Digitising democracy

Political Quarterly

Volumn 76, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2005, Pages 102-123

  Born, Georgina ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745010232     PISSN: 00323179     EISSN: 1467923X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-923X.2006.00752.x     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. This, with reference to the BBC, is the theme of my book Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC, London, Vintage, 2005.
2. P. Dodd and W. Stevenson, 'Creative industries and "joined-up" culture', in S. Higdon, ed., Culture and Communication: Perspectives on Broadcasting and the Information Society, London, Independent Television Commission, 2001, p. 130.
3. U. Beck and E. Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences, London, Sage, 2001.
4. B. Parekh, ed., The Parekh Report: The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain, London, Profile (in association with The Runnymede Trust), 2000, p. xiii.
5. U. Beck, 'Cosmopolitan Europe', lecture delivered to the London School of Economics (January 2003).
6. The Communications Act, London, DCMS, 2003, paras 264(6)(b) and 264(6)(i) (available at http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/20030021.htm).
7. See, for example, D. Goodhart, 'Discomfort of strangers', Prospect, February 2004.
8. Review of the BBC's Royal Charter: a Strong BBC, Independent of Government (the Green Paper), London, DCMS, 2005, p. 8 (available at http://www.bbccharterreview.org.uk/publications/cr_pubs/pub_bbcgreenpaper.html).
9. S. Shah, 'Democracy, diversity and television news', in Higdon, Culture and Communication, p. 136.
10. Parekh, The Parekh Report, chapter 12.
11. Similar findings are given in A. Millwood Hargrave, ed., Multicultural Broadcasting: Concept and Reality, London, BBC/Broadcasting Standards Commission/Independent Television Commission, November 2002 (available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines/assets/research/multil002. pdf).
12. On institutional racism in the BBC, see Born, Uncertain Vision, chapter 5.
13. S. Benhabib, 'Introduction: the democratic moment and the problem of difference', in S. Benhabib, ed., Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1996, p. 5.
14. Report of the Committee on the Financing of the BBC (The Peacock Report), London, HMSO, Cmnd 9824, 1986;
15. and for an update and discussion of this position, A. Peacock, Public Service Broadcasting Without the BBC?, London, Institute for Economic Affairs, 2004.
16. S. Barnett, 'Which end of the telescope? From market failure to cultural value', and P. Barwise, 'What are the real threats to public service broadcasting?', both in D. Tambini and J. Cowling, eds, From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communications, London, Institute for Public Policy Research, 2004;
17. A. Graham and G. Davies, Broadcasting, Society and Policy in the Multimedia Age, Luton, John Libbey Media, 1997.
18. Connecting the UK: the Digital Strategy, Cabinet Office, Strategy Unit, London, March 2005, p. 1 (available at http://www.strategy.gov.uk/downloads/ work_areas/digital_st.rategy/report/index.htm).
19. See, for example, J. Cowling and D. Tambini, eds, Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communications: Choice, Competition and Public Interest on the Internet - Seminar Summary, London, IPPR, 2003; but also the tenor of the recent reviews commissioned by government of the BBC's digital television and radio services.
20. See, for example, M. Armstrong, 'Public service broadcasting in the digital age' (May 2005)
21. and M. Cave, 'Review of the BBC's Royal Charter: some comments on the DCMS Green Paper' (May 2005), both of them written submissions to the House of Lords Select Committee on the BBC Charter Review.
22. E. Richards, Ofcom Annual Lecture: Trends in Television, Radio and Telecoms, London, Westminster Media Forum, July 2005, p. 10 (available at http://www.ofcom.org.uk/media/speeches/2005/07/nr_20050720).
23. Richards, Trends in Television, p. 11.
24. Review of the BBC's Royal Charter, DCMS, quotes from p. 49, paras 2.5 and 2.6.
25. Connecting the UK, Cabinet Office, para 2.9.
26. Digital Television: a Policy Framework for Accessing E-Government Services, Cabinet Office, Office of the E-Envoy, London, December 2003, p. 17 (available at http://www.govtalk.gov.uk/policydocs/policydocs_document.asp? docnum=833).
27. Connecting the UK, Cabinet Office, pp. 47 and 50.
28. G. Born, Written evidence to the House of Lords Select Committee on BBC Charter Review, in The Review of the BBC's Royal Charter, Volume 2: Evidence, London, The Stationery Office, November 2005, pp. 279-84.
