Australia), 29 June 2000, p. 30.
135. "China Must Listen to the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Exile Spokesman Says," AFP, 18 March 2005, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (8 December 2005).
136. Tibetan Youth Congress, "Boycott Made in China," 2004, available on the Tibetan Youth Congress Web site, (8 December 2005);
137. Toronto Tibetan Youth Congress, "No Olympics 2008 in Beijing," 2004, available on the TYC Web site, (8 December 2005).
138. Thupten Norbu, "Message from the Dalai Lama's Eldest Brother, Prof. Thubten Norbu," available on the Students for a Free Tibet Web site, , (8 December 2005).
139. Pawan Sharma, "Drive to Boycott Chinese Goods Being Re-launched," Hindustan Times, 13 December 2002, available on the Friends of Tibet Web site, , (8 December 2005).
140. Tibetan Youth Congress, "Tibetan Youth Leadership Training Program," available on the TYC Web site, , (8 December 2005).
141. "Young Tibet up in Arms," The Statesman (India), 4 July 2003, available on World Tibet Network website, www.tibet.ca/en/wtnarchive/ 2003/7/4_2.html (7 January 2006);
142. S.N.M. Abdi, "Hardliners reject softer stance by Dalai Lama," SCMP, 15 March 2005, p. 9.
143. Tsering Tashi, "SFT mark Nobel Prize conferment on the Dalai Lama," 12 December 2004, available on the Times of Tibet Web site, , (8 December 2005);
144. Brian Marple, Lori Har-El and Laura Market, "Protestors, Welcomers Converge on Chinese Leader's Arrival in New York," The Epoch Times, 14 September 2005, (8 December 2005).
145. Erkin Alptekin, "Freedom for Tibet: Europe Speaks out," 12 March 2005, available on the Freedom for Tibet - Europe Speaks Out Web site, , (8 December 2005).
146. Baogang He's interview with Lodi Gyari in Washington on 31 July 2003.
147. "Address of Mr. Kelsang Cyaltsen," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 5 (November-December 2003), p. 18.
148. Orville Schell, "Chinese Puzzle - Why won't Beijing make Peace with the Dalai Lama?" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 June 2001, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (8 December 2005).
149. John K. Knaus, "China's Opportunity to Resolve Tibet Issue," Boston Globe, 8 December 2003, p. A13.
150. "Address of Mr. Kelsang Gyaltsen," p. 18.
151. Lodi Gyari, "Don't Shut Out the Dalai Lama," Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 January 2000, p. 28.
152. Nicholas Rufford, "Tibet's Brothers in Arms Spoil for a Fight," Gazette (Montreal), 21 November 1999, p. A1. In this article, the Dalai Lama's youngest brother states, "The Chinese only understand the language of violence. So why not give it a shot?" and advocates bombings in Beijing.
153. [Untitled anonymous news item], Xizang Liaowang, no. 4, 2003, p. 13.
154. "Dalai Lama Calls on George Bush," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 4, September-October 2003, p. 35.
155. "After the Dalai Lama, Who?" Times of India, 21 March 2004, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (8 December 2005).
156. "Kashag Shuts Down Budapest Office of Tibet," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 9, no. 2 (March/April 2005), available on the Tibetan Bulletin Web site, , (8 December 2005).
157. Rebecca French, "A Conversation with Tibetans? Reconsidering the Relationship between Religious beliefs and Secular Legal Discourse," Law & Social Inquiry, vol. 26, no, 1 (2001), pp. 95-114.
158. Julian Gearing, "Wrangling Hinders Talks with Beijing," SCMP, 12 December 2003, p. 15;
159. Jane Ardley, "Learning the Art of Democracy? Continuity and Change in the Tibetan Government-in-exile," Contemporary South Asia, vol. 12, no. 3 (2003), pp. 349-363.
160. Samdhong Rinpoche, "Non-violent Struggle: Tibet's Legacy to Freedom Struggle," Tibetan Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 5 (January-April 2002), p. 16.
161. In 1999, the Tibetan exile officials rejected a gradual strategy suggested by Baogang He because they thought it meant accepting China's rule, acceding to China's legitimacy and confirming China's framework. They insisted that no concession could be made before negotiations.
