Hopelessness and loneliness as predictors of older adults' involvement with favorite television performers

Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 182-201

  Chory Assad, Rebecca M ^a   Yanen, Ashley ^b  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Dailey and Associates Advertising   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745038485     PISSN: 08838151     EISSN: 15506878     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15506878jobem4902_3     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Austin, B. A. (1985). Loneliness and use of six mass media among college students. Psychological Reports, 56, 323-327.
2. Auter, P. J. (1992). TV that talks back: An experimental validation of a parasocial interaction scale. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 36, 173-181.
3. Auter, P. J., & Palmgreen, P. (2000). Development and validation of a parasocial interaction measure: The audience-persona interaction scale. Communication Research Reports, 17, 79-89.
4. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
5. Basil, M. D. (1996). Identification as a mediator of celebrity effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 478-495.
6. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
7. Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 861-865.
8. Bell, J. (1992). In search of a discourse on aging: The elderly on television. The Gerontologist, 32, 305-311.
9. Bliese, N. W. (1982). Media in the rocking chair: Media uses and functions among the elderly. In G. Gumpert & R. Cathcart (Eds.), Inter/media: Interpersonal communication in a media world (pp. 624-634). New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Boon, S. D., & Lomore, C. D. (2001). Admirer-celebrity relationships among young adults: Explaining perceptions of celebrity influence on identity. Human Communication Research, 27, 432-465.
11. Brown, M. D., & Basil, M. D. (1995). Impact of the "Magic " Johnson story on AIDS prevention. Health Communication, 7, 345-370.
12. Canary, D. J., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1993). Loneliness and media gratifications. Communication Research, 20, 800-821.
13. Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375.
14. Cohen, J. (1997). Parasocial relations and romantic attraction: Gender and dating status differences. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41, 516-529.
15. Cohen, J. (1999). Favorite characters of teenage viewers of Israeli serials. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 327-345.
16. Cohen, J. (2001 ). Defining identification: A theoretical look at identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication & Society, 4, 245-264.
17. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
18. Cohen, J., & Metzger, M. (1998). Social affiliation and achievement of ontological security through interpersonal and mass communication. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 15, 41-60.
19. Cohen, J., & Perse, E. (2003, May). Different strokes for different folks: An empirical search for different modes of viewer-character relationships. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
20. Davis, M. H., & Kraus, L. A. (1989). Social contact, loneliness, and mass media use: A test of two hypotheses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1100-1124.
21. Davis, R. H. (1971). Television and the older adult. Journal of Broadcasting, 15, 153-159.
22. Davis, R. H. (1975). Television and the image of aging. Television Quarterly, 12, 21-24.
23. Davis, R. H., & Davis, J. A. (1985). TV's image of the elderly. Lexington, MA: Lexington.
24. Davis, R. H., & Kubey, R. W. (1982). Growing old on television and with television. In D. Pearl, L. Bouthilet, & J. Lazar (Eds.), Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties: Vol. 2. Technical reviews (pp. 201-208). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
25. Davis, R. H., & Westbrook, G. J. (1985). Television in the lives of the elderly: Attitudes and opinions. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 29, 209-214.
26. Doolittle, J. D. (1979). News media use by older adults. Journalism Quarterly, 56, 311-317, 345.
27. Feilitzen, C., & Linné, O. (1975). Identifying with television characters. Journal of Communication, 25, 51-55.
28. Giles, D. C. (2002). Parasocial interaction: A review of the literature and a model for future research. Media Psychology, 4, 279-305.
29. Graney, M., & Graney, E. (1974). Communication activity substitutions in aging. Journal of Communication, 24, 88-96.
30. Hamilton, M., & Hunter, J. E. (1988). Confirmatory factor analysis [Computer program]. (Available from Mark Hamilton, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.)
31. Hess, B. (1974). Stereotypes of the aged. Journal of Communication, 24, 76-85.
32. Hoffner, C. (1996). Children's wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 389-402.
33. Hoffner, C., & Cantor, J. (1991). Perceiving and responding to mass media characters. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 63-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
34. Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction. Psychiatry, 19, 215-229.
35. Hunter, J. E., & Gerbing, D. W. (1982). Unidimensional measurement, second order factor analysis and causal models. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 267-317). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
36. Kim, J., & Rubin, A. M. (1997). The variable influence of audience activity on media effects. Communication Research, 24, 107-135.