29. M. Bracken, 'Seeing the little picture: public service interactivity, investment and a demand-based re-ordering of public service values', in Cowling and Tambini, Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communications, p. 24.
30. Cowling and Tambini, Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communications; but see below on Coleman's exceptional contribution to this seminar.
31. W. Davies, Modernising with Purpose: a Manifesto for Digital Britain, London, IPPR, 2005, both p. 66.
32. Davies, Modernising with Purpose, p. 68.
33. Davies, Modernising with Purpose, pp. 70-1.
34. Connecting the UK, Cabinet Office, 2005, para 28.
35. J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, Cambridge, Polity, 1992.
36. See, inter alia, P. Scannell, 'Public service broadcasting and modern public life', Media, Culture and Society, vol. 11, no. 2,1989,
37. and N. Garnham, 'The media and the public sphere', in C. Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1992.
38. J. Habermas, 'Three normative models of democracy', in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference.
39. The commentaries are numerous: see the summary in J. B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity, Cambridge, Polity, 1995;
40. see also the papers in Calhoun, Habermas and the Public Sphere.
41. N. Fraser, 'Rethinking the public sphere: a contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy', in Calhoun, Habermas and the Public Sphere.
42. P. Norris, Digital Divide, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 210.
43. P. Dahlgren, 'The public sphere and the Net: structure, space and communication', in W. L. Bennett and R. M. Entman, eds, Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001;
44. N. Marres, 'No issue, no public: democratic deficits after the displacement of politics', PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, Department of Philosophy, June 2005.
45. S. Coleman, 'From service to commons: re-inventing a space for public communication', in Tambini and Cowling, From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communications.
46. S. Coleman, 'New mediation and direct representation: reconceptualising representation in the digital age', New Media and Society, vol. 7, no. 2, 2005.
47. Coleman, 'From service to commons', p. 96;
48. see also Coleman's contribution to Cowling and Tambini, Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communications.
49. J. Keane, 'Structural transformations of the public sphere', The Communication Review, vol. 1, no. 1, 1995, p. 4.
50. Keane, 'Structural transformations of the public sphere', p. 8.
51. Keane, 'Structural transformations of the public sphere', p. 15.
52. Keane, 'Structural transformations of the public sphere', p. 18.
53. Keane, 'Structural transformations of the public sphere', p. 5.
54. D. Tambini, 'New media and democracy', New Media and Society, vol. 1, no. 3, 1999, p. 325;
55. and see M. Poster, 'Cyberdemocracy: the Internet and the public sphere', 1998 (available at http://www.hnet.uci.edu/mposter/writings/democ.html),
56. and Marres, 'No issue, no public', for additional perspectives on this issue.
57. P. Scannell, 'The meaning of broadcasting in the digital era', in G. Ferrell Lowe and P. Jauert, eds, RIPE@2005: Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting, Gothenburg: Nordicom, 2005, p. 7.
58. Scannell, 'The meaning of broadcasting', p. 8.
59. J. Hartley, Television, nation, and indigenous media', Television and New Media, vol. 5, no. 1, 2004.
60. See also G. Turner, 'Introduction: global television', Television and New Media, vol. 5, no. 1, 2004.
61. J. G. Webster, 'Beneath the veneer of fragmentation: television audience polarization in a multichannel world', Journal of Communication, vol. 55, no. 2, 2005, pp. 366 and 378.
62. M. Oliver, 'The UK's public service broadcasting ecology', in Can the Market Deliver? Funding Public Service Television in the Digital Age, London, John Libbey, 2005, pp. 39 and 46.
63. See G. Born, 'Strategy, positioning and projection in digital television: Channel Four and the commercialisation of public service broadcasting in the UK', Media, Culture and Society, vol. 25, no. 6, 2003;
64. G. Born, Uncertain Futures: Public Service Television and the Transition to Digital - a Comparative Analysis of the Digital Television Strategies of the BBC and Channel Four, Media@LSE Working Paper 3, London, LSE, 2003 (available at http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/media@lse/mediaWorkingPapers/ewpNumber3.htm);
65. A. Barry and D. Slater, The Technological Economy, London, Routledge, 2005.
66. See the research report on iCan by the Oxford Internet Institute: S. Coleman and H. Marsh, 'From public service broadcasting to knowledge-sharing commons: an evaluation of the first year of the iCan project', Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute, 2004. The website was relaunched under a new name, Action Network, in July 2005.