162. "Dalai Lama's Tibet Hopes," Toronto Star, 23 April 2004, p. A04.
163. Beijing now emphasizes that the Dalai Lama should support China's Western Development Project, including the building of a railway to Tibet that is meant to begin operation by 2006. The Dalai Lama, however, has connected such an undertaking with "cultural genocide," and stated, "In general, a railway link is very useful in order to develop, but not when politically motivated to bring about demographic change." "Dalai Lama Brands Chinese Rail Link 'Cultural Genocide,'" Associated Press (AP), 11 September 2005, available on the United Nations Thailand Web site, , (8 December 2005).
164. "Dalai Lama's Tibet Hopes," 2004.
165. The Third International Conference of Tibet Support groups, held in Berlin in 2000, declared it would actively encourage the TGIE to consider the independence option if Beijing refuses to talk with the Dalai Lama. [Untitled anonymous news item] Tibetan Bulletin, May-June 2000, p. 9.
166. The ten-member Task Force has its own office and includes Kashag (cabinet) members. Rajan, "Beijing and the Dalai Lama."
167. Baogang He's interview with Lodi Gyari in Singapore on 25 March 2004.
168. Elliot Sperling, The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics (Washington, DC: East-West Center, 2004).
169. "Dalai Lama Spokesman: Tibet's Former Independence Can't be Changed,'" AP, 29 June 1998, Lexis Nexis.
170. T.C. Tethong, quoted in Nidhi Singh, "How the Bodhi Dharma Returned to India," India Currents, June 2001, available on the Friends of Tibet Web site, , (8 December 2005).
171. Samdhong Rinpoche, testimony, Joint Meeting of the Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Standing Committee of the House of Commons on Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa, 22 April, 2004, available at Canadian Parliament website,
172. "http://ustlib.ust.hk:211/z39m/CUHK:INNOPAC%2Ccithk:INNOPAC%2CHKBU: INNOPAC%2Chkied:INNOPAC%2Chkpu:INNOPAC%2Chkust:INNOPAC%2CLingnan: INNOPAC%2CHKU:INNOPAC/a?%22Dang+dai+Zhongguo+de+min+zu+gong+zuo%22+bian+ ji+bu+bian/." "Dang dai Zhongguo de min zu gong zuo" bian ji bu bian, Dangdai Zhongguo minzu gongzuo [Contemporary China's ethnic work] (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1993), p. 106.
173. See, for example, Chen Kuiyuan, "On the understanding of several questions concerning socialist spiritual civilization," Xizang Ribao, 13 August 1996, p. 1, in BBC/SWB, 16 September 1996, Lexis Nexis.
174. Hong Kong Home Affairs Bureau, Legislating against Racial Discrimination: a Consultation Paper (Hong Kong: Government of Hong Kong, 2004).
175. Hu Xiaojiang, The Little Shops of Lhasa, Tibet: Migrant Businesses and the Formation of Markets in a Transitional Economy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, forthcoming 2006), ch. 4.
176. Li Cheng, "Analysis of Current Provincial Leaders," China Leadership Monitor, no. 7 (Summer 2003), p. 13.
177. Li Cheng and Lynn White, III, "The 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Hu gets what?" Asian Survey, vol. 43, no. 4 (2003), pp. 553-597.
178. Tibetan Commission on Human Rights & Development, Impoverishing Tibetans: China's Flawed Economic Policy in Tibet (Dharamsala: TCHRD, 2000).
179. Andrew Fischer, Urban Fault Lines in Shangri-la: Population and Economic Foundations of Inter-ethnic Conflict in the Tibetan Areas of Western China (London: Development Studies Institute, 2004);
180. Andrew Fischer, State Growth and Social Exclusion in Tibet: Challenges of Recent Economic Growth (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press, 2005).
181. Eddie Toh, "M'sia Steps up Plans to Attain Bumiputra Goal," Business Times (Singapore), 27 September 2004, Lexis Nexis
182. Felipe Salvosa, "Mahathir Stresses Economic Gains of Affirmative Action," Business World (Manila), 6 October 2004, p. 1, Lexis Nexis
183. Jeyakumar Devaraj, "Has Malaysia Really Eradicated Poverty?" Aliran Monthly, no. 2 (2004), available on the Aliran Web site, , (8 December 2005).