37. Korzenny, F., & Neuendorf, K. (1980). Television viewing and self-concept of the elderly. Journal of Communication, 30, 71-80.
38. Kubey, R. W. (1980). Television and aging: Past, present, and future. The Gerontologist, 20, 16-35.
39. Levy, M. R. (1979). Watching TV news as para-social interaction. Journal of Broadcasting, 23, 69-80.
40. Maassen, G. H., & Bakker, A. B. (2001). Suppressor variables in path models: Definitions and interpretations. Sociological Methods & Research, 30, 241-270.
41. Maccoby, E. E., & Wilson, W. C. (1957). Identification and observational learning from films. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 76-87.
42. Maltsberger, J. T., Sakinofsky, I., & Jha, A. (2000). Case consultation: Mansur Zaskar: A man almost bored to death/Comments. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 83-90.
43. Mares, M., & Cantor, J. (1992). Elderly viewers' responses to televised portrayals of old age. Communication Research, 79, 459-478.
44. Mundorf, N., & Brownell, W. (1990). Media preferences of older and younger adults. The Cerontologist, 30, 685-691.
45. Newton, B. J., & Buck, E. B. (1985). Television as significant other: Its relationship to self descriptors in five countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 289-312.
46. Noble, G. (1975). Children in front of the small screen. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
47. Nordlund, J. (1978). Media interaction. Communication Research, 5, 150-175.
48. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
49. Oliver, M. B. (2002). Individual differences in media effects. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 507-524). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
50. Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Towards a social psychology of loneliness. In R. Gilmour & S. Duck (Eds.), Personal relationships: Vol. 3. Personal relationships in disorder (pp. 31-56). London: Academic.
51. Perloff, R. M., & Krevans, J. (1987). Tracking the psychosocial predictors of older individuals' television uses. The Journal of Psychology, 121, 365-372.
52. Perse, E. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1989). Attribution in social and parasocial relationships. Communication Research, 76, 59-77.
53. Rahtz, D. R., Sirgy, M.J., & Meadow, H. L. (1989). The elderly audience: Correlates of television orientation. Journal of Advertising, 78, 9-20.
54. Robinson, J. D., & Skill, T. (1995). Media usage patterns and portrayals of the elderly. In J. F. Nussbaum & J. Coupland (Eds.), Handbook of communication and aging research (pp. 359-391). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
55. Rose, B. G. (1985). TV genres: A handbook and reference guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
56. Rosengren, K. E., & Windahl, S. (1972). Mass media consumption as a functional alternative. In D. McQuail (Ed.), Sociology of mass communications: Selected readings (pp. 166-194). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
57. Rubin, A. M. (1982). Directions in television and aging research. Journal of Broadcasting, 26, 537-551.
58. Rubin, A. M. (1994). Parasocial interaction scale. In R. B. Rubin, P. Palmgreen, & H. E. Sypher (Eds.), Communication research measures: A sourcebook (pp. 273-277). New York: Guilford.
59. Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and soap opera involvement: A uses and effects investigation. Human Communication Research, 14, 246-268.
60. Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Powell, R. A. (1985). Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and local television news viewing. Human Communication Research, 12, 155-180.
61. Rubin, A. M., & Step, M. M. (2000). Impact of motivation, attraction, and parasocial interaction on talk radio listening. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 635-654.
62. Rubin, R. B., & McHugh, M. P. (1987). Development of para-social interaction relationships. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 31, 279-292.
63. Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, E. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472-480.
64. Signorielli, N. (2001). Aging on television: The picture in the nineties. Generations, 25, 34-38.
65. Signorielli, N., & Bacue, A. (1999). Recognition and respect: A content analysis of prime-time television characters across three decades. Sex Roles, 40, 527-544.
66. Tsao, J. (1996). Compensatory media use: An exploration of two paradigms. Communication Studies, 47, 89-109.
67. Turner, J. R. (1993). Interpersonal and psychological predictors of parasocial interaction with different television performers. Communication Quarterly, 4, 443-453.
68. Wenner, L. (1976). Functional analysis of TV viewing for older adults. Journal of Broadcasting, 20, 77-88.
69. Xiaoming, H. (1994). Television viewing among American adults in the 1990s. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38, 353-360.
70. Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(Monograph Suppl.), 1-29.