67. For a sustained and insightful discussion of normative arguments in favour of cultural diversity as a social condition per se, see B. Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory, London, Macmillan, 2000, chapter 5, especially pp. 165-78.
68. A path-breaking example of this approach is G. Baumann, Contesting Culture: Discourses of Identity in Multiethnic London, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
69. A. Phillips, 'Dealing with difference: a politics of ideas, or a politics of presence?', in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference, p. 141.
70. O. O'Neill, 'Practices of toleration', in J. Lichtenberg, ed., Democracy and the Mass Media, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 173 and 167.
71. S. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2002, pp. 75, 79 and 115.
72. Tully, Strange Multiplicity, pp. 5, 10 and 205.
73. C. Mouffe, 'Democracy, power and the "political"', in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference, p. 254.
74. I. M. Young, 'Communication and the other: beyond deliberative democracy', in Benhabib, Democracy and Difference.
75. Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism, pp. 312 and 223.
76. Fraser, 'Rethinking the public sphere', p. 119.
77. Fraser, 'Rethinking the public sphere', p. 126.
78. M. Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: the Intelligence of Emotions, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
79. M. Gatens and G. Lloyd, Collective Imaginings: Spinoza, Past and Present, London, Routledge, 1999, pp. 78-9, 128, 125 and 149.
80. See Born, Uncertain Vision, chapter 9.
81. See the discussion in G. Born and T. Prosser, 'Culture and consumerism: citizenship, public service broadcasting and the BBC's fair trading obligations', Modern Law Review, vol. 64, no. 5, 2001, pp. 670-5.
82. Born and Prosser, 'Culture and consumerism';
83. Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism.
84. S. Hall, 'Which public, whose service?', in W. Stevenson, ed., All Our Futures: the Changing Role and Purpose of the BBC, London, BFI, 1993, p. 36.
85. Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism, p. 167.
86. J. Squires, 'Culture, equality and diversity', in P. Kelly, ed., Multiculturalism Reconsidered, Cambridge, Polity, 2002, p. 129; Squires criticises the lack of any 'detailed, practical account of the institutional arrangements required' (p. 130) by deliberative models of democracy in much of the philosophical literature.
87. Fraser, 'Rethinking the public sphere', p. 115.
88. Fraser, 'Rethinking the public sphere', pp. 122-3 and 124.
89. Fraser, 'Rethinking the public sphere', p. 126 and 127.
90. Hall, 'Which public, whose service?'.
91. O. Gandy, 'Dividing practices: segmentation and targeting in the emerging public sphere', in Bennett and Entman, Mediated Politics, p. 157;
92. on the segmentation of new media audiences in the United States, see also J. Turow, Breaking Up America: Advertisers and the New Media World, Chicago, 111., University of Chicago Press, 1997.
93. S. Hall et al., 'The "unity" of current affairs television', in T. Bennett et al., eds, Popular Television and Film, London, BFI, 1995;
94. P. Schlesinger, Putting Reality Together, London, Methuen, 1987.
95. Mouffe, 'Democracy, power and the "political"';
96. Young, 'Communication and the other'.
97. See my analysis of halting cultural changes in BBC News, including an account of such a confrontation between constitutive antagonisms: a Newsnight edition focused on conflicting currents within British Islam (Born, Uncertain Vision, chapter 9, pp. 414-30, especially pp. 428-30).
98. Hall, 'Which public, whose service?', pp. 36-7.
99. G. Hawkins,'SBS: minority television', Culture and Policy, vol. 7, no. 1, 1996.
100. For insights into new modes of political activism, see Marres, 'No issue, no public'.
101. For a full discussion of this point, see Born, Uncertain Vision, Epilogue.
102. Tully, Strange Multiplicity;
103. Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism.
104. On the development of Freeview, see Born, Uncertain Futures;
105. Born, Uncertain Vision, chapter 10, especially pp. 482-91.
106. See Born, Uncertain Vision, chapter 10 and Epilogue.
107. See also Davies, Modernising with Purpose, pp. 70-1.
108. D. Redding, 'A vision of a BBC that serves citizens to 2016', in The Future of the BBC, London, Westminster Media Forum Projects, April 2004, speaking on behalf of the NGOs 3WE and Public Voice.