184. "Mahathir Highlights Equity in Economic Growth," Xinhua, 5 October 2004, available on the People's Daily Web site, , (8 December 2005).
185. "Premier Vo Van Kiet on Agriculture in Remote Areas," Nhan Dan (Hanoi), 30 June 1997, in BBC/SWB, 14 July 1997, Lexis Nexis [available only on Lexis-Nexis; Nhan Dan's archive doesn't go back to 1997];
186. "The Hindu Charioteers," Economist, 14 December 1991, p. 38, Lexis Nexis
187. "India Refuses Aid," AFP, January 5, 2005, available on Buzztracker website, (6″ www.buzztracker.org/2005/01/04/cache /428416.html (6 January 2006).
188. Gerard Postiglione et al., "Education in Rural Tibet: Development, Problems and Adaptions," China: an International Journal, vol. 3, no. 1 (2005), pp. 1-23;
189. Kolas and Thowsen, On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier, pp.100-104.
190. Leo McKinstry, "Ulster is all Right," Spectator, 4 December 2004, pp. 18-19;
191. Bob Osbourne and Ian Shuttleworth, Fair Employment in Northern Ireland a Generation on (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 2004).
192. "Dalai Lama Remains Taboo Subject in Home Region," AFP, 10 August 1999, available on the World Tibet Network Web site, , (8 December 2005);
193. Laura Newby and Zhang Lijia, "Little Tibet: Even Better than the Real Thing?" China Review no. 27 (2004), available on the Great Britain China Centre Web site, , (8 December 2005);
194. Seth Faison, "Uncivil Rights: are Tibetans 'Citizens' of China?" New York Times, 31 August 1999, p. A4;
195. "In Remote China, Tibetans Reclaim Lives from Communist Ruins," Associated Press, 12 July 1998, Lexis Nexis.
196. "Proposal of Regulation on Study, Use and Development of Tibetan," Tibet regional radio,12 July 1987, in BBC SWB, 17 July 1987, [available only on Lexis-Nexis, unless one subscribes to Thompson DataStar Dialogue];
197. "Trial Implementation of Stipulations on Use of Tibetan," Tibet regional radio, 20 July 1987, in BBC/SWB, 30 July 1987, Lexis Nexis.
198. See Theodore Sorensen and David L. Phillips, Legal standards and autonomy options for minorities in China: the Tibetan case (Cambridge: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 2004), pp. 10, 25-26, 90-92.
199. In autonomous entities elsewhere, state officials must be proficient in the local language. For example, in Finland's Åland Islands, "[p]rovisions on the linguistic proficiency of a State official in Åland shall be issued by decree with the consent of the Government of Åland" and "the State shall organize training in Swedish for the persons in its service in Åland." See the Legislative Assembly of Åland, "Provisions for Autonomy," section 42, 12 July 1996, available on the Legislative Assembly of Åland Web site, , (8 December 2005).
200. Xizang zizhiqu xuexi: shiyong he fazhan zangyuwen de ruogan guiding [TAR Regulations on the Study, Use and Development of the Tibetan Language], See Congressional Executive Commission on China, CECC Annual Report, 2003, p. 110, available at Commission's website, .
201. See also Tibet Information Network, "TAR language regulations unlikely to stop growing Chinese influence," 30 January 2003, available on the World Tibet Network News Web site, , (8 December 2005).
202. Kate Saunders, "Chinese cadres learn Tibetan and go west: the impact of urbanization," Tibet Information Network, 2 October 2003, available on the World Tibet News Network Web site, , (8 December 2005).
203. "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Council on Foreign Relations Seminar," Federal News Service, 6 November 2003, Lexis Nexis
204. "Political Rights and Civil Liberties," Freedom House, 2001, available on the Freedom House Web site, , (8 December 2005).
205. Physicians for Human Rights, Striking Hard: Torture in Tibet, October 1997, available on the Physicians for Human Rights Web site, , (8 December 2005).
206. In March 2005 Baogang He was asked by a high official in the Ministry of Minority Affairs to write a two-page executive summary in Chinese on this point, which has been submitted to the national leadership.